Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on the Ancient Mediterranean World, June 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

This paper examines the relationship between Herodotus’ ethnographic account of the Persians and his narrative of their actions in the Histories. The first chapter analyzes the placement of this ethnography within the historian’s description of the fall of Croesus and the rise of Cyrus and then examines the language that Herodotus uses to describe the Persian customs. The second chapter focuses more narrowly on the elements of the Persian trivium (truth telling, archery, and horsemanship) and analyzes the way in which the historian incorporates these themes into his narrative. Finally, the third chapter of the report examines how Herodotus integrates all three elements of the trivium into an extended logos, that of the revolt of the Persian nobles against the usurper Magi and the subsequent ascension of Darius. This analysis thereby demonstrates that the multifaceted relationship between the historian’s Persian ethnography and his narrative connects the Persians’ successes with their adherence to their customs. / text

Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 2007

A tirania é um dos elementos mais marcantes das Histórias e da escrita da história das Histórias. Dentre as várias vertentes de estudo que debatem este aspecto da obra do autor de Halicarnasso, há uma querela específica que discute se ele tinha uma visão pejorativa ou neutra em relação à tirania. A partir, em especial, de meados do século XX, as novas tendências da historiografia passaram a valorizar aspectos marginalizados da história até então, e os estudos herodotianos passaram a ser (re)vistos em conformidade com essas mudanças. À luz desta tendência atual, que entende o texto herodotiano como unidade textual, proponho uma leitura desta controvérsia pelo viés da ambigüidade e da tragédia. Dentro desta perspectiva, reis e tiranos têm um importante papel na narrativa ao compor a forma através da qual Heródoto expressa seu pensamento político na obra, pensamento este relacionado com suas preocupações em torno do exercício do poder. / Tyranny is one of the most remarkable elements of the Histories and of Histories\' historiography. Among many academic approaches which discuss this aspect concerning the narrative of this Halicarnassos author, there is a specific discussion about the possibility of a pejorative or a neutral vision of tyranny. From the middle of the twentieth century on, the new historiographical tendencies have valued marginal aspects of history, so, the herodotean studies started to be reviewed according to these changes. In the light of this current tendency, that understands the herodotean text as a textual unity, I propose a reading of this controversy through the perspective of ambiguity and tragedy. In this perspective, kings and tyrants have an important role in the narrative by composing the form through which Herodotus expresses his political thought in his work, a thought related to his concerns with the exercise of power.

This thesis is an investigation into Herodotus’ views about the gods and how they relate to human life and history, and particularly how narrative and theology interact. It is divided into four chapters: Chapter one (The History of Herodotean Theology) falls into two parts. In the first I outline the reception of Herodotus’ theological views from antiquity to the present, focusing on the warners’ statements that ‘the divinity is phthoneros’, the subject of controversy since Plutarch. I explore the role of contemporary rhetorical and religious pressures in forging various interpretative traditions, and trace their evolution over the last five centuries of scholarship. The second part examines the assumptions and approaches of more recent scholarship to the problems that arise in Herodotean theology. Chapter two (Religious Discourses in the Histories) develops our understanding of Herodotus’ theological inconsistencies, which have increasingly come to dominate discussion of Herodotean religion. I make the case that Herodotus uses various theological discourses or registers, which are (literally interpreted) quite incompatible. I explore the influence of narrative style, narratorial persona, and context upon Herodotus’ theological assumptions and vocabulary, before considering the question of his own ‘belief’. Chapter three (The Phthonos of Gods and Men) offers my own analysis of the much-disputed concepts of ‘divine φθόνος’ and ‘νέμεσις’ in the Histories and classical Greek more widely. I begin by examining the use of phthonos in the context of humans from Homer to the fourth century. I then offer a close analysis of the meaning and significance of the five speeches that assert that ‘the divinity is phthoneros’ (or phthoneei), which precede or refer back to the most dramatic reversals of fortune in the work. Chapter four (Theology in the Croesus Logos) analyses the treatment of theology in the Croesus logos. It explores how Herodotus crafts a coherent narrative while negotiating the numerous theological principles of his contemporary world and narrative tradition. I argue that Croesus’ character and the deceptive oracles that force him to campaign are commonly misread, largely due to attempts to interpret the story on a quite different narrative patterning that is compatible with anachronistic principles of divine ‘benevolence’ or ‘divine justice’. The Epilogue draws together the themes discussed in the previous chapters, with some comments on the relationship between literature and theology more generally.

