<p><a>The hemotrophic mycoplasma<i>, Mycoplasma ovis</i>, is found in sheep and goats throughout the world. This pathogenic bacterium is capable of causing an acute, life-threatening infection as well as chronic or subclinical infections in these animals. The purposes of the present studies were to develop <i>M. ovis</i>-specific assays for detection of this hemoplasma, and to better understand infection dynamics within pregnant ewes and lambs. </a>The first study describes the development and validation of a SYBR^® Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, which was subsequently used to determine the prevalence of <i>M. ovis</i> infection within a population of goats and to evaluate risk factors for infection. This highly sensitive and specific assay consistently detected as few as 10 copies of plasmid/reaction. Convenience-based sampling of 362 goats from 61 farms located in Indiana revealed a prevalence of infection of 18% (95% confidence interval (CI), 14% to 22%). Bacterial loads of <i>M. ovis</i> ranged from 1.05 x 10³ to 1.85 x 10⁵copies/mL of blood with a mean of 1.31 x 10⁴copies/mL of blood. The only risk factor associated with hemoplasma infection was the production use of the goat; dairy goats had a 3.3 fold increase compared with the prevalence in goats used for meat. This study not only demonstrates that <i>M. ovis</i> infection is common in goats in Indiana, but shows the variability of bacterial loads that can be found in chronically-infected animals. While sub-clinically infected goats may have a bacteremia, levels are characteristically less than 2.0 x 10⁵copies/mL.</p><p> The second project utilized a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to estimate the prevalence of <i>M. ovis</i> infection from a cohort of naturally-infected pregnant ewes, assess changes in their bacterial loads, and determine the incidence of <i>M. ovis</i> in lambs pre- and post-weaning. The prevalence of <i>M. ovis</i> infection in ewes was not found to be significantly different during pregnancy, and before and after weaning of the lambs, with prevalence estimates of 45% (95% CI, 23.1 – 68.5), 36% (95% CI, 17.9 – 57.4), and 44%, (95% CI, 24.4 – 65.1), respectively. Bacterial loads of the ewes from the cross-sectional study ranged from 10⁴to 10⁹copies/mL of blood, with the median bacterial load at 10⁵ copies/mL of blood. While higher bacterial loads are typical of an acute infection, none of the ewes in this study had overt clinical signs. The data suggest that <i>M. ovis</i> loads may be higher in pregnant sheep, particularly in ewes half-way through pregnancy. Most of the <i>M. ovis</i> infections in the study lambs were detected post-weaning which suggests that transplacental or transmammary infection of <i>M. ovis</i> are unlikely routes.</p><p> In the third study, a subset of <i>M. ovis</i> genes for use in a multi-locus sequence typing assay (MLST) were evaluated. Next-generation sequencing was performed to generate data from pooled DNA amplicons in order to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of <i>M. ovis </i>from five genes. Evaluation of the quality and depths of coverage for the reads and SNPs indicated that the pooled DNA amplicons produced reads and SNPs having high quality and sufficient depth. This pooling technique is a cost-effective alternative to whole-genome sequencing. While the MLST has good discriminatory power and may be used to identify genetically distant and divergent clusters of <i>M. ovis</i> from different geographical origins, within a herd the discrimination power is low, which may hamper its usefulness in transmission studies. </p><p> The fourth and final study was the development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the dnaK gene of <i>M. ovis</i>, with comparison of the assay to conventional PCR (cPCR). The metal ion indicator hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) was added prior to the reaction, which allowed for visual detection of LAMP-positive samples as indicated by a color change from violet to sky blue. <i>Mycoplasma ovis</i> was consistently detected in 45 minutes with the LAMP assay at a reaction temperature of 64°C, with more infected sheep being detected than by cPCR. Therefore, the LAMP assay is fast and reliable in the detection of <i>M. ovis</i>. The developed LAMP assay may have applications in diagnostics, surveillance and disease management as well as prevalence studies. However, a more robust molecular technique is necessary for <i>M. ovis</i> isolate or stain discrimination to investigate transmission or disease spread in an outbreak.