A series of test panels were constructed to later form a test building at the Alternative Village, located on the University of Manitoba campus, in order to evaluate how hempcrete works as an infill insulation material. This building fit into a test program that was already underway in which buildings of the same size differed only in the materials and construction of their walls. The roof and floor structures were identical among them. The baseline building was constructed according to conventional industry practices.

Lime Hempcrete consists of lime, water and hemp and creates an insulating, sound-absorbing, lightweight and environmentally friendly material that can be used in wall, roof and floor structures (Bevan & Woolley 2008). This construction method is not yet developed in Sweden as there has been a ban on the cultivation of the hemp plant. This ban on the cultivation of hemp was removed in 2003, when the material got a boost. You can use it in many different ways and not just in the construction industry (Ahlsten, 2010). In this study we have investigated the possibility to produce prefabricated wall elements of LHC. We have also studied its mechanical properties and dehydration time. Different types of mixes were made to find out which type of blend that worked best and had good workability properties. Four different types of wall elements were made to see how they react when they are handled and lifted and to show how you can connect the wall elements to each other and how you can connect them in corners.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to study the potential of hemp buildings in different climates. The report examines and models two different energy efficient building concepts – the more common passive house and the environmental friendly hempcrete building system. These two buildings thermal performances were then simulated and compared in different climates followed by a brief discussion about their economic and environmental impact. The simulation was performed with the energy calculating program VIP-energy v 2.1.1 with the two models located in Kiruna, Sundsvall, Malmo, Berlin and Rome to represent the different climates. Simulations for different wall sizes and a sensitivity analysis of some significant parameters were also made. The hempcrete building system showed to have a thermal performance similar to that of passive houses in more southern climates. In the north of Sweden however the hempcrete building required up to 20 % more energy than the passive house to maintain comfortable indoor temperatures. This deficit could be compensated for with hemp fibre insulation to augment the building envelope and U-value. Furthermore the hygrothermal material properties that were not included in the simulation can be expected to have a significant positive impact on hemp buildings relative thermal performance. With a passive house thermal performance, a healthy indoor environment and an economically viable and environmental friendly production process hemp building demonstrated great potential in all the fields studied.

