Dentro do vasto campo de pesquisa que o quadro das relações entre mudança e permanência na arquitetura pode oferecer, esta dissertação abordará tal questão através da análise de exemplares arquitetônicos que, na tentativa de se adaptarem às novas exigências da sociedade, tiveram sua configuração original modificada. Mais especificamente, o estudo de caso desta dissertação consiste na análise de antigas residências recifenses cuja configuração espacial tenha sido alterada com objetivo de adaptá-las a uma nova função. A análise de tais exemplares tem como fim o desenvolvimento de métodos sistemáticos que possibilitem estabelecer, de forma objetiva, \"graus de transformação\" em relação às configurações espaciais das antigas residências. O objetivo geral da pesquisa consiste, portanto, em demonstrar como o uso de indicadores numéricos pode auxiliar a análise de modificações em objetos arquitetônicos e, consequentemente, pode se apresentar como instrumento útil para a verificação e monitoramento da integridade desses bens. / In the broad field of research that a framework for relations between change and permanence in architecture can offer, this dissertation will address this question through the analysis of architectural specimens that, in an attempt to adapt to new demands of society, had modified its original configuration. More specifically, the case study of this dissertation consists in the analysis of ancient residences of Recife whose spatial configuration has been changed in order to adapt them to a new role. The analysis of such specimens aims to develop systematic methods wich will allow to objectively establish \"degrees of transformation\" regarding the spatial configurations of the old residences. The overall objective of this research is to show how the use of numerical indicators can assist in examining the changes in architectural objects and therefore can be presented as a useful instrument for checking and monitoring the integrity of these buildings.

For over 2000 years, miners extracted lead from the moorland of southeastern Peak District. By the early twentieth century the landscape underwent an economic and demographic transformation, as local authorities and heritage groups have ‘naturalised’ the industrial landscape of the southern Peak District, presenting it as a pastoral idyll. These preservation policies occlude the industrial remains by sanitising its diverse past, providing only a partial telling of the landscape. This thesis is about critically assessing these on-going preservation policies, by rethinking the idea of heritage through current cultural geography ideas of landscape, heritage and remembering. Therefore, this thesis argues for an enacted landscape that is perceived and practiced in many ways. This thesis aims to do three things. First, to critically rethink heritage practices of English rural landscapes. Second, to recover the lost ‘minor histories’ of a landscape through a presentation of alternative landscape histories. Third, to contribute to creative methods of landscape research by using an ethnographic approach of oral history, aural recordings, and personal drawing to the study it. The outcome is a constellated and entangled analysis of the rural landscape that recovers the forgotten stories and challenges the authorised heritage discourse of the English rural landscape.

The study compared 10 fluent second language learners (L2Ls) and 10 heritage learners of Russian (HLs) to monolingual controls (n=20) in their judgments of the subtle nuances of aspectual usage in direct positive and negative imperative structures. The participants were asked to rate the appropriateness of pairs of imperative sentences differing in the aspectual form of the verb against the suggested discourse context. The analysis of the ratings revealed assumed deviations from the baseline in L2Ls. The HLs also revealed deviations, but unexpectedly, did not follow the baseline tendencies of the control monolingual group. Frequency and learning experience are some of the possible explanations of these finding and implications for pedagogy.

