Les travaux e

Non-Newtonian fluids are of great scientific interest due to their range of physical properties, which arise from the characteristic shear stress-shear rate relation for each fluid. The applications of non-Newtonian fluids are widespread and occur in many industrial (e.g. lubricants, suspensions, paints, etc.) and environmental (e.g. mud, ice, blood, etc.) problems, often involving multiple fluids. In this study, the novel technique of Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) with shifting (Lind et al., J. Comput. Phys., 231(4):1499-1523, 2012), is extended beyond the state-of-the-art to model non-Newtonian and multi-phase flows. The method is used to investigate important problems of both environmental and industrial interest. The proposed methodology is based on a recent ISPH algorithm with shifting with the introduction of an appropriate stress formulation. The new method is validated both for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, in closed-channel and free-surface flows. Applications in complex moulding flows are conducted and compared to previously published results. Validation includes comparison with other computational techniques such as weakly compressible SPH (WCSPH) and the Control Volume Finite Element method. Importantly, the proposed method offers improved pressure results over state-of-the-art WCSPH methods, while retaining accurate prediction of the flow patterns. Having validated the single-phase non-Newtonian ISPH algorithm, this develops a new extension to multi-phase flows. The method is applied to both Newtonian/Newtonian and Newtonian/non-Newtonian problems. Validations against a novel semi-analytical solution of a two-phase Poiseuille Newtonian/non-Newtonian flow, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and a submarine landslide are considered. It is shown that the proposed method can offer improvements in the description of interfaces and in the prediction of the flow fields of demanding multi-phase flows with both environmental and industrial application. Finally, the Lituya Bay landslide and tsunami is examined. The problem is approached initially on the real length-scales and compared with state-of-the-art computational techniques. Moreover, a detailed investigation is carried out aiming at the full reproduction of the experimental findings. With the introduction of a k-ε turbulence model, a simple saturation model and correct experimental initial conditions, significant improvements over the state-of-the-art are shown, managing an accurate representation of both the landslide as well as the wave run-up. The computational method proposed in this thesis is an entirely novel ISPH algorithm capable of modelling highly deforming non-Newtonian and multi-phase flows, and in many cases shows improved accuracy and experimental agreement compared with the current state-of-the-art WCSPH and ISPH methodologies. The variety of problems examined in this work show that the proposed method is robust and can be applied to a wide range of applications with potentially high societal and economical impact.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_lob_me_ilha.pdf: 7876959 bytes, checksum: 679218273f75952f4df0237622251b57 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Rompimentos de Barreira são fenômenos caracterizados por um campo de escoamento inicialmente represado e submetido nos instantes subseqüentes a uma liberação abrupta. Diversos modelos matemáticos e leis de comportamento reológico podem ser associados a este problema e cada um deles deve ser estudado e compreendido de maneira a predizer, a partir de testes físicos e numéricos, sua adequação à descrição da evolução espaço-temporal de frentes resultantes deste fenômeno, tipo ruptura de barragem, retendo água , rejeitos ou materiais de reologia complexa. O desenvolvimento de técnicas analíticas possibilitou entender de maneira impar o desenvolvimento desses fenômenos, porém, a difícil obtenção de dados que alcançassem consonância com aqueles obtidos experimentalmente, demonstrava a fragilidade desse tipo de análise perante a descrição de sistemas dinâmicos complexos. Sendo assim, optou-se pela tentativa de recriar estes fenômenos a partir de técnicas que utilizassem a manipulação de equações governantes completas. Sistemas contínuos podem ser analisados através de aproximações discretas, resultando em valores realísticos, muito próximos aos obtidos experimentalmente, e a capacidade computacional atual, permite diminuir sensivelmente os erros envolvidos, aumentando cada vez mais a consistência física destes métodos. Neste trabalho utilizou-se o software comercial ANSYS-CFX para simular os fenômenos de ruptura de barreira, configurando a reologia de dois materiais, o Carbopol 940 representando um material de reologia complexa (Herschel-Bulkley) e o Glicerol (Newtoniano), esses dados foram então confrontados com os obtidos experimentalmente através de um modelo em escala reduzida. Campos de velocidade, pressão e evolução temporal das frentes foram analisadas, verificando-se valores com grande consonância entre numérico e experimental, mostrando uma grande consistência física dos métodos utilizados / The Dam Break problem is a phenomenon characterized by a flow field initially dammed and submitted in the subsequent moments of an abrupt release. Various mathematical models and laws of rheological behavior may be associated with this type of problem and each must be studied and understood in order to predict from physical and numerical tests the temporal evolution of their fronts resulting from this phenomenon, type Dan Break problems, retaining water or rheology complex materials. The development of analytical techniques enabled the understanding the development of these phenomena, however, the difficulty to obtain a reach agreement data with those obtained experimentally, showed the fragility of this type of analysis to the description of complex dynamic systems. But, it was decided by attempt of recreate these phenomena from techniques that use the manipulation of complete government equations. Continuous systems can be analyzed by discrete approximations, leading to realistic values, very close to those obtained experimentally, and current computational capacity, enables to reduce the errors involved significantly, increasing the consistency of these physical methods. This work used the commercial software ANSYSCFX to simulate the phenomena of breaking the barrier, setting the rheology of two materials, the Carbopol 940 representing a material of complex rheology (Herschel-Bulkley) and glycerol (Newtonian), these data were then compared with those obtained experimentally using a model in scale. Fields of velocity, pressure and temporal evolution of the fronts were analyzed. Found very similar values between numerical and experimental simulations, showing the physical consistency of the methods used