</p><p> </p><p> In conclusion, three new molecular tools for the detection of <i>M. ovis</i> in goats and sheep were developed as results of these studies. We have shown that the qPCR assay is an efficient tool for detection and quantification of <i>M. ovis</i> loads in blood from both of these species. On the other hand, the value of the LAMP assay is for reliable detection of infection (not quantification), especially in resource-limited situations. The five-locus MLST protocol developed herein, a typing assay based on the polymorphism of five gene sequences, is a laborious technique requiring DNA extraction, PCR amplification, purification and sequencing of target loci. The value of this technique is not as a routine diagnostic, but rather it may be used to better understand the genetic diversity of <i>M. ovis</i> and investigate strain variations. Most importantly, the scheme is sufficiently robust to allow direct genotyping of <i>M. ovis</i> in total blood DNA extracts without culture isolation. The MLST approach may prove useful as a tool for future investigations of transmission and disease spread. These studies have also expanded our understanding of the infection dynamics of <i>M. ovis</i> in pregnant sheep and lambs. It is shown herein that despite the high prevalence and sometimes high bacterial loads in pregnant ewes, <i>M. ovis</i> does not appear to be transmitted to the lambs in utero or during the perinatal period. The lambs become infected mostly after weaning; this may suggest a protective effect during the pre-weaning period and/or subsequent exposure/infection from their environment. </p><br>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Daniel de Barros Macieira.pdf: 1044606 bytes, checksum: 797036e36833a30609c06a68880f37c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Infectious diseases present high morbidity among domestic cats and a delayed or misdiagnosis may result in patient death. The association between feline immunodeficiency (FIV) and/or feline leukemia (FeLV) viruses infections with hemoplasmas has great importance in veterinary practice, since agents may act synergically increasing risks for infected animals. To date, there are no studies in Brazil critically examining whether or not hemoplasma infections are associated with retroviral infection in cat. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum (Mhm) infections in domestic cats tested for FIV and FeLV with a commercial ELISA kit. Based on serologic testing, cats were grouped as i) FIV-positive (n=25); ii) FeLV-positive (n=39); iii) FIV/FeLV-positive (n=8); and iv) FIV/FeLV-negative (n=77), or base-comparison group. CBCs were followed by DNA extraction, species-specific PCR (16S rRNA gene) for Mhf and Mhm and Southern blotting for all animals. Among all animals tested for retroviral infection (n=149), 16,8%, 26,2% and 5,4% were seropositive for FIV, FeLV and both retroviruses respectively. Associated factors to retroviral infections included an increased mean age (FIV, p<0,001), neutered status and history of fights/bites (FIV, p=0,033 and <0,001 respectively); presence of fleas (FeLV, p=0,018); history of blood transfusions and roaming outdoors (FIV/FeLV, p=0,028 and 0,033 respectively). Among evaluated clinical signs, anorexia and pale mucous (FIV, p=0,004 and 0,034 respectively); lethargy/depression, jaundice and tachycardia (FeLV, p=0,033, 0,036 and 0,003 respectively) were identified. Among CBC findings, anemia was related to FIV (p=0,012) and FeLV (p<0,001) infections, whereas thrombocytopenia was only related to FIV infection (p=0,015). Animals with