Une expérience française de sauvegarde et de mise en valeur du patrimoine scientifique et technique sensibilise à l'intérêt de sauvegarder les objets et instruments de la recherche et de préserver les savoir-faire des scientifiques des soixante dernières années du XXe siècle. En effet, les sciences et les techniques ont évolué si rapidement qu'il est apparu nécessaire de repérer, recenser et préserver en urgence, puis inventorier, diffuser et analyser le patrimoine témoin de la recherche. L'exemple de trois missions de sauvegarde réalisées à l'échelle d'une université, d'une région et au niveau national sous la responsabilité du Musée des arts et métiers du Cnam a été retenu. La démarche de la thèse relève de ! 'histoire des sciences, du patrimoine et des institutions culturelles. En premier lieu, une fresque historique restitue les moments clefs de cette histoire patrimoniale particulière. En second lieu, les politiques culturelles élaborées au cours de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle sont analysées : une priorité est donnée à la culture scientifique et technique au détriment du patrimoine. Mais, peut-on dissocier culture et patrimoine ? Dans une troisième partie, il est montré que patrimoine matériel et immatériel, sont deux éléments complémentaires de la culture scientifique et technique qui est une dimension essentielle de la culture contemporaine. / This thesis analyses a French experience of safeguarding and enhancing contemporary scientific and technological heritage. The mission undertaken was to demonstrate the necessity and the interest of preserving not only the objects of science but also the memory of scientists. Sciences and technologies have changed so rapidly in the last sixty years that all traces of the research activity were about to disappear. Three public programs have been under study: the first in the University of Nantes, the second in the Pays de la Loire, the third at the national level under the responsibility of the Musée des arts et métiers of the Conservatoire des arts et métiers in Paris. The thesis links the approaches of history of science and technology, heritage studies and cultural institutions. First, the thesis draws a large panorama -from Antiquity to the Second World War -of the major events in the social process of building a scientific heritage. Second, the research shows that the emphasis of the State policies in the second half of the 20th century has been more on the diffusion of scientific culture than on heritage protection and preservation. But is it relevant to divide culture and heritage? Finally, by studying the objectives, organization and results of the specific programs, the thesis brings into light that material and immaterial heritage are two components of scientific and technological culture which, in turn, is an essential feature of contemporary culture.

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo investigar a constituição física e simbólica do Lago Igapó II, localizado na área urbana de Londrina (PR), reconhecendo nele um patrimônio cultural dos londrinenses. Primeiramente, buscamos construir uma narrativa para o objeto, abordando momentos que seriam importantes para o seu entendimento como um patrimônio e que possibilitassem compreender a relação urbano versus natureza ao longo da história da cidade. Em seguida, procuramos identificar e analisar de que maneira e em que medida os vetores -- poder público, sociedade civil e iniciativa privada --, por meio de parcerias e embates, incidiram sobre o Igapó II, fazendo com que a paisagem fosse incorporada ao processo de verticalização, ao mesmo tempo em que o próprio objeto era transformado em área de lazer e defendido como uma porção de natureza na cidade. Por fim, investigamos a natureza na esfera do patrimônio cultural por meio dos valores que a sociedade atribui ao Igapó II. São explorados seus valores ambiental, histórico e afetivo, fundamentados em referências bibliográficas, em algumas redes sociais virtuais e, sobretudo, em questionários aplicados aos frequentadores do lago e do aterro. De modo abrangente, a pesquisa busca desnaturalizar valores consolidados nesse campo e propõe uma perspectiva do patrimônio não como objeto colecionável e/ou tombado, mas como vivências, como algo que não pontua, mas que permeia a cidade, tendo como foco não as coisas, mas as pessoas. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the physical and symbolic constitution of Igapó II Lake, located in the metropolitan area of Londrina, Paraná, recognizing it as an affective heritage site for locals. In the first section, I seek to construct a narrative for the subject matter, mentioning moments in time that played an important part in it being conceived of as heritage, and which allowed for a better understanding of the relationship between urban and natural elements throughout the city\'s history. The second part focuses on identifying and analyzing how, and to what extent, the different players--government, civil society and the private sector--acted upon Igapó II through partnerships and conflicts, helping incorporate its landscape into the city\'s vertical turn while at the same time transforming the lake into a leisure destination and defending it as a patch of nature in the city. Finally, I investigate the role of nature in the context of cultural heritage by looking at the values that society places on Igapó II. The lake\'s environmental, historic and affective values are explored, based on the literature reviewed, on some virtual social networks and, above all, on questionnaires answered by visitors to the lake and the surrounding park, built on reclaimed land. In a comprehensive manner, the research seeks to revisit deeply held values in this field, and proposes a perspective on heritage that recognizes it not as collectible and/or protected objects, but rather as experiences; not as an attraction, but as something that pervades the city; with a focus on people, and not on things.