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_fo_me_ilha.pdf: 819769 bytes, checksum: 88d8eb791de97678aeffb0163237a264 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os escoamentos em superfície livre que ocorrem em canais inclinados, tanto em fluido Newtoniano quanto em fluido não-Newtoniano (hiperconcentrado), podem desenvolver instabilidades, tais como ondas em forma de ressalto hidráulico, com comprimentos bem definidos. Tais perturbações são denominadas Roll Waves. Essas ondas são comuns em canais artificiais, em lavas torrenciais e deslizamento de avalanchas. Neste trabalho, no plano teórico, é determinado um modelo matemático geral, com base nas equações de Navier- Stokes integradas na vertical, em cujo tensor de tensões é introduzido a reologia de Herschel- Bulkley. A velocidade média do escoamento é determinada levando-se em consideração que o escoamento apresenta um perfil de velocidade parabólico na região cisalhada (próximo ao fundo do canal) acoplado a um perfil linear na região não cisalhada (condição de plug), característico dos escoamentos de lamas e detritos. A partir do sistema de equações (conservação da massa e equação da quantidade de movimento) em variáveis adimensionais, uma análise de estabilidade linear é realizada, colocando em evidência as condições de formação dessas instabilidades, tanto em fluido hiperconcentrado como em fluido Newtoniano. Com as condições de formação de instabilidades estabelecidas, uma teoria analítica de Roll Waves permanente é imposta e um modelo matemático para geração de tais instabilidades é determinado. No plano numérico, utilizando a linguagem de programação Python, a validade do modelo é verificada, considerando que essas ondas são ajustadas por choques devido às singularidades existentes no modelo. Com a determinação das condições de choque e da velocidade de propagação da onda em um ponto crítico; pode-se observar a formação de Roll Waves em fluidos não Newtonianos com reologia de Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham, Power Law, como também em fluido Newtoniano. / The flows in free surface that occur in sloping canals, such as Newtonian fluid as in non- Newtonian fluid (hyperconcentrated), they can develop instabilities, such as long waves in form of hydraulical jumps, with well defined lengths; these instabilities are called Roll Waves, more common in artificial canals, torrential spillways of dams, lava and avalanche landslide. This work, in the theoretical plan, a general mathematical model is determined, on the basis of the integrated Navier-Stokes equation in the vertical, of tensor tensions the rheology of Herschel-Bulkley is introduced. The average velocity of the flows is determined taking itself in consideration that the flows presents a parabolic profile of speed in the shear region (near of the floor of canal) connected to a linear profile in the region not shear (condition of plug), categorized as flows of mudflows and debris flows. From the system of equations (conservation of the mass and equation of the momentum) in adimensional variables, an analysis of linear stability is carried through, placing the conditions of formation of these instabilities, as much in hyperconcentrated fluid as in Newtonian fluid. With the conditions of formation of instabilities established, a analytical theory of permanent Roll Waves is imployed and a mathematical model for geration of such stabilities it’s determined. In the numerical plan, using the computational consol Python, the validity of model is checked, considering of this waves are adjusted by shocks devided by the singularities existents in the model. With the determination of conditions of shock and the velocity of propagation of wave in a critical point; we can observe the formation of Roll Waves such in fluids non-Newtonians (Herschel- Bulkley, Bingham, Power law) as Newtonian fluids.