FIV or double FIV and FeLV infections had a reduced WBC count (p=0,021 and 0,012 respectively). Mhf DNA was found in 4.0%, 2.6%, 12.5% and 7.8% of the cats from groups i, ii, iii and iv respectively, while 32.0%, 5.1%, 50.0% and 5.2% of these animals had a Mhm infection. Host factors that were associates to the presence of hemoplasma DNA included the retroviral status (p=0,001), history of fights/bites (p=0,003), roaming outdoors (p=0,001), living with other cats (p=0,008) and pale mucous (p=0,033). The logistic regression model used herein showed that cats with FIV (OR=4,25; p=0,009) and both FIV and FeLV (OR=7,56; p=0,014) were at greater risk of being hemoplasma infected than retroviral negative cats, mainly due to Mhm infection (OR=8,59, p=0,001 and OR=18,25, p=0,001 respectively). Among pure-breed cats, FIV-positive status was associated with hemoplasma infection (OR 45,0; p=0,001). / As doen?as infecto-contagiosas possuem uma alta morbidade entre os gatos dom?sticos e um diagn?stico impreciso ou retardado pode resultar no ?bito do paciente. A associa??o entre infec??es pelos v?rus da imunodefici?ncia (FIV) e/ou leucemia (FeLV) felina com hemoplasmas possui grande import?ncia na cl?nica m?dica, uma vez que os agentes podem agir de modo sin?rgico elevando os riscos para os animais acometidos. Devido ao fato de inexistirem no Brasil estudos que analisem criticamente a associa??o entre estes retrov?rus e os hemoplasmas, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a preval?ncia e poss?veis fatores associados para as infec??es por Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) e Candidatus M. haemominutum (Mhm) em gatos dom?sticos, testados para a presen?a de FIV e FeLV, atrav?s de um kit comercial baseado na metodologia de ELISA. Com base no teste sorol?gico, os gatos foram agrupados como i) FIV-positivos (n=25); ii) FeLV-positivos (n=39); iii) FIV/FeLV-positivos (n=8); e iv) FIV/FeLV-negativos (n=77), ou grupo de refer?ncia para as compara??es. Hemogramas foram seguidos da extra??o/purifica??o de DNA, rea??o em cadeia da polimerase esp?cie-espec?fica para a detec??o de Mhf e Mhm e Southern Blot/hibridiza??o (SB) para todos os animais. Entre os 149 animais testados, 16,8%, 26,2% e 5,4% foram soropositivos para FIV, FeLV e ambos os retrov?rus respectivamente. Fatores associados ? infec??o por retrov?rus inclu?ram idade m?dia mais elevada (FIV, p<0,001), condi??o reprodutiva castrado e hist?rico de brigas/mordidas (FIV, p=0,033 e <0,001 respectivamente); presen?a de pulgas (FeLV, p=0,018); transfus?o de sangue e acesso ao ambiente externo (FIV/FeLV, p=0,028 e 0,033 respectivamente). Dentre as altera??es cl?nicas avaliadas, anorexia e mucosas p?lidas (FIV, p=0,004 e 0,034 respectivamente); letargia/depress?o, icter?cia e taquicardia (FeLV, p=0,033, 0,036 e 0,003 respectivamente) foram identificadas. Dentre os par?metros hematol?gicos a anemia esteve associada a presen?a de FIV (p=0,012) e FeLV (p<0,001) enquanto a trombocitopenia esteve apenas associada a infec??es por FIV (p=0,015). Animais com FIV ou com dupla infec??o (FIV e FeLV) tiveram uma contagem de leuc?citos reduzida (p=0,021 e 0,012 respectivamente). O DNA de Mhf foi achado em 4,0%, 2,6%, 12,5% e 7,8% dos gatos dos grupos i, ii, iii e iv, respectivamente, enquanto 32,0% 5,1%, 50,0% e 5,2% desses animais tinham infec??es por Mhm. Fatores inerentes ao hospedeiro que apresentaram associa??o com a presen?a do DNA de hemoplasmas inclu?ram o estado retroviral (p=0,001), hist?rico de brigas/mordidas (p=0,003), acesso ao ambiente externo (p=0,001), coabitar com outros gatos (p=0,008) e mucosas p?lidas (p=0,033). O modelo de regress?o log?stica usado mostrou que gatos com FIV (OR=4,25, p=0,009) e animais duplamente infectados para FIV e FeLV (OR=7,56, p=0,014) estavam em maior risco de serem infectados por hemoplasmas do que animais negativos para ambos os retrov?rus, principalmente em virtude de infec??es por Mhm (OR=8,59, p=0,001 e OR=18,25, p=0,001 respectivamente). Entre os animais de ra?a definida, a positividade para FIV estava associada com infec??es para hemoplasmas (OR=45, p=0,001).