Theories of lexical storage differ in how entries are encoded in the lexicon. Exemplar-based accounts posit that lexical items are stored with detailed acoustic information, while abstract accounts argue that fine acoustic detail is removed and an item is stored in more basic phonological units. These separate accounts make distinct predictions about cross-linguistic and bilingual perception. Studies asking participants to compare non-native vowels have shown that people tend to associate multiple non-native phonemes to a single L1 phoneme when the contrast between the two does not exist in the L1. However, several studies have shown that the ability to discriminate sounds is never lost. A line of research has focused on how bilinguals perceive contrasts in their second language. One such study, Pallier et al. (2001) looked at early bilinguals of Spanish and Catalan, testing whether the native Spanish speakers, who were highly proficient in Catalan, perceived certain Catalan minimal pairs as homophones. Importantly, the contrasts of these minimal pairs were exclusive to Catalan. The native Spanish bilinguals heard pairs such as /neta/-/nεta/ in an audio-only lexical decision task (LDT), and showed responses to the second item that were not significantly different from actual item repetitions (i.e., /neta/-/neta/). These results were taken as evidence in favor of abstractionist models of lexical storage. This study was based on Pallier et al, (2001), examining instead the perceptions of heritage speakers of Spanish (HSSs) in the U.S., children of native Spanish speakers who get early and sustained exposure to their second language, English. Unlike the bilinguals studied in Pallier et al., heritage bilinguals receive little linguistic or social support for development of their first language. The L1 proficiency of adult heritage bilinguals varies considerably. In this study, a group of these HSSs participated in an LDT testing their perception of English-exclusive phonemic vowel contrasts (i.e., peak-pick). It was hypothesized that, like Pallier et al.'s highly proficient bilinguals, HSSs would show responses to the second item of these minimal pairs as if it were a repetition of the first. Results of the LDT did not confirm the hypothesis. The heritage Spanish speakers did not perform significantly differently from the native English controls on English-specific contrasts (p = .065), and it was found that the native English speakers showed higher priming on these minimal pairs than HSSs. These results run counter to those of previous studies, and may disfavor an abstract account of lexical storage. At the very least, the construct validity of this methodology is questionable when the control and experimental participants reverse hypothesized behavior.

Essentielle au patrimoine, l'authenticité est une notion ambivalente. Son utilisation comme critère place les praticiens face à des difficultés concrètes les forçant à interroger, critiquer, et résoudre ce qui pour eux, fait l'authenticité de l'objet patrimonial qu'il soit monumental, tangible ou intangible. Une approche théorique intra- puis infra- patrimoniale permet de formuler, dans un système organisé, les controverses qu'ils soulèvent puis les réponses que d'autres disciplines apportent. Cette démarche aboutit à une catégorisation de différents « modes d'authentification ». Catégorisation, certes artificielle, mais qui permet d'offrir un outil et un vocabulaire pour distinguer les différentes manières d'envisager l'authenticité dans deux études de cas aux échelles diamétralement opposées : la valorisation de patrimoines indigènes hybrides dans la ville de Sucre en Bolivie, et la mise en œuvre de la liste du patrimoine mondial et la liste représentative du patrimoine immatériel de l'UNESCO. Les différentes manières de combiner ces authenticités témoignent de stratégies d'appropriation ou d'exclusion des patrimoines et de ceux qui les incarnent qui peuvent être décrites comme des jeux d'assemblages et de luttes. L'authentification n'est plus envisagée par les acteurs comme une étude d'experts dont le résultat est un arbitrage définitif, mais elle devient un processus en renouvellement constant dans lequel interviennent des acteurs de plus en plus diversifiés. / Central to heritage, authenticity is an ambivalent notion. Its use as a criterion leads practitioners to face concrete difficulties forcing them to interrogate, criticize, andsolve the meanings embedded in the « authenticity of the heritage object », whether monumental, tangible or intangible. A theoretical approach, internal and external to the heritage field, allows to formulate through an organized system, the controversies they bring forward and the solutions other disciplines explore. Such an approach leads to suggesting different « authentication modes ». Despite its artificial nature, it offers a tool and vocabulary to distinguish between different ways to consider authenticity in two case-studies on diametrically opposed scales: the enhancement of hybrid indigenous heritage in the city of Sucre, Bolivia, and the implementation of the World Heritage List and of the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The different ways these authenticities are combined attest for different appropriation or exclusion strategies both of the heritage at stake and of those who embody it. These strategies may be described as an interplay leading to coalitions and struggles. Stake holders no longer consider authenticationas the study of experts resulting in a permanent arbitration, but see it as a constantly renewed process in which more and more diverse participants take action

