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Zaqueo.pdf: 8755372 bytes, checksum: d4cb41bc00bf604cbe13dca0bf8c1774 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the world, there are 7,726 species of amphibians described to date and the Anura order has the largest number of identified species, with approximately 6,784 species. The Brazilian anura fauna has 1,039 species, being the most representative. In terms of diversity, Rondonia state has several sub-sampled gaps and it has the highest rates of deforestation in the Amazon. Therefore, the study of the anurans of Pacaas Novos National Park (PNPN), located in Campo Novo of Rondônia, propose to contribute with the biodiversity knowledge of this region. Two areas of the park, upland sites non-subject of flooding and the seasonally flooded areas were sampled in six expeditions carried out during the months of July 2014 to August 2016. Time Limited Visual Search (PVLT) methods, Reproductive Sites (ASR) and Pitfall Traps with Drift Fences (AIQ) were used. The teams used in PVLT and ASR samplings was formed by four or five researchers collecting for two hours/methodology/night, totaling 322 h/man in both ecosystems. Four AIQs (10 pails of 100 Liters) were used with two traps at each area, totaling 340 pails/day/area. During expeditions, 1,571 specimens belonging to 62 species of anurans from thirteen families were recorded: Aromobatidae (5), Bufonidae (4), Centrolenidae (1), Ceratophryidae (1), Craugastoridae (5), Dendrobatidae (2), Hylidae 23), Leptodactylidae (10), Microhylidae (5), Odontophrynidae (1), Phyllomedusidae (3), Pipidae (1) and Ranidae (1). The most frequent family in the park was Hylidae (37.1%). However, Pristimantis fenestratus of the Craugastoridae family was the most abundant species, with 222 specimens recorded (14.13%). The less abundant species (less than 1%) were: Allobates femoralis, Dendropsophus leucophyllatus, D. sarayacuensis, Pristimantis delius, P. diadematus, Teratohyla adenocheira and Trachycephalus cf. cunauaru. The new records for the state were Allobates flaviventris, A. cf. gasconi, Pristimantis delius and P. diadematus. Dendropsophus juliani represented the first record for Brazil. When comparing the richness of two areas, it can be stated that the richness in the seasonally flooded areas is higher in the PNPN, with 18 species that were only found in this area. The richness of PNPN is similar that found in Espigão d'Oeste also located in in Rondonia. / No mundo, foram descritas 7.726 espécies de anfíbios, sendo a ordem Anura a que possui maior número de espécies identificadas com cerca de 6.784 espécies. O Brasil é o país com a maior riqueza da ordem Anura, apresentando o total de 1.039 espécies. O estado de Rondônia apresenta uma das maiores taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia, possuindo várias lacunas sub-amostradas quanto à sua diversidade. Portanto, o estudo dos anuros do Parque Nacional de Pacaás Novos, localizado em Campo Novo de Rondônia, propõem contribuir com o melhor conhecimento quanto a biodiversidade desta região. Foram amostradas duas áreas do parque, uma de floresta de terra firme e a outra de várzea, em seis expedições realizadas durante os meses de julho de 2014 a agosto de 2016, utilizando os métodos de procura visual limitada por tempo (PVLT), amostragem em sítios reprodutivos (ASR) e armadilha de interceptação e queda (AIQ). Para as amostragens de PVLT e ASR, equipe era formada quatro ou cinco pesquisadores coletando durante duas horas/metodologia/noite, totalizando 322 h/observador em ambos ecossistemas. Foram utilizadas quatro AIQ (10 baldes-100L) sendo duas armadilhas em cada base, totalizando 340 baldes/dia/base. Durante as expedições foram registrados 1.571 espécimes, pertencentes a 62 espécies de anuros de 13 famílias: Aromobatidae (5), Bufonidae (4), Centrolenidae (1), Ceratophryidae (1), Craugastoridae (5), Dendrobatidae (2), Hylidae (23), Leptodactylidae (10), Microhylidae (5), Odontophrynidae (1), Phyllomedusidae (3), Pipidae (1) e Ranidae (1). A família de maior ocorrência no parque foi a Hylidae (37,1%). No entanto, Pristimantis fenestratus da família Craugastoridae foi a espécie mais abundante sendo registrados 222 espécimes (14,13%). As espécies menos abundantes (menos de 1%) foram: Allobates femoralis, Dendropsophus leucophyllatus, D. sarayacuensis, Pristimantis delius, P. diadematus, Teratohyla adenocheira, e Trachycephalus cf. cunauaru. Dentre os novos registros para o estado estão Allobates flaviventris, A. cf. gasconi, Pristimantis delius e P. diadematus. Dendropsophus juliani representa o primeiro registro para o Brasil. Quando comparada a riqueza das duas áreas, pode-se afirmar que a riqueza na área de várzea é maior no PNPN, com 18 espécies que foram apenas encontradas nessa área. A riqueza do PNPN é similar a encontrada em Espigão d’Oeste também localizado em Rondônia.