Amostras de sangue total e suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram coletadas de 57 felídeos Neotropicais (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis e 3 Puma yagouaroundi) mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Dados clínicos, hemograma e histórico dos animais foram disponibilizados. Materiais clínicos obtidos a partir dos suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram submetidos ao cultivo para Mycoplasma spp em meio específico. DNA do sangue e suabes foram extraídos por meio de um kit comercial e pelo método de fervura, respectivamente. DNA extraído de amostras de sangue foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), DNA proviral do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e Bartonella spp. DNA extraído dos suabes foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mollicutes e M. felis. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre alterações clínicas e a infecção por Bartonella spp e um estudo de fator de risco da infecção por esse microrganismo. Apenas 1 (1,75%) animal foi positivo a reação para Mhf e nenhum foi positivo a reação para CMhm. Dois (3,5%) animais foram positivos a reação para FeLV e 6 (10,52%) foram positivos para Bartonella spp. Não houve co-infecção entre os agentes pesquisados nas amostras de sangue. Foram obtidos 5 (8,77%) isolados de Mycoplasma spp da orofaringe e nenhum de conjuntiva. DNA de Mollicutes foi detectado em 53 (93%) e 27 (47,36%) amostras de orofaringe e conjuntiva, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultado positivo na detecção de DNA alvo de M. felis. Não houve associação entre as alterações hematológicas (anemia, desidratação, leucocitose, leucopenia, histórico de anemia) e a infecção por Bartonella spp. Machos apresentam maior risco de adquirir bartonelose do que fêmeas. Este é o primeiro relato da presença de DNA proviral de FeLV em L. tigrinus e L. pardalis no sul do aís, de DNA de B. henselae em L. tigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyii e P. yagouaroundi, e de um estudo de fator de risco associado a infecção por Bartonella spp em felídeos neotropicais. / Total blood samples and oropharinx and conjunctival swabs were collected from 57 neotropical felids (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis and 3 Puma yagouaroundi) maintained in captivity at Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Clinical data, hemogram and clinical history of these animals were available. Clinical materials obtained from oropharinx and conjunctiva were cultured in specific media for Mycoplasma spp isolation. DNA of blood and swabs were extracted using a commercially available kit and a boiling method, respectively. DNA samples from swabs were submitted to a PCR for the detection of Mollicutes and M. felis. DNA samples from blood were submitted to a PCR for detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviral DNA , and Bartonella spp. The association between hematological alterations and bartonella infection was evaluated and a risk factor analysis was performed. Only 1 (1.75%) animal was positive for Mhf reaction, whereas all animals were negative for CMhm detection. Two (3.5%) animals were positives for FeLV and 6 (10.52%) animals were positive for Bartonella spp, by PCR. Co-infections among these agents were not observed. Five (8.77%) mycoplasma isolates were obtained from oropharinx samples and none was obtained from conjunctival samples. Mollicutes DNA was detected in 53 (93%) and 27 (47.36%) samples from oropharinx and conjunctiva, respectively. All samples were negative for M. felis detection. Hematological alterations (anemia, dehydration, leukocytosis, leucopenia, history of anemia) were not associated to Bartonella spp infection. Males are more likely to be infected than females. This is the first report of FeLV proviral DNA in L. tigrinus and L. pardalis in Southern Brazil, of B. henselae DNA in L. trigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyi and P. yagouaroundi, and the first study of risk factors for Bartonella spp infection in neotropical felids.

Amostras de sangue total e suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram coletadas de 57 felídeos Neotropicais (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis e 3 Puma yagouaroundi) mantidos em cativeiro no Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Dados clínicos, hemograma e histórico dos animais foram disponibilizados. Materiais clínicos obtidos a partir dos suabes de orofaringe e conjuntiva foram submetidos ao cultivo para Mycoplasma spp em meio específico. DNA do sangue e suabes foram extraídos por meio de um kit comercial e pelo método de fervura, respectivamente. DNA extraído de amostras de sangue foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), DNA proviral do vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV) e Bartonella spp. DNA extraído dos suabes foram submetidos à PCR para detecção de Mollicutes e M. felis. Foi realizada uma análise de associação entre alterações clínicas e a infecção por Bartonella spp e um estudo de fator de risco da infecção por esse microrganismo. Apenas 1 (1,75%) animal foi positivo a reação para Mhf e nenhum foi positivo a reação para CMhm. Dois (3,5%) animais foram positivos a reação para FeLV e 6 (10,52%) foram positivos para Bartonella spp. Não houve co-infecção entre os agentes pesquisados nas amostras de sangue. Foram obtidos 5 (8,77%) isolados de Mycoplasma spp da orofaringe e nenhum de conjuntiva. DNA de Mollicutes foi detectado em 53 (93%) e 27 (47,36%) amostras de orofaringe e conjuntiva, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultado positivo na detecção de DNA alvo de M. felis. Não houve associação entre as alterações hematológicas (anemia, desidratação, leucocitose, leucopenia, histórico de anemia) e a infecção por Bartonella spp. Machos apresentam maior risco de adquirir bartonelose do que fêmeas. Este é o primeiro relato da presença de DNA proviral de FeLV em L. tigrinus e L. pardalis no sul do aís, de DNA de B. henselae em L. tigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyii e P. yagouaroundi, e de um estudo de fator de risco associado a infecção por Bartonella spp em felídeos neotropicais. / Total blood samples and oropharinx and conjunctival swabs were collected from 57 neotropical felids (1 Leopardus geoffroyi, 17 L. wiedii, 22 L. tigrinus, 14 L. pardalis and 3 Puma yagouaroundi) maintained in captivity at Refúgio Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu. Clinical data, hemogram and clinical history of these animals were