A tirania é um dos elementos mais marcantes das Histórias e da escrita da história das Histórias. Dentre as várias vertentes de estudo que debatem este aspecto da obra do autor de Halicarnasso, há uma querela específica que discute se ele tinha uma visão pejorativa ou neutra em relação à tirania. A partir, em especial, de meados do século XX, as novas tendências da historiografia passaram a valorizar aspectos marginalizados da história até então, e os estudos herodotianos passaram a ser (re)vistos em conformidade com essas mudanças. À luz desta tendência atual, que entende o texto herodotiano como unidade textual, proponho uma leitura desta controvérsia pelo viés da ambigüidade e da tragédia. Dentro desta perspectiva, reis e tiranos têm um importante papel na narrativa ao compor a forma através da qual Heródoto expressa seu pensamento político na obra, pensamento este relacionado com suas preocupações em torno do exercício do poder. / Tyranny is one of the most remarkable elements of the Histories and of Histories\' historiography. Among many academic approaches which discuss this aspect concerning the narrative of this Halicarnassos author, there is a specific discussion about the possibility of a pejorative or a neutral vision of tyranny. From the middle of the twentieth century on, the new historiographical tendencies have valued marginal aspects of history, so, the herodotean studies started to be reviewed according to these changes. In the light of this current tendency, that understands the herodotean text as a textual unity, I propose a reading of this controversy through the perspective of ambiguity and tragedy. In this perspective, kings and tyrants have an important role in the narrative by composing the form through which Herodotus expresses his political thought in his work, a thought related to his concerns with the exercise of power.

This thesis examines the portrayal of women in the Histories of Herod at us against the backdrop of two influences, Greek mythology, and the social customs and thought pertaining to women in ancient Greek society. Herodotus' Histories are particularly wide-ranging and, unlike Thucydides' later account of the Peloponnesian War, not confined to the exclusively political and military spheres. As a result. Herodotus' female characters appear naturally in the course of the stories he is telling, stories he has found as the result of his inquiries. Since his researches are so wide-ranging, the information so acquired comes from many and varied sources, both chronologically and geographically. In the course of placing the information he has gathered before his readers or audience, Herodotus has to present it in terms that can be understood and readily assimilated by those receiving it. It is my contention that in order to achieve this end he naturally moulds his stories according to two systems of information with which he and his audience are familiar, that of mythology and that of the social practices and attitudes of his time concerning women, and that these two systems of information act as a backdrop against which the stories he has collected are viewed. When dealing with information from societies very different from the Greek, Herodotus frequently has occasion to define such information in terms of its alterity or 'otherness' in comparison with what for him and his audience is accepted practice. In this way he is able to render strange, alien and foreign customs comprehensible for his audience by expressing them in terms of what they are not and for this purpose he uses Greek societal norms as his reference point. Conversely, he is also able to render stories from foreign lands familiar by recasting his tales using mythological elements well known to his audience, elements which would enjoy instant recognition in the minds of those receiving the information he is imparting. For ease in examining the social context against which Herodotus is telling his stories concerning women, his female characters have been assigned to the categories of daughter, sister, wife and mother, and in each chapter the customs, attitudes and beliefs pertaining to such categories in both societal and mythological terms have been laid out before examining the characters in each category in the text. There is a final category of Women in Power since the women in this category are an excellent example of alterity in relation to Greek thought and practice. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

This thesis looks to re-evaluate the East Greek intellectual view of non-Greeks in the middle to late fifth century. To do this I examine how ethnic difference is understood in the Hippocratic treatise Airs, Waters, Places (as well as the rest of the fifth-century Hippocratic corpus) and Herodotus' Histories, which together represent the new ethnographic thought of the fifth century. I will argue that neither author understood there to be any essential difference between Greeks and non-Greeks, nor represented non- Greeks as anti-Greeks, as many scholars today hold. Furthermore, I will argue that the idea of a Greek/barbarian dichotomy was to a considerable extent a construction of Athenian ideology, which stood in contrast to an East Greek cosmopolitanism that understood ethnic difference not in terms of differences in nature but of cultural variation within a common human condition. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

