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Study of the helicity distributions of Z[gamma] production at the CMS experimentChakaberia, Irakli January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Tim Bolton / This thesis represents the first study of the helicity distributions of Z[gamma] di-boson production at hadron colliders. I use 5 fb⁻¹ of [radical]s = 7 TeV center of mass energy proton-proton collision data, collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), to look at the angular distribution of the Z[gamma] [right arrow] e⁺e⁻[gamma] / [mu]⁺ [mu]⁻ [gamma] process and measure the helicity amplitudes that govern it. This study provides sensitivity to the interference terms between different quantum states and through the interference terms to the possible new physics. The final state is comprised of leptons (muon-antimuon or electron-positron pairs) with transverse momentum over 20 GeV and a photon with transverse energy over 30 GeV. Helicty amplitudes are measured for the total angular momentum of the quark-antiquark system up to J[subscript]q[subscript bar]q = 2. Four-dimensional multivariate analysis of the 2011 CMS data shows no significant deviations from the standard model prediction for the measured amplitudes.
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Simulation numérique directe de la turbulence hélicitaire maximale et modèles LES de la turbulence magnétohydrodynamique / Direct numerical simulations of maximally helical turbulence and LES models of magnetohydrodynamic turbulenceKessar, Mouloud 06 July 2015 (has links)
La turbulence homogène et isotrope fut formalisée par Kolmogorov (1941), à l'aide d'une analyse dimensionnelle. Il parvint à démontrer que la densité spectrale de l'énergie cinétique, $E(k)$ suivait une loi en $k^{-5/3}$. Ce comportement est connu sous le nom de cascade de Kolmogorov. Dans de nombreux contexte géophysique ou astrophysiques, l'hélicité cinétique joue un rôle important. Parker (1955) a notamment démontré que l'hélicité cinétique pouvait contribuer à l'amplification d'un champ magnétique pour des écoulements conducteurs. Brissaud {it et al} (1973) ont alors tenté de déterminer l'influence que l'hélicité cinétique pouvait avoir sur les spectres d'énergie cinétique. Brissaud {it et al} (1973) suggèrent l'existence d'une cascade pour laquelle les spectres d'énergie cinétique suivent une loi en $k^{-7/3}$. Dans la première partie de ce manuscrit nous allons confirmer à l'aide de simulations numériques directes (DNS) l'existence d'une loi asymptotique en $k^{-7/3}$. Nous aurons également recourt à la décomposition en modes hélicitaires afin d'analyser de manière approfondie la physique qui régit ces écoulements. Dans de nombreux écou-le-ments géophysique ou astrophysiques, la turbulence est très forte, et une très large gamme d'échelles est impliquée. Bien que la puissance des calculateurs ait considérablement augmentée ces dernières années, il n'est toujours pas possible de simuler l'ensemble de cette gamme d'échelles pour des configurations réalistes. Une solution connue sous le nom de Large Eddy Simulations (LES) permet de réaliser des simulations de ce type d'écoulement. Concrètement, lors de la réalisation d'une LES, les grandes échelles de l'écoulement sont résolues, et les interactions entre les grandes et les petites échelles de l'écoulement sont modélisées. Divers modèles de turbulence existent déjà pour la réalisation de LES en turbulence. Néanmoins leurs limites ne sont pas toujours bien connues dans le cadre de la turbulence magnétohydrodynamique (MHD), c'est-à-dire pour les fluides conducteurs de l'électricité que l'on rencontre en géophysique ou astrophysique. Dans la seconde partie de ce manuscrit nous allons donc évaluer les performances fonctionnelles (voir Sagaut (2002)) de ces différents modèles dans des configurations correspondant à des dynamos turbulentes, c'est-à-dire à des régimes où un champ magnétique est généré par un fluide conducteur animé d'un mouvement turbulent. Nous étudierons notamment la capacité des modèles LES à reproduire les échanges énergétiques entre grandes et petites échelles. Pour ce faire, nous réaliserons plusieurs DNS, pour des écoulements non-hélicitaires (menant à des dynamos de petites échelles) et des écoulements hélicitaires (menant à des dynamos de grandes échelles). `A l'aide d'une opération de filtrage, nous calculerons les transferts sous-mailles exacts, puis les comparerons aux prédictions fournies par les modèles. Finalement nous réaliserons des LES à l'aide des différents modèles et nous les comparerons aux DNS filtrées. / Homogeneous and isotropic turbulence was first formalized by Kolmogorov (1941), through dimensional analysis. He managed to show that the spectral density of kinetic energy, $E(k)$, was following a $k^{-5/3}$ law. This behaviour is known as Kolmogorov's cascade. For many geophysical and astrophysical flow, kinetic helicity plays an important role. For instance, Parker (1955) showed that for conductive