Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids located on the cell surface of all animal cell types. They play a role as receptor molecules, share in cell-to-cell interaction and protect the cell against harmful environmental factors by increasing of rigidity of cell surface. This diploma thesis studies an influence of experimental cholestasis on hepatic ganglioside composition. Cholestasis was induced by bile duct ligation in Wistar rats. A significant increase of total lipid bound sialic acid and b-series gangliosides (GD1b, GT1b, event. GD3) was found in cholestatic liver when compared with controls. These results found in obstructive cholestasis correspond with the results Majer et al. Biomed. Chromatogr., 21, 446-450 (2007), described in 17ethinylestradiol induced cholestasis, but the increase of b- series gangliosides was milder in our study. As a second point, an effect of modulated heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity was investigated in cholestatic rats (HO-1 activator- hemine, HO- 1 inhibitor- Sn- mesoporphyrin). An increase of a total lipid sialic acid was found in Sn-mesoporphyrin treated animals but without significant changes in gangliosides composition. Lipid sialic acid and gangliosides were not changed in animals with hemine activated HO-1. Expression of mRNA of key...

EN This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the heme containing gas sensor proteins. These proteins are predominantly present in bacteria, in which play an important role in processes like, sporulation, antibiotic resistance and so on. Heme containing sensor proteins composed of two domains. First one is a globin domain, which contains the heme molecule. Interaction of heme with gas molecule acts as a signal for the activation/inactivation of the second functional domain. Part of this thesis is formed by a review, which summarized the current knowledge about heme containing sensor proteins. In the next part of this thesis we focused on three representatives from the group of oxygen sensor proteins - histidine kinase AfGcHK, diguanylate cyclase YddV and phosphodiesterase EcDOS. The main aim of this thesis was to solve the mechanism of interdomain/intraprotein signal transduction in two oxygen sensor proteins with globin fold of their sensor domain (AfGcHK, YddV). For this purpose, we used the kinetic analysis of their functional domain activity and the methods of structural biology. We also studied the mechanism of interprotein signal transduction in AfGcHK and its cognate partner RR protein. It was also tested, how the presence of sodium disulfide affects the functional properties of oxygen sensor proteins...

This thesis is focused on the study of glycosphingolipids in the rat liver in different types of cholestasis and the effect of oxidative stress on changes in the composition and localization of gangliosides. First, it was necessary to optimize the immunochemical detection of glycosphingolipids. GM1 ganglioside was selected as a representative of a large glycolipid family. We found that minimum water content in the fixing solution was a key condition for fixation of histological sections. Optimized method of GM1 detection was subsequently used in in vivo experiments. We have demonstrated that estrogen-induced cholestasis characterized by high concentrations of bile acids and increased oxidative stress caused changes in the synthesis and distribution of liver gangliosides. HMOX induction is associated with a reduction in oxidative stress level and accompanied by normalization in GSL content. In experiments with obstructive cholestasis, we found that changes in the distribution and synthesis of gangliosides were not strictly specific to a particular type of cholestasis. We assume that it represents a general mechanism of hepatoprotection. We also confirmed the important role of bilirubin, product of HMOX reaction, in protection of hepatocytes against oxidative damage caused by high concentrations of...