Drilling is crucial to many industries, including hydrocarbon extraction, CO2 sequestration, geothermal energy, and others. During penetrating the subsurface rocks, drilling fluid (mud) is used for drilling bit cooling, lubrication, removing rock cuttings, and providing wellbore mechanical stability. Significant mud loss from the wellbore into the surrounding formation causes fluid lost-circulation incidents. This phenomenon leads to cost overrun, environmental pollution, delays project time and causes safety issues. Although lost-circulation exacerbates wellbore conditions, prediction of the characteristics of subsurface formations can be obtained. Generally, four formation types cause lost-circulation: natural fractures, and induced fractures, vugs and caves, and porous/permeable medium. The focus in this work is on naturally fractured formations, which is the most common cause of lost circulation. In this work, a novel prediction tool is developed based on analytical solutions and type-curves (TC). Type-curves are derived from the Cauchy equation of motion and mass conservation for non-Newtonian fluid model, corresponding to Herschel-Bulkley model (HB). Experimental setup from literature mimicking a deformed fracture supports the establishment of the tool. Upscaling the model of a natural fracture at subsurface conditions is implemented into the equations to achieve a group of mud type-curves (MTC) alongside another set of derivative-based mud type-curves (DMTC). The developed approach is verified with numerical simulations. Further, verification is performed with other analytical solutions. This proposed tool serves various functionalities; It predicts the volume loss as a function of time, based on wellbore operating conditions. The time-dependent fluid loss penetration from the wellbore into the surrounding formation can be computed. Additionally, the hydraulic aperture of the fracture in the surrounding formation can be estimated. Due to the non-Newtonian behavior of the drilling mud, the tool can be used to assess the fluid loss stopping time. Validation of the tool is performed by using actual field datasets and published experimental measurements. Machine-Learning is finally investigated as a complementary approach to determine the flow behavior of mud loss and the corresponding fracture properties.

Cette thèse présente une étude expérimentale visant à caractériser les propriétés hydrauliquesd'écoulements à surface libre de fluides complexes: fluides viscoplastiques et mélangesfluides viscoplastiques-grains. Ce travail est motivé par la nécessité d'améliorer lesconnaissances sur les propriétés des écoulements de laves torrentielles, dans un contexte deprotection contre les risques naturels en montagne. Nous avons développé un dispositif delaboratoire original, un canal à fond mobile, permettant de générer des coulées gravitaires quisont globalement stationnaires dans le référentiel du laboratoire. Les coulées présentent unfront très raide, suivi à l'amont d'une zone d'épaisseur uniforme. Les fluides viscoplastiquesutilisés (carbopol et kaolin) ont été choisis de manière à modéliser la matrice des couléesboueuses naturelles en prenant en compte les critères de similitude adaptés. Ces fluidessuivent une loi de comportement de Herschel-Bulkley, et leurs propriétés rhéologiques ont étédéterminées au moyen d'un rhéomètre de laboratoire en accordant un soin particulier àl'établissement des incertitudes associées. Nous présentons des mesures précises de l'évolutionde l'épaisseur des coulées dans la zone uniforme en fonction de la vitesse du fond du canal etde la pente. Ces résultats sont comparés à des prédictions théoriques correspondant à unécoulement permanent et uniforme d'un fluide de Herschel-Bulkley, et nous montrons quel'accord est satisfaisant moyennant les incertitudes sur les mesures rhéologiques. Nous avonségalement analysé la forme du front des coulées et, là-aussi, l'accord avec des modèleshydrauliques (modèles de type Saint-Venant) est bon. Ces deux études permettent de validerles prédictions hydrauliques obtenues à partir de lois de comportement mesurées aurhéomètre. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous présentons une étude préliminaire de ladynamique de particules rigides isolées placées au sein de la coulée, en nous intéressant auxvitesses longitudinales et aux vitesses de chute pour différentes tailles et différentes densitésde particules. / This thesis presents an experimental study dedicated to characterise the hydraulic propertiesof free surface flows of complex fluids : viscoplastic fluids and mixtures made of viscoplasticfluids and grains. This study is motivated by the need to improve knowledge on properties ofthe flow of debris flows in a context of protection against natural hazards in the mountains.We have developed an original laboratory device - a channel with a mobile bottom - togenerate gravitary flows that are globally stationary in the laboratory frame. The flows have avery steep front followed upstream by a zone of uniform thickness. Viscoplastic fluids used(carbopol and kaolin) were selected so to model the matrix of natural mud flows, taking intoaccount the criteria of similarity adapted. These fluids follow a behavior law of Herschel-Bulkley, and their rheological properties were determined using a laboratory rheometer byproviding a particular care to the establishment of the associated uncertainties. We presentaccurate measurements of the evolution of the thickness of the flow in the uniform zone withthe the velocity speed of channel belt. These results are compared with theoretical predictionscorresponding to a steady uniform flow of a fluid of Herschel-Bulkley, and we show that theagreement is satisfactory through the uncertainties on the rheological measurements. We alsoanalyzed the shape of front, and here too, the agreement with hydraulic models (models likeSaint-Venant) is good. Both of the studies allowed to validate the hydraulic predictionsobtained from behavior laws measured with the rheometer. Finally, in a last section, wepresent a Preliminary study about the dynamics of isolated rigid particles placed in the flow,by paying attention to longitudinal velocities and falling velocities for different particle sizesand densities.