available. Clinical materials obtained from oropharinx and conjunctiva were cultured in specific media for Mycoplasma spp isolation. DNA of blood and swabs were extracted using a commercially available kit and a boiling method, respectively. DNA samples from swabs were submitted to a PCR for the detection of Mollicutes and M. felis. DNA samples from blood were submitted to a PCR for detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), Candidatus M. haemominutum (CMhm), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) proviral DNA , and Bartonella spp. The association between hematological alterations and bartonella infection was evaluated and a risk factor analysis was performed. Only 1 (1.75%) animal was positive for Mhf reaction, whereas all animals were negative for CMhm detection. Two (3.5%) animals were positives for FeLV and 6 (10.52%) animals were positive for Bartonella spp, by PCR. Co-infections among these agents were not observed. Five (8.77%) mycoplasma isolates were obtained from oropharinx samples and none was obtained from conjunctival samples. Mollicutes DNA was detected in 53 (93%) and 27 (47.36%) samples from oropharinx and conjunctiva, respectively. All samples were negative for M. felis detection. Hematological alterations (anemia, dehydration, leukocytosis, leucopenia, history of anemia) were not associated to Bartonella spp infection. Males are more likely to be infected than females. This is the first report of FeLV proviral DNA in L. tigrinus and L. pardalis in Southern Brazil, of B. henselae DNA in L. trigrinus, L. pardalis, L. geoffroyi and P. yagouaroundi, and the first study of risk factors for Bartonella spp infection in neotropical felids.

Os micoplasmas hemotróficos (hemoplasmas) são organismos pleomórficos, epicelulares, gram negativos que infectam a superfície dos eritrócitos de diversas espécies. Devido ao fato de ser incultivável em meios de cultura tradicionais, o diagnóstico é baseado em técnicas moleculares. Em cães, a infecção pelos hemoplasmas pode causar anemia hemolítica na fase aguda, enquanto na doença crônica os sinais são inaparentes, sendo que a imunodepressão e a esplenectomia podem desencadear a doença aguda. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a prevalência dos hemoplasmas em cães submetidos a atendimento clínico e cirúrgico no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo (HV-UPF), identificar os fatores de risco para infecçao pelos hemoplasmas e as condições clínicas na infecção natural. Para isso, foram selecionadas amostras de sangue com EDTA submetidas com propósito diagnóstico ao Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do HV-UPF. Após a verificação do controle da extração (PCR para o gene GAPDH), as amostras foram encaminhadas ao Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University (IN, USA) para as análises moleculares. Foi realizada reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para os hemoplasmas felinos (‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’) e caninos (Mycoplasma haemocanis e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’). Ao total, foram analisadas 347 amostras, sendo que 16 foram negativas para o controle GAPDH e excluídas do estudo. A prevalência para hemoplasma foi de 6,4% (21/331) sendo 5,1% (17/331) para Mycoplasma haemocanis e 1,8% (6/331) para um organismo geneticamente semelhante ao hemoplasma felino ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’. Não foram encontradas amostras positivas para ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’ e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’. Os cães positivos para hemoplasmas tinham como fatores de risco a presença de ectoparasitas (carrapatos e/ou pulgas), idade avançada e habitavam em casa. Embora tenha sido identificada a presença de correlação entre as neoplasias e feridas causadas por brigas com outros cães e a infecção pelos hemoplasmas, tais resultados foram atribuídos a uma influência da idade e a presença de ectoparasitas. Não houve variações hematológicas e bioquímicas em decorrência da infecção pelo Mycoplasma haemocanis. Refere-se, no presente estudo, o primeiro estudo relacionando a freqüência da infecção pelos hemoplasmas em cães no Brasil. / The hemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are pleomorphic epicellular and gramnegative organisms that do not grow in conventional culture media. The organisms infect the red blood cell surface of several species and nowadays the diagnosis is based on molecular techniques. In dogs, the acute infection causes severe hemolytic anemia, while in the chronic disease the clinical signs are unapparent. In addition splenectomy or immunosuppression may result in the acute disease. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of haemoplasmas in dogs that were submitted to clinical or chirurgical procedures at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF-HV), to identify the risk factors for infection and the clinical conditions of haemoplasma natural infection. EDTA blood samples that were submitted for diagnosis purpose at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas of the HV-UPF were randomly selected and clinical data were obtained from the hospital database. After DNA extraction and the internal control, the samples were sent to the Department of Comparative Pathobiology at the Purdue University (IN, USA), School of Veterinary Medicine, for molecular analysis. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for feline haemoplasmas ('Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum') and canine haemoplasmas (Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum') was performed. A total of 347 samples were analyzed, while 16 were negative for the control GAPDH and excluded from the study. The total prevalence was 6.4% (21/331), 5.1% (17/331) for Mycoplasma Haemocanis and 1.8% (6/331) for an organism genetically similar to feline 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and no samples were found positive to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum'. The haemoplasma positive dogs lived at private homes, are old and were in contact with ectoparasites (ticks and/or fleas). Although it was identified a positive correlation between neoplasic disease, wounds caused by dog fights and the haemoplasma infection, these results were attributed to the influence of age and the vector. Hematological and biochemical variations were not identified at Mycoplasma haemocanis positive samples. This is the first study frequency of haemoplasma infection in dogs in Brazil.