This thesis studies aspects of cultural heritage tourism in China. Relevant secondary tourism data in relation to tourist receipts and income generated from tourism activities are provided so as to present the different developmental state of the world and Chinese cultural heritage tourism. The thesis identifies that although many academic tourism researchers have discussed the cultural heritage issues, there is a gap that no English paper is available to identify the differences between current English and Chinese academic tourism studies in relation to cultural heritage issues. Cultural heritage issues studied by the current Chinese academic tourism researchers are limited to the World Heritage Sites inscribed by UNESCO, and local significant cultural heritage sites are left untouched. In this case, the English and Chinese literature in relation to cultural heritage, management and tourism product issues are reviewed and the gap that no English literature is available to discuss the different academic foci is filled. Secondly, a local cultural heritage site, Chen Ancestor's Temple, located in the southern part of China, is selected as the case study so as to challenge the current Chinese cultural heritage tourism study focus. A new direction which advocates the Chinese academic tourism researchers to turn their focus on local significant cultural heritage sites is established. To examine the current cultural heritage tourism in Chen Ancestor's Temple, two research methodologies are employed so as to gather first hand data. Quantitatively, a survey of tourist behaviors--before, during and after visitation of Chen Ancestor's Temple is conducted so as to supplement the statistics available and get to know more about Chen Ancestor's Temple current tourism development. Qualitatively, the in-depth interviews are conducted so as to investigate the issues of five stakeholder groups in relation to the development and management issues of Chen Ancestor's Temple. Themes are identified from the issues concerned by the five stakeholder groups and some recommendations are thus made.In all, this thesis compares the existing cultural heritage tourism literature in English and Chinese so as to advance the overall state of knowledge. The study of Chen Ancestor's Temple makes a further advance by establishing a new direction for Chinese academic tourism scholarship so as to focus towards locally significant cultural heritage sites.

The research undertaken compares the impact of heritage planning and management at Maldon in Victoria, with Tumbarumba in New South Wales and to a lesser extent with a number of other municipalities. Maldon and Tumbarumba are former gold mining towns of similar size and age. Maldon has been subject to rigorous planning controls following its declaration as a 'Notable Town' by the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) in the 1960s and was the forerunner for heritage planning in Australia, while Tumbarumba was later to be recognised for its heritage value and has less detailed planning controls. Maldon has been the centre of ongoing conflict for decades while Tumbarumba has been relatively free of conflict. Through research into existing documents, community consultation and use of questionnaires, this thesis sets out to look at how the conservation of heritage towns fits into the broader picture of conservation management, and examines the dynamics of conserving heritage towns. By undertaking a heritage study in the town of Tumbarumba, and looking closely at how heritage planning was implemented at Maldon, two dimensions of heritage management are examined. Firstly, the consistency in the planning process and the duration of events are compared, and secondly the extent of conflict is examined with contributing factors being isolated. Within the thesis, models are developed for analysing the conflict at Maldon, and for implementing heritage management in towns. The latter is through examining the accepted approaches to heritage management against the evidence of conflict, external control, community involvement and the presence of incentives. The thesis concludes that the dynamics of working with the community can be as important as the technical aspects of conservation.

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