No description available.

Ten species of anoles at Bajo Calima within the Choco of Western Colombia separate into two principal microhabitat groups: forest species, and those inhabiting openings and edges. The ten anoles further separate according to ground and vegetation dwellers. There is a relation at Bajo Calima between the number of anole species and vegetational structural diversity. Anole diversity within a given macrohabitat is by perch microsite/microclimate heterogeneity. These are the two major ecological dimensions along which similarity is limited or resources are partitioned.

Säbelzahnfrösche (Anura: Odontobatrachidae) sind eine Gruppe von fünf, in Westafrika endemische Wildbachspezialisten, die einzigartige Merkmale wie große Fangzähne und eine Drüse im Unterkiefer zeigen. Die Drüse enthält flüchtige Kohlenwasserstoffe, die Insektenpheromonen ähneln. Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die Drüse formal zu beschreiben und ihre Funktion zu ermitteln. Das erste Kapitel untersuchte die Biologie der Frösche und enthüllte Standorttreue und Revierverhalten, insbesondere bei Männchen. Verletzungen deuteten auf aggressive Interaktionen hin, insbesondere in der Nähe von Brutplätzen. Die Frösche nutzen wassergefüllte Spalten zur Eiablage, was auf komplexe Paarungs- und Lebensrauminteraktionen hindeutet. In Bezug auf die Funktion der Drüse ergaben sich zwei Hypothesen: intraspezifische Kommunikation zur Koordinierung der Eiablage oder interspezifische Kommunikation zum Anlocken von Beutetieren. Im zweiten Kapitel wurde die Ernährung untersucht, und belegte ein generalistisches Fressverhalten, was die Hypothese der intraspezifischen Kommunikation widerlegte. Das dritte Kapitel konzentrierte sich auf das akustische Repertoire und zeigte einen artspezifischen Werberuf bei den Männchen und unerwartete Quäken bei den Weibchen. Entgegen den Annahmen war die akustische Kommunikation bei Säbelzahnfröschen ausgeprägt und nicht eingeschränkt. Im vierten Kapitel wurden die Anatomie und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Drüse untersucht. Die Drüse, ist bereist bei Jungtieren vorhanden und bei variiert bei erwachsenen Tieren. Chemisch weist sie eine artspezifische Zusammensetzung auf, die je nach Geschlecht und Fortpflanzungszustand variiert. Zusammenfassend ist Wahrscheinlich, dass Säbelzahnfrösche multimodal kommunizieren und akustische und chemische Signale kombinieren, um Paarung und Eiablage zu koordinieren. Diese einzigartige Drüse und ihr Sekret deuten darauf hin, dass chemische Kommunikation bei Fröschen weiter verbreitet ist als bisher angenommen. / Saber-toothed Frogs (Anura: Odontobatrachidae) are a group of five torrent specialists endemic to West Africa. Recent descriptions revealed unique features such as large fangs and a gland in the lower jaw containing volatile hydrocarbons resembling insect pheromones. This dissertation aimed to formalize the description of the gland and ascertain its function. The first chapter delved into to frogs’ biology, unveiling site loyalty, and territorial behaviors, especially in males. Injuries suggested aggressive interactions, particularly around breeding habitats. The frogs use water-filled crevices for egg deposition, hinting at complex mating and habitat interactions. Two main hypotheses emerged regarding gland function: intraspecific communication for coordination during oviposition and fertilization, or interspecific communication to attract prey. The second chapter explored the diet to support the latter hypothesis. Findings showed a generalist diet and significant amounts of leaflets from a specific tree, indicating an unprecedented plant uptake. This refuted the idea of attracting specific prey and supported intraspecific communication. The third chapter focused on the acoustic repertoire, revealing a species-specific advertisement call in males and unexpected squeaking calls in females. Contrary to assumptions, acoustic communication in Saber-toothed frogs was pronounced and not restricted. The fourth chapter examined the gland's anatomy and chemical composition. The gland, present in juveniles and varying in adults, exhibited species-specific compositions varying with sex and reproductive state. In conclusion, Saber-toothed Frogs most likely employ multimodal communication, combining acoustic and chemical signals to coordinate mating and oviposition. The unique gland and its secretion hint at a more widespread use of chemical communication in frogs than previously recognized.

