The Bacillus cereus sensu lato group is composed of six closely-related bacterial species, exhibiting a broad range of virulence activities. B. anthracis causes anthrax to human and mammals and B. thuringiensis is an entomopathogen against Lepidopteran, Coleopteran and Dipteran larvae. B. cereus s.s. and B. weihenstephanensis are opportunistic bacteria, causing gastro-enteritis and more acute diseases in immuno-compromised people. B. mycoides and B. pseudomycoides are generally considered as non-pathogenic. In addition to the specific virulence factors, several generic toxins have been described in the B. cereus s.l. members (phospholipases, enterotoxins, proteases and hemolysins). Among these virulence factors, cereolysin O was first characterised in 1967 by Cowell and Bernheimer, who suggested it to be a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. This toxin family cause the lysis of cholesterol-containing membranes and their activity, inhibited by oxidising agents, is restored by reducing agents. Moreover, small amount of free cholesterol irreversibly inactivate the toxins. The first part of this thesis gives a description of the hemolytic activities of the different species of the B. cereus s.l. members, with regard to the international ISO norm for the characterisation of B. cereus s.s. in food. One hundred strains were analysed for their hemolytic and lecithinase activities on different blood-containing media, and the results showed that the most sensitive was the sheep erythrocytes-containing medium. The hemolytic activity of B. cereus s.l. is due to at least five hemolysins whose precise roles in pathogenesis are largely unknown. The continuation of this thesis was focused on one of these hemolysins, cereolysin O. PCR, RFLP and Southern blotting analysis pointed out that the clo gene was present and highly conserved in all the strains of the six tested species. The results also indicated that two copies of the clo gene are present in at least 20% of the strains. The last part of this work was to evaluate the hemolytic activity of Clo by knock-out and cloning experiments. The results revealed the importance of cereolysin O in the lysis of human blood as it is not the case on sheep blood.

The cavity within the transmembrane staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) pore is roughly a sphere of diameter ~45 Å (volume ~32,600 Å3). The alpha-hemolysin gene was modified to introduce exogenous polypeptide sequences between positions 105 and 106 of αHL. These modified αHLs were assembled either by themselves or with wild-type (W) subunits to form stable homoheptamers and heteroheptamers, respectively. First, the ability to accommodate Gly/Ser-rich polypeptide sequences in the central cavity was tested. Concatemerized Gly/Ser-containing sequences ("loops", L; L(10n + 5), n = 0 to 21) were inserted by genetic approaches. Detailed analysis of bilayer recordings and electrophoretic migration patterns of assembled pores indicate that the upper capacity of the cavity is ~175 amino acids. Then two different polypeptides were placed in the cavity to introduce novel functional properties to the αHL pore. By introducing tandem repeats of elastin-like polypeptide sequences (VPGGG), αHL pores (E101W6) that featured a temperature-responsive gating mechanism were obtained. The temperature-dependent properties of E101W6 pores were monitored by single-channel current recording in planar lipid bilayers. The amplitude and the frequency of the transient blockades increased as the temperature increased, while their duration decreased. The hydrophobic collapse of the inserted ELP loop is proposed for the source of the observed sigmoidal two-state transition for normalized closed states of E101W6 pores. Lastly, an αHL pore was designed to detect proteins from the cis side of the membrane. The heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) sequence was inserted into the mid-position of the Gly/Ser loop, which was generated by previous project (L105 construct). The heteromeric pore with the PKI-containing loop (P1151W6) was able to detect cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKA) at single molecular level. These engineered αHL pores provide numerous possibilities as tools for drug delivery, cryopreservation, or molecular sensing.