Le microbiote intestinal comprend l’ensemble des micro-organismes présents dans le tractus digestif. Cette flore et sa variabilité est unique et spécifique à chaque individu. L’équilibre microbien, état critique pour la santé, se développe progressivement à partir de la naissance. En complément de la fonction connue du microbiote dans la digestion, son rôle est maintenant avéré comme central dans le métabolisme humain. Dans cet écosystème complexe dans lequel cohabitent et interagissent 10¹³ bactéries, les Bacteroides, genre majoritaire au sein du microbiote, prennent en charge les fibres non digestibles de l’alimentation. Ces bactéries, anaérobies à Gram négatif, sont particulièrement bien adaptées à l’environnement intestinal tout particulièrement dans le domaine de la prise en charge des polysaccharides complexes et celui de la résistance à l’oxygène. Etonnamment, bien que l’hème soit un métabolite requis pour la croissance des Bacteroides, ces bactéries sont incapables de le synthétiser. L’hème, constitué d’un atome de fer fixé sur une porphyrie, est un cofacteur impliqué dans de nombreuses réactions enzymatiques essentielles au métabolisme central. Sa réactivité biochimique le rend responsable d’une induction de phénomènes inflammatoire de l’intestin. Nous avons étudié les interactions entre la bactérie Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron et l’hème environnemental. Nous avons d’abord développé un test permettant la détection de quantités d’hème de l’ordre du nanogramme dans des milieux complexes tels que le contenu intestinal. Nous avons ensuite montré que la bactérie commensale E. coli n’est pas la principale source d’hème lors de la colonisation du tractus digestif par Bacteroides dans un modèle de souris axénique et que l’hôte rempli ce rôle. Nous avons mis en place un système permettant de moduler la quantité d’hème présente dans le tractus digestif en piégeant la molécule sur l’hémophore HasA de Serratia marcescens. Nous avons confirmé que le système HasA était actif in vitro. Les résultats préliminaires montrent que d’une part il réduit la quantité d’hème intestinal disponible et d’autre part cela entraine un retard lors de la colonisation du tractus digestif par Bacteroides. Ce travail fournit des outils permettant de mieux comprendre les facteurs influant sur l’implantation des Bacteroides et souligne l’importance de l’hème dans le processus crucial de la primo-colonisation. Mais cela autorise également à plus long terme d’envisager l’utilisation de ce système pour diminuer la quantité d’hème disponible dans l’intestin et donc son effet pro-inflammatoire, dans les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin. / The intestinal microbiota comprises the numerous microorganisms colonizing the digestive tract. This flora, and the variations it undergoes are unique and specific to each individual. The microbial balance, which is a determinant of our state of health, develops gradually from birth. In addition to the known roles of the microbiote in digestion, it is now recognized as an important contributor to human metabolism. Among the 10¹³ bacteria inhabiting the human gut, the genus Bacteroides comprises the dominant genus, and is needed to digest complex dietary polysaccharide fibers. This feature, and the resistance to trace oxygen of these Gram-negative anaerobes make them particularly well adapted to the intestinal environment. Remarkably, although heme is a required metabolite for Bacteroides growth, these bacteria are incapable of heme synthesis. Heme, which comprises an iron atom trapped within a porphyrin ring, is a cofactor involved in numerous enzymatic reactions essential to central metabolism. Its bioactivity may also provoke intestinal inflammatory phenomena. We investigated the interactions between the bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and environmental heme. We first developed a test to detect nanogram amounts of heme in complex media such as intestinal contents. We then showed that the commensal bacterium Escherichia coli donates heme to B. thetaiotaomicron in vitro. Nevertheless, we found that E. coli is not the major heme source for Bacteroides colonization, as tested in a germfree mouse model. This study led us to conclude that the host must be the major heme donor. We then set up a system to modulate heme availability in the digestive tract by capturing free heme on a hemophore HasA, from Serratia marcescens. We confirmed the HasA system was active in vitro. Preliminary experiments indicate that it 1- reduces levels of intestinal heme, and 2- delays B. thetaiotaomicron colonization. The present work provides tools for better understanding the factors needed for Bacteroides implantation in the gut and underlines the importance of heme in this crucial process of primocolonization. In the longer term, the bacterial heme-capture system may be considered as a means of decreasing free intestinal pools of heme and thereby its pro-inflammatory effect, in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

Heme-substituted horseradish peroxidases and myoglobins were reconstituted from the apoenzyme using mesoheme and diacetyldeuteroheme. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the dimensions of the active sites of these heme-substituted proteins, and were compared with those of the proto-hemeproteins. The change in the active-site structure corresponded with the electron withdrawing and donating effects of the different side chains. The oxidation-reduction potentials of Fe4+/Fe3+ couples of the heme-substituted proteins were measured at pH 7 with K2IrC16. The oxidation-reduction potential sequence for compound I/compound II was diacetyldeutero-> proto-> meso-in horseradish peroxidase. The oxidation-reduction potential sequence for compound II /ferric was meso-> proto-> diacetyldeutero-in both HRP and myoglobin. These results indicate that the oxidation of ferric to ferryl form may be related to a radical mechanism. A net charge theory was also proposed to explain these results.