Hanfkalk ist ein ökologischer Baustoff, der aus den Ausgangsmaterialien Hanfschäben, einem mineralischen Bindemittel – meist auf Kalkbasis – und Wasser hergestellt wird. Der Baustoff Hanfkalk hat durch seine negative CO2-Bilanz gepaart mit der leichten Verarbeitbarkeit und hervorragenden Dämmwirkung ein enormes Potenzial im Bausektor, einem der Hauptverbraucher von Ressourcen und Energie, ein ökologisches Umdenken herbeizuführen. Die hier für die Versuche herangezogenen Hanfkalkmischungen unterscheiden sich in der Verwendung verschiedener Bindemittel, um die Abhängigkeit von speziell für Hanfkalk hergestellten und bislang überwiegend verwendeten Bindemitteln zu schmälern, da diese lange Transportwege aufweisen. In einer vorhergehenden Arbeit wurden Probekörper mit jeweils 50 M-% Weißkalkhydrat und einem abweichenden Bindemittelanteil auf ihre mechanische Frühfestigkeit untersucht. Von den fünf dort betrachteten Mischungen wurden hier die drei mit ausreichender Festigkeitsentwicklung bei tolerierbaren Verformungen herangezogen. Die sich unterscheidenden Anteile bilden PROMPT, ein Naturschnellzement, CEM I, ein Portlandzement, und NHL 5, ein natürlich hydraulischer Kalk. Jeweils zwei Probekörper jeder Mischung werden dann bis zur Massekonstanz über fünf gesättigten Salzlösungen und einmal reinem Wasser in einem abgeschlossenen Exsikkator gelagert, um aus den gewonnen Ergebnissen Adsorptionsisotherme zu ermitteln. Die Resultate zeigen, dass das Feuchtigkeitsaufnahmeverhalten für alle drei Mischungen sehr ähnlich ist. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass die Wahl des Bindemittels nur einen begrenzten Einfluss auf die Adsorptionseigenschaften des fertigen Baustoffs hat, vielmehr sind die Hanfschäben mit ihrem ausgeprägten Porensystem ausschlaggebend. Allerdings weisen die Isotherme der beiden Probekörper mit 50 M-% NHL 5 in Teilen große Unterschiede auf, sodass die Verlässlichkeit der Ergebnisse in diesem Fall etwas fragwürdig ist. Hier zeigt sich das Potential für anschließende tiefgreifende Untersuchungen.:Kurzfassung 2 Abstract 2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 5 Tabellenverzeichnis 6 Diagrammverzeichnis 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 6 Formelzeichen 7 1 Einleitung 8 2 Hanfkalk: Eine Verbindung von Hanfschäben und Kalk 10 2.1 Hanfschäben 10 2.1.1 Hanf als Nutzpflanze 11 2.1.2 Eigenschaften des Hanfes 13 2.1.2.1 Aufbau des Stammes 13 2.1.2.2 Für die Herstellung von Hanfkalk zentrale Eigenschaften der Schäben 15 2.2 Kalk als Bindemittel 16 2.2.1 Weißkalkhydrat 19 2.2.2 Natürlich Hydraulischer Kalk 20 2.3 Portlandzement 21 2.4 Romanzement 23 2.3 Hanfkalk als Dämmstoff 25 2.3.1 Verarbeitung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Wasserbedarfs 25 2.3.2 Aufbau und Funktionsweise 27 2.3.3 Eigenschaften 28 2.3.3.1 Thermische Eigenschaften und hygrothermisches Verhalten 28 2.3.3.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften 30 2.3.3.3 Akustische Eigenschaften 32 2.3.3.4 Brandverhalten 34 2.3.4 Ökologische Aspekte 34 2.3.4.1 CO2-Bilanz 35 2.3.4.2 Weitere Einflüsse auf die Umwelt 35 2.4 Feuchte 36 2.4.1 Feuchtetransportarten 36 2.4.2 Luftfeuchtigkeit 38 2.4.3 Hygroskopische Salze 39 2.4.4 Einfluss der Porosität auf das Feuchteaufnahmeverhalten 39 2.4.5 Ausgleichsfeuchte 41 2.4.6 Sorption 41 2.4.7 Arten von Sorptionsisothermen 42 2.4.8 Ableitbare Eigenschaften und Berechnungsverfahren 44 3 Eigene Untersuchungen 47 3.1 Versuchsaufbau 47 3.2 Verwendete Materialien 48 3.3 Rezepturen 49 3.4 Probekörperherstellung 52 4 Ergebnisse 53 4.1 Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme 54 4.1.1 NHL 5 54 4.1.2 CEM I 55 4.1.3 PROMPT 56 4.2 Einordnung der Isotherme in die Standardtypen 56 4.3 Auswertung der feuchtespezifischen Materialkennwerte 57 4.3.1 Wasseraufnahme 57 4.3.2 Spezifische Oberfläche 58 4.3.3 Porengefüge 59 4.4 Erklärung der Ergebnisse 60 4.4.1 Maximale Flüssigkeitsaufnahme 60 4.4.2 Poren 60 4.5 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 61 4.7 Weiterführende Forschung 63 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 64 Literatur 66 Anhang 68 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 72 / This Bachelor thesis deals with the humidity adsorption of various hemp-lime (hempcrete) compositions. Hemp-lime is an ecological building material that consists of hemp shiv, a mineral binder – mostly lime-based – and water. Hemp-lime exhibits an negative CO2-balance which gives it together with its simple processing and excellent insulating effect an enormous potential to lighten the environmental effects of the building sector as one of the main consumers of resources and energy. The hemp-lime mixes for the experiments in this thesis consist of different binders, so there can be an independence of binders made especially for hemp-lime and come by a long transport route. In a previous thesis mixes with each 50 wt% white hydrated lime and a differing fraction of binder were tested for their early mechanical strength development. Of the five formulations tested three had a sufficient strength development combined with tolerable deformations. The differing fractions of the three mixes are PROMPT, a natural quick cement, CEM I, a Portland cement, and NHL 5, a naturally hydraulic lime. Two samples of each formulation were placed above five saturated salt solutions and one time pure water in closed desiccators until they reached a constant weight. From the gathered information, adsorption isotherms were created. The result showed that the humidity adsorption of all three mixes are very similar. This indicates that the choice of binder has a limited influence in adsorption properties of hemp-lime, but mainly the hemp shiv with its distinct pore system. However, in the case of the NHL 5 formulation the two isotherms differ greatly in parts so that the reliability of the results in this case are questionable. Here, the potential subsequent, more profound experiments.:Kurzfassung 2 Abstract 2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 5 Tabellenverzeichnis 6 Diagrammverzeichnis 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 6 Formelzeichen 7 1 Einleitung 8 2 Hanfkalk: Eine Verbindung von Hanfschäben und Kalk 10 2.1 Hanfschäben 10 2.1.1 Hanf als Nutzpflanze 11 2.1.2 Eigenschaften des Hanfes 13 2.1.2.1 Aufbau des Stammes 13 2.1.2.2 Für die Herstellung von Hanfkalk zentrale Eigenschaften der Schäben 15 2.2 Kalk als Bindemittel 16 2.2.1 Weißkalkhydrat 19 2.2.2 Natürlich Hydraulischer Kalk 20 2.3 Portlandzement 21 2.4 Romanzement 23 2.3 Hanfkalk als Dämmstoff 25 2.3.1 Verarbeitung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Wasserbedarfs 25 2.3.2 Aufbau und Funktionsweise 27 2.3.3 Eigenschaften 28 2.3.3.1 Thermische Eigenschaften und hygrothermisches Verhalten 28 2.3.3.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften 30 2.3.3.3 Akustische Eigenschaften 32 2.3.3.4 Brandverhalten 34 2.3.4 Ökologische Aspekte 34 2.3.4.1 CO2-Bilanz 35 2.3.4.2 Weitere Einflüsse auf die Umwelt 35 2.4 Feuchte 36 2.4.1 Feuchtetransportarten 36 2.4.2 Luftfeuchtigkeit 38 2.4.3 Hygroskopische Salze 39 2.4.4 Einfluss der Porosität auf das Feuchteaufnahmeverhalten 39 2.4.5 Ausgleichsfeuchte 41 2.4.6 Sorption 41 2.4.7 Arten von Sorptionsisothermen 42 2.4.8 Ableitbare Eigenschaften und Berechnungsverfahren 44 3 Eigene Untersuchungen 47 3.1 Versuchsaufbau 47 3.2 Verwendete Materialien 48 3.3 Rezepturen 49 3.4 Probekörperherstellung 52 4 Ergebnisse 53 4.1 Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme 54 4.1.1 NHL 5 54 4.1.2 CEM I 55 4.1.3 PROMPT 56 4.2 Einordnung der Isotherme in die Standardtypen 56 4.3 Auswertung der feuchtespezifischen Materialkennwerte 57 4.3.1 Wasseraufnahme 57 4.3.2 Spezifische Oberfläche 58 4.3.3 Porengefüge 59 4.4 Erklärung der Ergebnisse 60 4.4.1 Maximale Flüssigkeitsaufnahme 60 4.4.2 Poren 60 4.5 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 61 4.7 Weiterführende Forschung 63 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 64 Literatur 66 Anhang 68 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 72