Peninsula ribbon snakes, Thamnophis sauritus sackenii, were collected for 14 months. Of 90 individuals collected and examined, 42 were females, 29 were males, and 19 were neonates. Females had a larger body length than did males. The smallest, sexually mature female had a snout-vent length of 428 mm. Mating occurred from March through May. Parturition occurred from June through October. Vitellogenesis began in spring and ovulation occurred between April and May. Spermatogenic activity occurred from August through December and testes were regressed during other months.

<p dir="ltr">Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) populations are declining dramatically across their range primarily due to habitat alteration, fragmentation, and reduction. Fragmented habitats have the potential to affect a population’s genetic diversity and size through the direct loss of individuals and the reduction of gene flow. Understanding genetic variation in Spotted Turtles can provide insight into population dynamics, the geographic distribution of genetic variants, and conservation needs. I examined the genetic variation in Spotted Turtle populations across the western portion of their geographic range including localities in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario, Canada. Using blood samples collected during the 2022 and 2023 field seasons as well as previously collected tissues, I genotyped 611 individuals across 17 or more localities using 16 microsatellite loci. Five of 17 sites across the geographic extent of the sample suggested the presence of inbreeding (positive Fis values). Although the precision of estimates was low in most localities (10 of 17 with incalculable confidence intervals), the remaining localities in Ohio were estimated to have effective population sizes of < 20 individuals. Model-based and ordination-based clustering were conducted to assess population structure. Both types of clustering approaches identified four genetic clusters within the dataset. The two Illinois sites fell distinctly into their own cluster, whereas all other sites show a pattern of admixture. Despite these clustering results, incorporation of spatial information in principal component analysis (sPCA), shows that genetic composition gradually changes from west to east across the landscape, a pattern supported by isolation by distance using a Mantel test of the correlation between genetic and geographic distances. My results show that several Spotted Turtle populations have low levels of genetic variation and could benefit from augmentation. The observed pattern of isolation by distance 9 suggests that any translocations of turtles to support populations should be attempt to draw from viable populations that are in closer proximity.</p>

The dissertation thesis deals with human aesthetic preference to other species and its anthropological and conservation aspect. The aesthetic preference to animal species has rarely been systematically studied before and quantitative analyses, especially on a fine taxonomic scale did not exist. On the other hand, it was known that attractive species often receive more support for their conservation. From these simple facts rose the idea to test human aesthetic preference to snake species (and consequently to species across major vertebrate taxa) and use this quantified preference to explain the conservation effort devoted to captive breeding worldwide (measured as size of zoo populations). We confirmed that the perceived attractiveness (preference and/or species' body size) succesfully predicts the size of zoo populations across mammal, bird and reptile taxa. On contrary, we found no effect of the IUCN listing of the species. To find out whether we work with Czech students' preference only or we may generalize to other populations, we carried out the same experiment to determine human preference to boas and pythons in eight cultures of five continents. Despite profound differences of the studied ethnics, we revealed a considerable agreement. Moreover, we found an agreement between pre-school...