fluids such as Sun, kinetic helicity could contribute to amplify the magnetic field. Brissaud {it et al} (1973) tried to show that kinetic helicity could have an influence on the spectral density of kinetic energy. Through dimensional analysis they suggested the existence of a cascade for which the kinetic energy spectra would follow a $k^{-7/3}$ law. In the first part of this thesis we will confirm thanks to Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) the existence of such an asymptotic limit in $k^{-7/3}$. We will also use helical decomposition to perform a deep analysis of the physics encountered within such flows. In several geophysical and astrophysical fluids, turbulence is very strong, and involves a large range of scales. Despite the strong development of computational resources the last few decades, it remains impossible to simulate this range of scales for realistic configurations. One solution is known as Large Eddy Simulations (LES). While a LES is performed, only the large scales of the flow are resolved, and the interactions between large and small scales are modeled. Several turbulence models have been developed for LES of turbulence. Nevertheless, the limitations of these models are not always well known for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence, i.e for conductive fluids that can be encoutered in geophysics and astrophysics. In the second part of this thesis we will evaluate the functional performances (see Sagaut (2002)) of these models for several flow configurations involving turbulent dynamo action, i.e when a magnetic field is amplified though the action of a turbulent conductive fluid. In particular we will study the capabilities of LES models to reproduce energy exchanges between large and small scales. In order to do so, we will perform several DNS, for both non-helical flows (i.e leading to small scale dynamo) and helical flows (i.e leading to large scale dynamo). Thanks to a filtering operation we will compute the exact subgrid-scale transfers and compare them to the predictions given by several models. Finally we will achieve LES using subgrid-scale models and we will compare them to filtered DNS.
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Effets de grande échelle en turbulence / Large scale effects in turbulenceCameron, Alexandre 07 July 2017 (has links)
Ce manuscrit décrit comment les champs de vitesses solutions de l'équation de Navier-Stokes se comportent à grande échelle pour un forçage à petite échelle. Il analyse aussi le comportement à grande échelle des champs magnétiques solutions de l'équation d'induction cinématique lorsque le champs de vitesse est de petite échelle. Les résultats présentés ont été obtenus à l'aide de simulations numériques directes utilisant des algorithmes pseudo-spectraux des équations non modifiées ou avec un développement utilisant la méthode Floquet. Dans le cadre hydrodynamique, les simulations utilisant la méthode de Floquet permettent de retrouver les résultats de l'effet AKA à bas Reynolds et de les étendre pour des Reynolds d'ordre un. Elles permettent aussi d'étudier des écoulements AKA-stable et de mettre en évidence une autre instabilité pouvant être interprétée comme un effet de viscosité négative. Dans le cadre magnétique, l'effet alpha est observé sur une gamme de séparation d'échelle dépassant par plusieurs ordres de grandeur les autres résultats connus. Il est aussi montré que le taux de croissance de l'instabilité devient indépendant de la séparation d'échelle une fois que le champs magnétique est destabilisé dans ses petites échelles. Le spectre d'énergie et le temps du corrélation d'équilibre absolu solution de l'équation d'Euler tronquée sont présentés. Un nouveau régime où le temps de corrélation est régit par l’hélicité est mis en évidence. Ces résultats sont aussi comparés à ceux des modes de grande échelle de solutions de l'équation de Navier-Stokes forcée dans les petites échelles. Ils montrent que le temps de corrélation croit avec l'hélicité. / This manuscript describes how solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations behave in the large scales when forced in the small scales. It analyzes also the large scale behavior of magnetic fields solution of the kinetic induction equation when the velocity is in the small scales. The results were acquired with direct numeric simulation (DNS) using pseudo-spectral algorithms of the equations as well as their Floquet development. In the hydrodynamical case, the Floquet DNS were able to confirm the results of the AKA effect at low Reynolds number and extend them for Reynolds number of order one. The DNS were also used to study AKA-stable flows and identified a new instability that can be interpreted as a negative viscosity effect. In the magnetic case, the alpha effect is observe for a range of scale separation exceed know results by several orders of magnitude. It is also shown that the growth rate of the instability becomes independent of the scale separation once the magnetic field is destabilized in its small scales. The energy spectrum and the correlation time of absolute equilibrium solution of the truncated Euler equation are presented. A new regime where the correlation time is governed by helicity is exhibited. These results are also compared with those coming from large scale modes of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation forced in the small scales. They show that the correlation time increases with the helicity of the flow.