The cavity within the transmembrane staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) pore is roughly a sphere of diameter ~45 Ã (volume ~32,600 Ã 3). The alpha-hemolysin gene was modified to introduce exogenous polypeptide sequences between positions 105 and 106 of αHL. These modified αHLs were assembled either by themselves or with wild-type (W) subunits to form stable homoheptamers and heteroheptamers, respectively. First, the ability to accommodate Gly/Ser-rich polypeptide sequences in the central cavity was tested. Concatemerized Gly/Ser-containing sequences ("loops", L; L(10n + 5), n = 0 to 21) were inserted by genetic approaches. Detailed analysis of bilayer recordings and electrophoretic migration patterns of assembled pores indicate that the upper capacity of the cavity is ~175 amino acids. Then two different polypeptides were placed in the cavity to introduce novel functional properties to the αHL pore. By introducing tandem repeats of elastin-like polypeptide sequences (VPGGG), αHL pores (E101W6) that featured a temperature-responsive gating mechanism were obtained. The temperature-dependent properties of E101W6 pores were monitored by single-channel current recording in planar lipid bilayers. The amplitude and the frequency of the transient blockades increased as the temperature increased, while their duration decreased. The hydrophobic collapse of the inserted ELP loop is proposed for the source of the observed sigmoidal two-state transition for normalized closed states of E101W6 pores. Lastly, an αHL pore was designed to detect proteins from the cis side of the membrane. The heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) sequence was inserted into the mid-position of the Gly/Ser loop, which was generated by previous project (L105 construct). The heteromeric pore with the PKI-containing loop (P1151W6) was able to detect cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (PKA) at single molecular level. These engineered αHL pores provide numerous possibilities as tools for drug delivery, cryopreservation, or molecular sensing.

This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Nanopores have been shown to be a useful analytical tool for single molecule detection. They have been used to study the composition of DNA and other molecules of interest. These pores are usually α-hemolysin which is a toxin from Staphylococcus aureus or more recently nanoscale synthetic solid state pores. Now we are beginning to look at other molecules or proteins by sending them into the nanopores and measuring a characteristic partial current blockade. In this thesis we look at polyethylene glycol (PEG) as it enters and blocks current through a single alpha hemolysin pore. We report the effects of ionic strength, PEG size, and applied voltage on the depth and duration of the current blockades. We also apply autocorrelation analysis on the arrival times of PEG molecules to the pore see if we can identify if the PEG is translocating through the pore or escaping from the same side it enters. This suggests a new approach to current blockade analysis.

A leptospirose é considerada a zoonose mais difundida do mundo, assim como uma doença reemergente. Esta enfermidade, causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira, possui altas taxas de infecção em países em desenvolvimento, ocasionando graves prejuízos econômicos e de saúde pública. Até o momento, não existem vacinas humanas licenciadas contra leptospirose. Após o seqüenciamento do genoma de três espécies de Leptospiras vários genes foram apontados como candidatos vacinais promissores. Uma categoria importante de genes candidatos são aqueles com possível atividade hemolítica. Neste trabalho, clonamos e expressamos diversas proteínas com possível atuação hemolítica. As proteínas recombinantes obtidas, no entanto, não exibiram atividade hemolítica. Uma destas proteínas, TlyC, foi investigada quanto à sua capacidade de interagir com os componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC). Os resultados obtidos indicam que TlyC liga-se com alta afinidade a diversos componentes da MEC, e que esta proteína é capaz de inibir competitivamente a adesão de Leptospiras à um material biológico que se assemelha à MEC. A transcrição e expressão destas proteínas foi detectada em cultura de Leptospira. Algumas das proteínas recombinantes foram utilizadas em um desafio animal contra leptospirose, mas nenhum delas foi protetora. Concluímos que estas proteínas não parecem ser bons candidatos vacinais e que TlyC é uma proteína que interage com componentes da MEC. / Leptospirosis is considered the most disseminated zoonosis of the world, and also a reemerging disease. This disease, caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira, has high rates of infection in developing countries, leading to severe economic and medical costs. There is not a licensed vaccine against leptospirosis for human use. After the genome sequencing of three species of leptospires, several genes were pointed to be promising vaccinal candidates. An important category of these candidates are those with putative hemolytic activity. In this work, we cloned and expressed some proteins with putative hemolytic activity. The recombinant proteins obtained, however, did not show hemolytic activity. One of these proteins, TlyC, was investigated with regard to its possible ability to interact to extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The results obtained indicate that TlyC binds with high affinity to several ECM components and that this protein can inhibit the Leptospira bind to a biological material that ressambles the ECM. The transcription and expression of these proteins were detected in leptospires cultures. Some of the recombinant proteins were used in an animal challenge against leptospirosis, but none of them were protective. We conclude that these proteins do not seem to be good vaccine candidates and that TlyC is a protein that interacts with the ECM and its components.