Η Μεσόγειος θάλασσα είναι μια κλειστή θάλασσα που μπορεί να χωριστεί σε δυτικό και ανατολικό τμήμα. Η ανατολική Μεσόγειος είναι μεγαλύτερη σε μέγεθος από την δυτική και παρουσιάζει έντονο γεωλογικό ενδιαφέρον σε διάφορους τομείς. Συγκεκριμένα η νοτιοανατολική Μεσόγειος με την παρουσία της Μεσογειακής ράχης, της Λεκάνης Λεβαντίνης, του αβυσσικού πεδίου του Ηροδότου, του κώνου του Νείλου και του ηπειρωτικού μπλοκ του Ερατοσθένη αποτελεί ένα μεγάλο πεδίο ερευνών. Ένας τομέας ερευνών που τα τελευταία χρόνια παρουσιάζει μια έξαρση είναι η ύπαρξη πεδίων υδρογονανθράκων στην περιοχή. Το μεγαλύτερο ενδιαφέρον εστιάζεται στη γεωλογική εξέλιξη δυο λεκανών, της Λεβαντίνης νοτιοανατολικά της Κύπρου και του Ηροδότου νοτιοδυτικά της Κύπρου. Οι δυο αυτές λεκάνες σχηματίστηκαν την ίδια γεωλογική περίοδο ως λεκάνες προχώρας λόγω της καταβύθισης της Αφρικανικής πλάκας κάτω από την Ευρασία. Φιλοξενούν το ίδιο περίπου πάχος ιζημάτων όπως και ίδιους τύπους ιζημάτων. Έχουν διαφορετική γεωμετρία με την λεκάνη του Ηροδότου να είναι βαθύτερη και διπλάσια σε έκταση από την λεκάνη της Λεβαντίνης. Για την λεκάνη της Λεβαντίνης υπάρχουν αρκετά στοιχεία για την στρωματογραφία της, και τη δυνατότητα της να αναπτύξει πεδία υδρογονανθράκων, καθώς και πιστοποιημένα αποθέματα πετρελαίου και φυσικού αερίου. Μέσω αυτών των στοιχείων και γνωρίζοντας ότι η λεκάνη Ηροδότου έχει ίδια ηλικία σχηματισμού συγκρίναμε τις δυο λεκάνες όσον αφορά την παλαιογεωγραφική τους εξέλιξη και την στρωματογραφία τους με σκοπό να εκτιμήσουμε τα αποθέματα που μπορεί να φιλοξενεί η λεκάνη του Ηροδότου. Σύγχρονα λαμβάνουμε υπόψη και το ρόλο που διαδραματίζουν στην εξέλιξη των λεκανών αλλά και της ευρύτερης περιοχής, το ηπειρωτικό μπλοκ του Ερατοσθένη και ο κώνος του Νείλου Παρουσιάζονται επίσης σεισμικά δεδομένα στα οποία φαίνονται άμεσοι δείκτες υδρογονανθράκων DHI (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators) αλλά και άλλα στοιχεία που αφορούν την εξέλιξη των λεκανών. Αυτοί οι δείκτες συνδέονται άμεσα με σημεία στα οποία υπάρχουν διαφυγές υδρογονανθράκων, όπου πιθανά να υπάρχουν πεδία υδρογονανθράκων. Επίσης αναφέρεται ποια πρέπει να είναι τα κριτήρια ούτως ώστε να αναπτυχθούν υδρογονάνθρακες. Τέλος παρουσιάζεται ένας συγκεντρωτικός πίνακας με όλα τα συγκριτικά στοιχεία των δυο λεκανών, που μας δείχνει τα πιστοποιημένα στοιχεία της λεκάνης της Λεβαντίνης και τις εκτιμήσεις για την λεκάνη του Ηροδότου μέσα από την σύγκριση της με τη λεκάνη Λεβαντίνης. / The Mediterranean Sea is an close sea that can be divided into western and eastern part. The Eastern Mediterranean is larger in size than the west and has a big geological interest in various fields. Specifically, the southeastern Mediterranean in the presence of the Mediterranean ridge, the Levantine basin, the Herodotus abyssal plain, the Nile cone and the Eratosthenes continental block, is a large field of investigation. One of the main interesting topics is the genesis and the development of hydrocarbon fields in the area. The major focus is on the palaeogeographic evolution of two major basins, such as Levantine basin and Herodotus basin. These two basins were formed in the same geological period as foreland basins due to subduction of the African plate beneath Eurasia. Accommodate approximately the same sediment thickness and the same sediment types. They have different geometry with Herodotus basin is deeper and doubles in size from the Levantine basin. For the Levantine basin there is enough evidence for the stratigraphy, and the ability to develop oil fields and they are certified reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Through these elements and knowing that Herodotus basin formed in the same age we compared the palaeogeographic evolution and stratigraphy of the two basins with a view to assess the stocks that can accommodate the Herodotus basin. At the same time we take into account the role they played in the evolution of the basins, the Eratosthenes continental block and the Nile cone. Seismic data are also presented which show direct hydrocarbon indicators DHI (Direct Hydrocarbons Indicators) and other data concerning the evolution of the two basins. These indicators are directly linked to places where there are leaks of hydrocarbons, which are thought to be hydrocarbon fields. Finally we present a table summarizing all the comparisons of the two basins, which shows us the certified data of the Levantine basin and the estimated oil and gas reserves of Herodotus basin through the comparison of the Levantine basin.