Os micoplasmas hemotróficos (hemoplasmas) são organismos pleomórficos, epicelulares, gram negativos que infectam a superfície dos eritrócitos de diversas espécies. Devido ao fato de ser incultivável em meios de cultura tradicionais, o diagnóstico é baseado em técnicas moleculares. Em cães, a infecção pelos hemoplasmas pode causar anemia hemolítica na fase aguda, enquanto na doença crônica os sinais são inaparentes, sendo que a imunodepressão e a esplenectomia podem desencadear a doença aguda. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a prevalência dos hemoplasmas em cães submetidos a atendimento clínico e cirúrgico no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo (HV-UPF), identificar os fatores de risco para infecçao pelos hemoplasmas e as condições clínicas na infecção natural. Para isso, foram selecionadas amostras de sangue com EDTA submetidas com propósito diagnóstico ao Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do HV-UPF. Após a verificação do controle da extração (PCR para o gene GAPDH), as amostras foram encaminhadas ao Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University (IN, USA) para as análises moleculares. Foi realizada reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para os hemoplasmas felinos (‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’) e caninos (Mycoplasma haemocanis e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’). Ao total, foram analisadas 347 amostras, sendo que 16 foram negativas para o controle GAPDH e excluídas do estudo. A prevalência para hemoplasma foi de 6,4% (21/331) sendo 5,1% (17/331) para Mycoplasma haemocanis e 1,8% (6/331) para um organismo geneticamente semelhante ao hemoplasma felino ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’. Não foram encontradas amostras positivas para ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’ e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’. Os cães positivos para hemoplasmas tinham como fatores de risco a presença de ectoparasitas (carrapatos e/ou pulgas), idade avançada e habitavam em casa. Embora tenha sido identificada a presença de correlação entre as neoplasias e feridas causadas por brigas com outros cães e a infecção pelos hemoplasmas, tais resultados foram atribuídos a uma influência da idade e a presença de ectoparasitas. Não houve variações hematológicas e bioquímicas em decorrência da infecção pelo Mycoplasma haemocanis. Refere-se, no presente estudo, o primeiro estudo relacionando a freqüência da infecção pelos hemoplasmas em cães no Brasil. / The hemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are pleomorphic epicellular and gramnegative organisms that do not grow in conventional culture media. The organisms infect the red blood cell surface of several species and nowadays the diagnosis is based on molecular techniques. In dogs, the acute infection causes severe hemolytic anemia, while in the chronic disease the clinical signs are unapparent. In addition splenectomy or immunosuppression may result in the acute disease. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of haemoplasmas in dogs that were submitted to clinical or chirurgical procedures at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF-HV), to identify the risk factors for infection and the clinical conditions of haemoplasma natural infection. EDTA blood samples that were submitted for diagnosis purpose at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas of the HV-UPF were randomly selected and clinical data were obtained from the hospital database. After DNA extraction and the internal control, the samples were sent to the Department of Comparative Pathobiology at the Purdue University (IN, USA), School of Veterinary Medicine, for molecular analysis. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for feline haemoplasmas ('Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum') and canine haemoplasmas (Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum') was performed. A total of 347 samples were analyzed, while 16 were negative for the control GAPDH and excluded from the study. The total prevalence was 6.4% (21/331), 5.1% (17/331) for Mycoplasma Haemocanis and 1.8% (6/331) for an organism genetically similar to feline 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and no samples were found positive to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum'. The haemoplasma positive dogs lived at private homes, are old and were in contact with ectoparasites (ticks and/or fleas). Although it was identified a positive correlation between neoplasic disease, wounds caused by dog fights and the haemoplasma infection, these results were attributed to the influence of age and the vector. Hematological and biochemical variations were not identified at Mycoplasma haemocanis positive samples. This is the first study frequency of haemoplasma infection in dogs in Brazil.