Due to an increase in environmental consciousness in the construction industry there has been increasing interest in using natural building materials like rammed earth construction, straw bale construction and hempcrete construction. These materials have very small embodied energy and are carbon negative or carbon neutral. Hempcrete is a bio-composite mix made up of hemp shive, lime, cement and water. There has been extensive research undertaken on the thermal, acoustic, and mechanical properties of hempcrete. It has low density, good thermal and acoustic insulation properties, and can passively regulate humidity in a built environment. However it also has low compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. Thus hempcrete cannot be used as a direct load bearing material but can used as an infill material in timber stud walls. This thesis investigates how hempcrete can have beneficial structural effects by preventing buckling of timber (increasing the buckling load) columns when used as an infill in between columns in a timber stud wall. Eight timber walls were constructed (both half scale -1200mm high; and full scale – up to 2133mm high) with varying column dimensions. Six of the walls were infilled with hempcrete of varying density. Two walls were not infilled and were baseline tests. All walls were tested in compression. It was found that high density hempcrete (715 kg/m3) not only prevented weak axis buckling of columns but also carried some direct load. Low density hempcrete was also successful in preventing weak axis buckling of the infilled walls. In-filled walls failed in strong axis buckling at a load twice (for half scale walls with 38x89mm columns) or 4 times(full scale walls with 38x235mm columns) that of the unfilled walls. An analytical model based on buckling of a strut on an elastic foundation was proposed to predict the maximum strength hempcrete can add to a wall by preventing buckling. The timber column strength equations from CSA –O86-01 closely predicted the buckling load of the walls from the experiments. The results from the model were also put in design equations from CSA –O86-01 to predict practical failure loads if the walls failed by buckling into hempcrete. Although only a single test result was available, it was in good agreement with the model predictions. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-01-30 21:18:13.842