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Utilizing Artificial Intelligence to Predict Severe Weather Outbreak Severity in the Contiguous United StatesWilliams, Megan Spade 04 May 2018 (has links)
Severe weather outbreaks are violent weather events that can cause major damage and injury. Unfortunately, forecast models can mistakenly predict the intensity of these events. Frequently, the prediction of outbreaks is inaccurate with regards to their intensity, hindering the efforts of forecasters to confidently inform the public about intensity risks. This research aims to improve outbreak intensity forecasting using severe weather parameters and an outbreak ranking index to predict outbreak intensity. Areal coverage values of gridded severe weather diagnostic variables, computed from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database for outbreaks spanning 1979 to 2013, will be used as predictors in an artificial intelligence modeling ensemble to predict outbreak intensity. NARR fields will be dynamically downscaled to a National Severe Storms Laboratory-defined WRF 4-km North American domain on which areal coverages will be computed. The research will result in a model that will predict verification information on the model performance.
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Réactions dures exclusives au twist sous-dominant / Hard exclusive processes beyond the leading twistBesse, Adrien 02 July 2013 (has links)
Le sujet de cette thèse sont les amplitudes d'hélicités de la leptoproduction exclusive et diffractive du méson rho dans la limite de Regge perturbative et au-delà du twist dominant. La compréhension de pareils processus exclusifs en termes des constituants élémentaires de QCD est un important défi pour comprendre la structure des hadrons. On présente ici deux nouveaux modèles phénoménologiques basés sur la kT-factorisation des amplitudes d'hélicités en un facteur d'impact γ*(λ) → ρ(λ'), où λ et λ' dénotent les polarisations du photon virtuel et du méson rho, et le facteur d'impact du nucléon cible. Les facteurs d'impacts γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') sont calculés en utilisant la factorisation colinéaire pour séparer la partie molle du méson rho. Le premier modèle est obtenu en combinant les résultats respectivement de twist 2 et twist 3 des facteurs d'impacts où les deux polarisations sont longitudinales ou transverses, avec un modèle pour le facteur d'impact du nucléon et un modèle pour les distributions d'amplitudes du méson rho. Dans la seconde approche présentée dans cette thèse, on calcule ces facteurs d'impacts dans l'espace des paramètres d'impacts et on montre que l'amplitude de diffusion d'un dipôle de couleur avec le nucléon se factorise, permettant de combiner nos résultats avec un modèle de section efficace de dipôle. On obtient en très bon accord avec les données de H1 et ZEUS pour des virtualités plus grandes que quelques GeV. Nous discutons les résultats obtenus et les comparons à d'autres modèles existants. / This thesis deals with the computation of the helicity amplitudes of the exclusive diffractive rho meson leptoproduction in the perturbative Regge limit beyond the leading twist. The understanding of such exclusive processes in terms of the elementary constituents of QCD is a serious challenge to understand the hadronic structure. We present two new phenomenological models based on the kT-factorization of the helicity amplitudes in a γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') impact factor, where λ and λ' denote the polarizations of the virtual photon and the rho meson, and the nucleon target impact factor. The γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') impact factors are then computed using the collinear factorization of the rho meson soft part. The first model relies on the combination of the results respectively up to twist 2 and twist 3 for the impact factors where both polarizations are longitudinal or transverse, with a model for the nucleon impact factor and a model for the distribution amplitudes of the rho meson. In the second approach presented in this thesis, we derive these impact factors in impact parameter space and show that the color dipole scattering amplitude with the nucleon factorizes, allowing to use our results in combination with dipole cross-section models. We get a very good agreement with the data from H1 and ZEUS collaborations for virtualities higher than a few GeV. We discuss our results and compare them to other models.