Pathogenic bacteria secrete various virulence factors as their biochemical weapons to gain access to and destroy the target cells. They can directly interact with the outer lipid bilayer membrane of eukaryotic cells, inducing the premature cell death by either apoptosis or necrosis. Such virulence factors account for much of the toxic actions associated with bacterial infection; therefore the detection of such proteins could provide a methodology for sensing/detection of pathogenic bacteria in, for example, food or human tissue. Detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria by conventional methods such as plating and counting in laboratory is expensive and time consuming. With growing concerns over emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic bacteria with high resistant to current antibiotics, there is a potential need for effective detection of pathogenic toxins invitro. On the other hand, artificially prepared lipid bilayer membrane on planar metallic surfaces provides the cell membrane mimics which are extremely useful in exploring the cellular functions and processes at the molecular level. Therefore in this work, an application of planar tethered bilayer lipid membrane (pTBLM) as a biomimetic sensing platform for the detection of clinically important pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa via their secreted virulence factors was presented. Planar TBLM was modified by incorporation of cholesterol and detection of bacterial toxins at human body temperature was examined by impedance and surface plasmon resonance methods. The results of pathogenic bacterial toxin detection were compared with those of Escherichia coli (DH5α), the human gut normal flora with non-pathogenic strain, as a control. Additionally pTBLM was transferred onto single nanoporous Si3N4 membrane to enhance the toxin sensitivity and extend the lifetime for the possible realization of future membrane chips for ion channel characterizations and drug screenings. Then the single ion channel measurement was demonstrated with nanopore-suspended TBLM (Nano-psTBLM) using α-toxin of S. aureus. The results presented in this work therefore, may pave the more effective and efficient ways for future pathogenic bacterial detection in which the sensing mechanism was solely based on the nature of interactions as well as modes of action between bacterial toxins and artificial lipid bilayer membranes.

Hemolysin toxin produced and secreted by pathogenic Escherichia coli is one of a family of cytolytic, structurally homologous protein toxins known as RTX (repeats in toxin) toxins. RTX toxins are products of a gene cluster, CABD . The A gene product, nontoxic hemolysin (proHlyA) is made toxic by post-translational fatty acylation of two internal lysine residues. HlyC, C gene product, is essential for acylation, and acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) is the acyl donor. HlyB and HlyD are involved in secretion of the toxin. HlyC was thought to serve as an internal protein acyltransferase and remained uncharacterized until now. ProHlyA and HlyC were separately subcloned, expressed, and purified, and acyl-ACPs with diverse radioactive acyl groups were synthesized. With these proteins, the conversion of proHlyA to HlyA by acyltransfer was assayed. Acyl-ACP was the obligate acyl donor. Acyltransfer was catalyzed by HlyC monomer, and an acyl-enzyme intermediate was detected and shown to catalyze the reverse reaction. The reaction mechanism was examined by steady state kinetics, and the nature of inhibitions by reaction products was determined. The kinetic mechanism of the internal protein acylation was compatible with an uni uni iso uni uni ping pong with isomerization of the F form of the enzyme. Clues to the chemical mechanism for the acyltransferase were elucidated by both chemical modification studies and site directed mutagenesis of the enzyme. Chemical modification experiments ruled out any critical cysteines, serines, and lysine residues, but suggested a role for histidine(s) and tyrosine(s) in acyltransferase function. In order to examine the function of specific residues and possibly corroborate the chemical findings, site directed mutagenesis studies of the acyltransferase were employed. Seventeen residues that were conserved among 13 different RTX toxin acyltransferases were individually mutated, and the respective HlyCs expressed, and characterized. Residues that were critical for acyltransferase function included Gly 11, His 23, Tyr 70, and Gly 85. As with chemical modification data, mutagenesis ruled out any conserved, essential, cysteines or serines critical for HlyC acyltransferase activity.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.