Byggbranschen står för ca 20 % av Sveriges totala utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter och Sverige har som mål att inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser år 2045. Det behöver därför göras något för att minska utsläppen. Olika material genererar olika mycket utsläpp av växthusgaser under sin livscykel och ett sätt att minska utsläppen är därför att välja material med låga utsläpp. Syftet med studien är att med hjälp av livscykelmetodik jämföra bidrag till klimatpåverkan från en bullerskärm med träullsskivor och en med lime hempcrete-panel. Förhoppningen är att denna studie kan få beställare av bullerskärmar att välja en skärm som bidrar till ett mindre utsläpp av växthusgaser. De metoder som valts för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar är litteratursökning, intervju, livscykelmetodik och ett beräkningsverktyg, förenklade klimatåtgärdsverktyget. Studien pekar på att den bästa bullerskärmen för miljön är den av lime hempcrete, dock har även bullerskärmen av träullit liten klimatpåverkan då även den är gjord av biobaserade material som binder koldioxid. För att minimera utsläppen för båda bullerskärmarna ytterligare finns det olika metoder, byta drivmedel för arbetsmaskinerna, minimera transportsträckor och att använda återvunnet stål & metall. Det finns inga direkt jämförbara eller opartiskt granskade värden för koldioxidbindning vilket kan anses påverkar validiteten för studien. Då emissionsvärdena för koldioxidbindning har hämtats genom litteraturstudier har variationen bidragit till att två extremvärden har valts för beräkningarna. Detta kan tyckas ge en mer representativ bild av materialen då hela spannet tydliggörs. En standardiserad metod för om/hur beräkning med koldioxidbindning ska göras hade skapat en transparens vid beräkning av livscykelanalyser för biobaserade material. / The construction industry accounts for about 20% of Sweden's total emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents and because Sweden aims to have no net greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, something must be done to minimize emissions. Materials generate different emissions during their life cycle and one way of reducing emissions could be to choose materials with low emissions. The purpose of the study is to compare contributions to the climate impact between a noise screen with wood wool boards and one with lime hempcrete panel, using life cycle methodology. The methods chosen for the study are literature search, document analysis, interview, life cycle methodology and a calculation tool, förenklade klimatåtgärdsverktyget.The study indicates that the best noise screen for the environment is that of lime hempcrete, however the noise screen of wood wool also have little climate impact, since it is also made of bio-based materials that bind carbon dioxide. To minimize emissions for both noise screens further, there are different methods, changing fuel for the working machines, minimizing transport distances and using recycled steel & metal.There are no directly comparable or partially examined values for carbon dioxide binding which can be considered to affect the validity of the study. As the emission values for carbon dioxide binding have been obtained through literature studies, the variation has contributed to the selection of two extreme values for the calculations. This may seem to give a more representative view of the materials as the entire span is clarified. A standardized method for how calculation with carbon sequestration should be done would create a transparency in the calculation of life cycles for bio-based materials.

Interior walls are one of the biggest environmental culprits in office renovations. With this project I want to consider a new way to radically alter the layout of public spaces without producing waste.  The purpose of this project is to investigate the potential for using brickwork as an inspiration for adaptable walls in offices and public spaces. I will explore how sustainable, lightweight materials such as hemp or wool can be used to create lightweight “bricks” with acoustic properties. These bricks are assembled in an accordion-like structure that allows the wall to be extended, folded and to create various shapes.  By rethinking the interior wall, I have created a circular system of semi-permanent walls that can transform offices, workspaces and meeting rooms at will, and allows for an affordable and sustainable alternative to costly and disruptive renovations. With a leasing system the walls are part of a circular business model. Using brickwork as an inspiration, and a way to connect innovations to architectural history, this project explores the possibilities inherent in the modularity of bricks.

abstract: This thesis intends to help inform American Indian nations’ decision making related to housing. The study recognizes the urgent need for housing solutions that fit the needs of a community as well as benefit the overall ecosystem. One model that can offer guidance is the Circular Economy (CE) model. A well-thought-out CE process can provide housing solutions that are economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable. It also stimulates the local economy by strategically introducing positive changes. This research identifies the construction potential of available circular materials as compared to more contemporary building materials. It then recommends a closed-loop circular model that utilizes the community’s existing infrastructure to develop affordable housing. The proposed CE model operates within the built environment, stimulating local employment while catering to the needs of the residents. Such an approach can prove to be beneficial for the local community and perhaps scalable to the global economy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction Management 2020

The subject of diploma project is the design of complex of buildings using hemp lime composite, in English known as Hempcerete. Four detached houses are completed by building of facilities. Buildings have one to three floors. The composite fiercly reduces carbon footprint in building industry. The design is focused on different construction systems using hemp lime composite as a wall filling. Detached houses are made of load bearing timber frame with cast-in-situ hempcrete, building of facilities is made of reinforced concrete with precasted blocks. All buildings are cellarless. Detached houses are shed roofed, building of facilities is gable roofed.