No Brasil, 90% dos 26 mil acidentes ofídicos são ocasionados pelo gênero Bothrops, sendo a espécie Bothrops atrox a predominante na região amazônica brasileira. A região de Santarém (PA) está relacionada com 92% dos acidentes ofídicos, dos quais 20% foram considerados graves. Essa alta incidência pode estar relacionada à diversidade dos cenários florísticos da região, possibilitando a existência de uma amplitude deste gênero. Através do uso da metodologia dos isótopos estáveis do carbono (13C) e do nitrogênio (15N), verificou-se se as variações dos hábitos e fontes alimentares existentes nos diferentes ambientes e usos de solo na Amazônia, neste caso, ambientes de floresta, savana e pastagem, influenciaram na composição isotópica dos tecidos coletados das B. atrox encontradas nestes ambientes. Para a captura das B. atrox e de suas presas em potencial, utilizou-se três métodos de coleta, como encontro ocasional, busca ativa e armadilhas de interceptação e queda (Pit fall traps). Após as capturas, essas serpentes foram mantidas no biotério da FIT e retiradas amostras de tecidos periodicamente. Os tecidos das B. atrox e suas fontes alimentares foram analisados isotopicamente por espectrometria de massas para ?13C e ?15N. As diferentes fontes alimentares das B. atrox, foram isotopicamente distintas nos três ambientes, assim como a incorporação em seus tecidos analisados. Para as B. atrox mantidas no biotério, assim como o alimento de biotério oferecido, obteve-se o turnover de alguns tecidos independentemente do ambiente em que foram coletadas inicialmente. Após algum tempo no biotério, esses animais passaram a ter o sinal isotópico da nova alimentação oferecida, sendo que em alguns tecidos, essa troca refletia rapidamente e em outros tecidos mais lentamente. Este estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento da ecologia da serpente e seu uso dos ambientes, ainda pouco relatados e para o entendimento de turnover em tecidos animais / In Brazil, 90% of 26,000 snakebites are caused by the genus Bothrops, and the Bothrops atrox the predominant species in the Brazilian Amazon. The region of Santarém (PA) is related to 92% of snake bites, of which 20% were considered severe. This high incidence may be related to floristic diversity of scenarios in the region, enabling the existence of an amplitude of this genus. By using the methodology of carbon stable isotope (13 C) and nitrogen (15N), it was found that the changes in eating habits and sources existing in different environments and land use in the Amazon, in this case, forest environments, savannah and pasture, influenced the isotopic composition of the collected tissues of B. atrox found in these environments. To catch the B. atrox and its potential prey, we used three methods of collection, as chance meeting, active surveillance and interception traps and falling (Pit fall traps). After capture, these snakes were kept in the vivarium of the FIT and tissue samples taken periodically. The tissues of B. atrox and their food sources were analyzed isotopically by mass spectrometry for ?13C and ?15N. The different food sources of B. atrox were isotopically different in the three environments as well as its incorporation into tissues analyzed. For B. atrox kept in a vivarium, as well as the vivarium food offered was obtained turnover of some tissues regardless of the environment in which they were originally collected. After some time in the vivarium, these animals now have the isotopic signal of the new offered food, and in some tissues, this change reflected quickly and others more slowly tissues. This study contributed to the knowledge of the ecology of the snake and its use environments, poorly reported and for understanding turnover in animal tissues