Os micoplasmas hemotróficos (hemoplasmas) são organismos pleomórficos, epicelulares, gram negativos que infectam a superfície dos eritrócitos de diversas espécies. Devido ao fato de ser incultivável em meios de cultura tradicionais, o diagnóstico é baseado em técnicas moleculares. Em cães, a infecção pelos hemoplasmas pode causar anemia hemolítica na fase aguda, enquanto na doença crônica os sinais são inaparentes, sendo que a imunodepressão e a esplenectomia podem desencadear a doença aguda. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a prevalência dos hemoplasmas em cães submetidos a atendimento clínico e cirúrgico no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Passo Fundo (HV-UPF), identificar os fatores de risco para infecçao pelos hemoplasmas e as condições clínicas na infecção natural. Para isso, foram selecionadas amostras de sangue com EDTA submetidas com propósito diagnóstico ao Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do HV-UPF. Após a verificação do controle da extração (PCR para o gene GAPDH), as amostras foram encaminhadas ao Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University (IN, USA) para as análises moleculares. Foi realizada reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para os hemoplasmas felinos (‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’) e caninos (Mycoplasma haemocanis e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’). Ao total, foram analisadas 347 amostras, sendo que 16 foram negativas para o controle GAPDH e excluídas do estudo. A prevalência para hemoplasma foi de 6,4% (21/331) sendo 5,1% (17/331) para Mycoplasma haemocanis e 1,8% (6/331) para um organismo geneticamente semelhante ao hemoplasma felino ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’. Não foram encontradas amostras positivas para ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis’ e ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’. Os cães positivos para hemoplasmas tinham como fatores de risco a presença de ectoparasitas (carrapatos e/ou pulgas), idade avançada e habitavam em casa. Embora tenha sido identificada a presença de correlação entre as neoplasias e feridas causadas por brigas com outros cães e a infecção pelos hemoplasmas, tais resultados foram atribuídos a uma influência da idade e a presença de ectoparasitas. Não houve variações hematológicas e bioquímicas em decorrência da infecção pelo Mycoplasma haemocanis. Refere-se, no presente estudo, o primeiro estudo relacionando a freqüência da infecção pelos hemoplasmas em cães no Brasil. / The hemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are pleomorphic epicellular and gramnegative organisms that do not grow in conventional culture media. The organisms infect the red blood cell surface of several species and nowadays the diagnosis is based on molecular techniques. In dogs, the acute infection causes severe hemolytic anemia, while in the chronic disease the clinical signs are unapparent. In addition splenectomy or immunosuppression may result in the acute disease. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence of haemoplasmas in dogs that were submitted to clinical or chirurgical procedures at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF-HV), to identify the risk factors for infection and the clinical conditions of haemoplasma natural infection. EDTA blood samples that were submitted for diagnosis purpose at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas of the HV-UPF were randomly selected and clinical data were obtained from the hospital database. After DNA extraction and the internal control, the samples were sent to the Department of Comparative Pathobiology at the Purdue University (IN, USA), School of Veterinary Medicine, for molecular analysis. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for feline haemoplasmas ('Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum') and canine haemoplasmas (Mycoplasma haemocanis and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum') was performed. A total of 347 samples were analyzed, while 16 were negative for the control GAPDH and excluded from the study. The total prevalence was 6.4% (21/331), 5.1% (17/331) for Mycoplasma Haemocanis and 1.8% (6/331) for an organism genetically similar to feline 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and no samples were found positive to 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicencis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum'. The haemoplasma positive dogs lived at private homes, are old and were in contact with ectoparasites (ticks and/or fleas). Although it was identified a positive correlation between neoplasic disease, wounds caused by dog fights and the haemoplasma infection, these results were attributed to the influence of age and the vector. Hematological and biochemical variations were not identified at Mycoplasma haemocanis positive samples. This is the first study frequency of haemoplasma infection in dogs in Brazil.