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is one of the most versatile heme enzyme isolated from the marine fungus, Caldariomyces fumago. Functionally, CPO can catalyze four types of reactions: peroxidation (peroxidase-like), dismutation (catalase-like), halogenation (halogenase-like), and peroxygenation (P450-like). Structurally, CPO has a distal and proximal pockets that can be best described as a hybrid of classical peroxidase and P450s. As a heme-thiolate protein, CPO contains the conserved proximal Pro28-Cys29-Pro30 stretch found in other members of the family. However, the structural and functional roles of these proline residues remain poorly understood. Site-directed mutagenesis was undertaken to generates three CPO mutants, P28A-, P30A-, P28A/P30A-CPO. The replacement of the rigid proline with a more flexible alanine residue, freed up the back bone amide for the formation of additional amide-sulfur hydrogen bond, allowing the investigation of the importance of these residues in CPO catalysis. The three CPO mutants displayed dramatic difference in ligand binding affinity and catalytic activities relative to WT-CPO. Any mutations on the proline resides within the proximal loop eliminated the halogenation and dismutation activities but enhanced the vii epoxidation and peroxidation activities by 4-14 fold. As the binding affinity for cyanide, the CPO mutants displayed significantly higher dissociation constant relative to WT-CPO. Our results revealed that Pro28 and Pro30 play important roles in maintaining the versatility of CPO. As a versatile enzyme, CPO has great application potential in pharmaceutical and chemical industry due to its ability to catalyze the formation of chiral epoxides. Phe103 and Phe186 located on the distal pocket have been proposed to guard the access of substrates to the ferryl oxygen of the heme center. The interactions of these two phenylalanine residues restricted the size of substrates and regulates CPO’s enantioselectivity. F186A- and F103A/F186A-CPO were generated and characterized where the rate of peroxidation and epoxidation were significantly enhanced at the expense of halogenation and dismutation activities. Our results demonstrated that Phe186 played a subtler role relative to Phe103 in terms of substrate specificity and product enantioselectivity of CPO.

1 Abstract In this thesis I have focused on the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, specifically on cholestasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The first major aim was to clarify the changes in liver ganglioside metabolism in various types of cholestasis and to elucidate the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and associated oxidative stress. The second objective was to determine the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) administration on NAFLD development in a rodent dietary model of NAFLD and in patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD. Our results suggest that increased ganglioside biosynthesis and their re-distribution might represent a general protective mechanism of hepatocytes under cholestatic conditions (both estrogen-induced and obstructive aetiology). These changes are closely related to oxidative stress and might protect hepatocytes against deleterious effect of accumulated bile acids. The lack of HMOX1 activity and subsequent oxidative stress potentiate pathological changes in the liver and resulted in tissue-specific modulation of synthesis and re-distribution of gangliosides (in vivo and in vitro). Contrary to it, HMOX1 activation has an opposite effect and may represent a general hepatoprotective mechanism. We have proven that observed changes...

Heme oxygenase (HMOX) catalyzes first and rate-limiting step in heme degradation. By its action, carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron and biliverdin which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin are produced. Before discovery of HMOX reaction mechanism, CO was considered only a toxic waste product without any significant importance for human organism. Bilirubin, marker of liver dysfunction, has been also exposed to similar perception. But results from past decades show that HMOX and its metabolic products play an important role in number of physiological as well as defense against pathophysiological processes. The aim of this thesis was to clarify the role of HMOX and its metabolic products, presumably CO and bilirubin, in vivo and in vitro. We focused on the role of CO in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced cholestasis. We were first to describe tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of inhaled CO in this animal model and found out that CO inhalation is associated with anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. In a rat model of ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis, we demonstrated the anticholestatic effect of HMOX. The induction of HMOX by its substrate heme increased the expression of liver transporters thereby increasing bile flow and simultaneously facilitated effective clearance of...

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