No Brasil, 90% dos 26 mil acidentes ofídicos são ocasionados pelo gênero Bothrops, sendo a espécie Bothrops atrox a predominante na região amazônica brasileira. A região de Santarém (PA) está relacionada com 92% dos acidentes ofídicos, dos quais 20% foram considerados graves. Essa alta incidência pode estar relacionada à diversidade dos cenários florísticos da região, possibilitando a existência de uma amplitude deste gênero. Através do uso da metodologia dos isótopos estáveis do carbono (13C) e do nitrogênio (15N), verificou-se se as variações dos hábitos e fontes alimentares existentes nos diferentes ambientes e usos de solo na Amazônia, neste caso, ambientes de floresta, savana e pastagem, influenciaram na composição isotópica dos tecidos coletados das B. atrox encontradas nestes ambientes. Para a captura das B. atrox e de suas presas em potencial, utilizou-se três métodos de coleta, como encontro ocasional, busca ativa e armadilhas de interceptação e queda (Pit fall traps). Após as capturas, essas serpentes foram mantidas no biotério da FIT e retiradas amostras de tecidos periodicamente. Os tecidos das B. atrox e suas fontes alimentares foram analisados isotopicamente por espectrometria de massas para ?13C e ?15N. As diferentes fontes alimentares das B. atrox, foram isotopicamente distintas nos três ambientes, assim como a incorporação em seus tecidos analisados. Para as B. atrox mantidas no biotério, assim como o alimento de biotério oferecido, obteve-se o turnover de alguns tecidos independentemente do ambiente em que foram coletadas inicialmente. Após algum tempo no biotério, esses animais passaram a ter o sinal isotópico da nova alimentação oferecida, sendo que em alguns tecidos, essa troca refletia rapidamente e em outros tecidos mais lentamente. Este estudo contribuiu para o conhecimento da ecologia da serpente e seu uso dos ambientes, ainda pouco relatados e para o entendimento de turnover em tecidos animais / In Brazil, 90% of 26,000 snakebites are caused by the genus Bothrops, and the Bothrops atrox the predominant species in the Brazilian Amazon. The region of Santarém (PA) is related to 92% of snake bites, of which 20% were considered severe. This high incidence may be related to floristic diversity of scenarios in the region, enabling the existence of an amplitude of this genus. By using the methodology of carbon stable isotope (13 C) and nitrogen (15N), it was found that the changes in eating habits and sources existing in different environments and land use in the Amazon, in this case, forest environments, savannah and pasture, influenced the isotopic composition of the collected tissues of B. atrox found in these environments. To catch the B. atrox and its potential prey, we used three methods of collection, as chance meeting, active surveillance and interception traps and falling (Pit fall traps). After capture, these snakes were kept in the vivarium of the FIT and tissue samples taken periodically. The tissues of B. atrox and their food sources were analyzed isotopically by mass spectrometry for ?13C and ?15N. The different food sources of B. atrox were isotopically different in the three environments as well as its incorporation into tissues analyzed. For B. atrox kept in a vivarium, as well as the vivarium food offered was obtained turnover of some tissues regardless of the environment in which they were originally collected. After some time in the vivarium, these animals now have the isotopic signal of the new offered food, and in some tissues, this change reflected quickly and others more slowly tissues. This study contributed to the knowledge of the ecology of the snake and its use environments, poorly reported and for understanding turnover in animal tissues

<p dir="ltr">The Blanding’s Turtle (<i>Emydoidea blandingii</i>) is a species of conservation needs that ranges across the U.S Midwest and Northeast, and Ontario/Nova Scotia, Canada. The species has experienced several range expansions and contractions due to glacial dynamics and industrial landscape changes, which have led to population isolation and bottlenecks. Understanding genetic variation and population structure across the species’ geographic range is essential for conservation efforts to maintain and restore populations. While several regional studies have evaluated genetic variation in <i>E. blandingii</i>, there has been little population sampling across Michigan and limited attempts to directly compare genetic variation across extensively sampled populations within both its main range and disjunct segments in the Northeast U.S. In this study, I utilized 12 microsatellite loci to directly compare the genetic diversity of <i>E. blandingii</i> across 153 localities in a portion of the Great Lakes and the Northeast of the range. Additionally, 13 microsatellite loci were used to assess genetic diversity across 92 localities in Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan, including further sampling within Michigan. My findings confirmed higher genetic diversity within the Great Lakes compared to the Northeast and revealed greater genetic differentiation in the Northeast than in the Great Lakes. Population structure in both regions was influenced by distance (IBD) and watersheds, with a more pronounced effect in the Northeast. Using four different genetic clustering approaches (PCA, sPCA, STRUCTURE, and TESS3r), I identified three range-wide clusters, three within the Northeast, and three within the Great Lakes. Within the Great Lakes, estimates of effective population size (<i>N</i>e) were high at both the population and watershed level, although influenced by sample size. The long lifespans of <i>E. blandingii</i> likely contribute to high levels of genetic diversity, while post-glacial gene flow across the landscape has resulted in low to moderate levels of differentiation within the regions. This study highlights poorly understood population structure and differences in genetic diversity between regions. Although Great Lakes populations are less isolated and more genetically diverse than those in the Northeast, this does not suggest that they are secure. Both regions face potential genetic loss over the next century, requiring further management implications to mitigate any further decline.</p>