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QCD corrections to $e^+e^-\rightarrow 4$ jetsWeinzierl, Stefan 08 September 1998 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse a pour objet les corrections perturbatives de CDQ pour la production de quatre jets dans l'annihilation des électrons et positrons. Les corrections à une boucle pour le sous-processus $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q \bar{q} Q \bar{Q}$ sont calculées avec de nouvelles méthodes qui comprennent la décomposition de couleur, la méthode des spineur d'hélicité, et une décomposition inspirée par la supersymmétrie. Nous avons également profité des contraintes découlants de l'unitarité et des limites colinéaires pour restreindre la forme analytique des amplitudes. Dans une deuxième phase, j'ai écrit un programme numérique qui combine des contributions dues aux corrections radiatives des sous-processus $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q \bar{q} Q \bar{Q}$ et $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q g g \bar{q}$ et dues aux corrections d'émission réelle. Le programme utilise le formalisme des dipoles pour annuler les divergences infra-rouge. L'analyse numérique contient des résultats sur la section efficace totale, le paramètre $D$ et la variable d'élargissement d'un jet.
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Aspectos clássicos e quânticos de espinores de dinânima não-usual: espinores de dimenssão de massa um / Classical and quantum aspects of non-usual dynamic spinors: mass-dimension-one spinorsRogério, Rodolfo José Bueno [UNESP] 14 September 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-09-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na presente tese apresentaremos de forma detalhada o estudo sistemático de uma teoria quântica com férmions de dimensão de massa um que obedecem as estatísticas de Fermi-Dirac, abordando essencialmente sua construção, quantização do campo, análise dos observáveis físicos e aplicações quânticas. Forneceremos todos os detalhes de uma descoberta teórica inesperada da partícula de spin $1/2$ que compõe um conjunto completo de autoespinores com helicidade dual do operador conjugação de carga. Esses espinores recebem o nome de Elko, um acrônimo proveniente do Alemão \textit{Eigenspinoren des Ladungskonjugationsoperators}. Veremos que o elo entre os espaços de representação $(1/2, 0)$ e $(0, 1/2)$ não é dado pela simetria de paridade mas sim pela ``Mágica das matrizes de Pauli'', e, portanto, como consequência a dinâmica de tais campos será regida única e exclusivamente pela dinâmica de Klein-Gordon. Tal fato faz com que o propagador associado ao Elko guarde muita similaridade com o propagador do campo escalar. Intrinsicamente, em sua formulação embrionária, as somas de spin para o Elko mostram um termo que quebra explicitamente a covariância relativística, levando então à apreciação da \textit{Very Special Relativity}, que nada mais é do que um subgrupo do grupo de Lorentz, cuja álgebra deixa as somas de spin invariantes ou covariantes. Entretanto, mostraremos que existe uma liberdade na definição da estrutura dual, a qual permite que seja construída uma teoria local e invariante por transformações de Lorentz, levando, assim, a uma nova física bastante interessante e promissora. / The present thesis covers in details a systematic study of a quantum theory based on mass dimension one fermions which satisfy the Fermi-Dirac statistics, essentially addressing its construction, field quantization, analysis of physical observables and quantum applications. We provide all the details of an unexpected theoretical discovery of a spin 1/2 particle which composes a complete set of dual helicity spinors of the charge conjugation operator. Such spinors are called Elko, an acronym for the German word Eigenspinoren des Ladungskonjugationsoperators. We show that the relation between the representation spaces (1/2,0) and (0,1/2) is given by the “Magic of Pauli matrices” rather than parity symmetry, therefore, as a consequence the dynamic of such fields is governed solely and exclusively by the Klein-Gordon dynamic. Such fact makes the Elko propagator to be very similar to the scalar field propagator Intrinsically, in its embryonic formulation, Elko spin sums shows up a term that explicitly breaks relativistic covariance, leading to the appreciation of Very Special Relativity, a theory which is based on a subgroup of the Lorentz group, whose algebra leaves the spin sums invariant or covariant. However, we show a freedom in the dual structure definition, which allows the construction of a local and Lorentz invariant theory, thus, leading to a very interesting and promising new physics
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The Beam-Helicity Asymmetry for Two Pseudoscalar Mesons in Photoproduction and a Partial Wave Analysis for Excited HyperonsBadui, Rafael A 24 June 2016 (has links)
The first-time measurement of the angular dependence of the beam-helicity asymmetry for $\gamma p \rightarrow pK^{+}K^{-}$ is shown and compared to $\gamma p \rightarrow p\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$. The data obtained were from the CLAS g12 experiment at Jefferson Lab. The experiment utilized a beam of circularly polarized photons with energies between 1.1 and 5.4 GeV incident on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target, which produced an unprecedented number of strange hadrons in photoproduction. The production mechanism for strange hadrons is not well understood. The beam-helicity asymmetry is a polarization observable that provides information on interfering production mechanisms in the reaction. It is shown that the asymmetry is sensitive to several kinematic variables that are key in modeling the reaction dynamics. Furthermore, the comparison of the beam-helicity asymmetry between the kaon and pion channels serves as a platform for the investigation of flavor dependence. A partial wave analysis on the $pK^{-}$ system is also performed in a search for missing hyperon excitations.
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Studies on Vortex Breakdown in a Closed Cylinder with a Rotating EndwallSarasija, S January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Swirling flows abound in nature and numerous engineering applications. Under conditions which are not completely understood, the swirling cores could undergo a sudden enlargement of their vortex core, leading to a ’vortex breakdown’. The physics of vortex breakdown and strategies to control it have been active areas of research for nearly half a century. There are many competing theories of vortex breakdown in the literature; broadly, these are surmised on similarities to flow separation, hydrodynamic instability or transition from a supercritical to a subcritical state. However, a rational criterion for vortex breakdown continues to be elusive. One of the most well known criteria in the literature is the one due to Brown and Lopez (1990) based on an inviscid vortex dynamics model which suggests that the helix angle of the velocity vector should enclose the helix angle of the vorticity vector. However it appears that this only suggests that the stream surface would diverge and not necessarily constitute a condition for breakdown. In this work, we propose a new criterion based on helicity (scalar product of velocity and vorticity vectors) for characterizing breakdown since it has fundamental topological interpretations relating to change in linkages of vortex lines. In particular, it is suggested that the breakdown location corresponds to the location where helicity becomes zero. We study the problem of vortex breakdown in a cylindrical container with a rotating top lid in order to clarify and elucidate our hypothesis. We present results from Direct Numerical Simulation of this problem for three different Reynolds numbers and evaluate the utility of our proposed helicity criterion. Our studies indicate that helicity is indeed a better choice for characterizing vortex breakdown.
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Helicity of Quarks and Gluons at Small Bjorken xTawabutr, Yossathorn January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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