Des panaches sont connus pour migrer à travers le manteau ductile et quasi-Newtonien ; alors que les dikes se fracturent et se propagent dans la lithosphère solide. Cependant, la lithosphère est en fait visco-élastique. Afin de déterminer ce qui se passe dans ce cas complexe, nous avons réalisé une étude expérimentale et numérique sur le développement de panaches thermiques dans des solutions aqueuses de Carbopol, un gel de polymères formant un réseau continu d'éponges microscopiques. Ce fluide est rhéofluidifiant et présente un seuil de contrainte σ₀, de sorte que l'écoulement ne se produit que si la contrainte locale dépasse cette valeur critique σ₀. En dessous de cette valeur, le fluide agit comme un solide élastique. Les propriétés rhéologiques des solutions peuvent être systématiquement ajustées en variant la concentration de Carbopol. Le dispositif consiste en une source locale de chaleur de puissance constante placée au centre d'une cuve cubique. Selon la valeur du rapport entre la contrainte d'origine thermique et la contrainte seuil, Y₀, on peut observer trois régimes différents. A faible Y₀.

ABSTRACT GENERALIZED COUETTE FLOW OF A HERSCHEL - BULKLEY FLUID THROUGH ECCENTRIC ANNULUS - AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION Seyidoglu, Tijen M.S., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor: ismail Tosun Co-Supervisor: Ahmet N. Eraslan January 2006, 134 pages Generalized Couette flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid in an eccentric annulus is analyzed by approximating the flow geometry as a slit of variable height. Besides an imposed pressure gradient, one of the plates is considered non-stationary to take into account the axial and/or angular motion of the inner pipe in an eccentric annulus system. Depending on the magnitude and the direction of the applied pressure gradient with respect to the plate velocity, three separate flow cases are studied in which the velocity reaches its maximum value either within the plug flow region or at the moving boundary. Velocity distributions are obtained for each case by solving the equations of continuity and motion. Volumetric flow rate expressions are obtained by integrating the velocity distribution over the cross-sectional area. At a given pressure gradient, the results indicate an increase in volumetric flow rate with an increase in eccentricity ratio. Criteria for each flow type is developed in terms of a dimensionless parameter &amp / #923 / , which takes into account the ratio of the imposed pressure gradient to the plate velocity. Volumetric flow rate expressions for Newtonian, Bingham and power-law fluids are obtained by considering the limiting values of the fluid index and yield stress. The validity of the equations are checked by considering the slit height to be a constant, i.e., flow between parallel plates. Surge/swab pressure calculations are carried out for Herschel-Bulkley, power-law and Bingham fluids and the results are expressed as a function of eccentricity ratio, radius ratio, fluid index and yield stress. The results indicate that when the fluid index and the eccentricity ratio are fixed, a slight increase in the radius ratio causes a tremendous increase in surge/swab pressure, especially for low values of fluid index. On the other hand, displacement of the inner pipe from a concentric position causes a decrease in swab/surge pressure when other parameters are held constant. Comparison with the literature values reveals the fact that flow in an eccentric annulus can be modeled as flow between a slit of variable height as long as the radius ratio is greater than 0.5 and the eccentricity ratio is less than 0.3. The results for other values of radius ratio and eccentricity ratio can be used as initial guess values in carrying out numerical calculations.

Orientador: Geraldo de Freitas Maciel / Banca: André Luiz Seixlack / Banca: Luís Miguel Chagas da Costa Gil / Resumo: Os escoamentos na superfície livre que se processam sobre forte declividade podem desenvolver instabilidades ao cabo de tempo finito. Tais instabilidades aparecem sob formas de ondas tipo "hydraulic jumps" bem espaçados e são denominadas Roll Waves. Estas ondas, longas e periódicas, podem ser contínuas ou descontínuas; contínuas em problema Shallow Water viscoso e descontínuas para o caso não viscoso. Tal fenômeno pode ser observado tanto em escoamentos naturais como em canais artificiais e vertedouros de barragens. Tratando-se de escoamento de Fluidos não newtonianos, tal fenômeno pode ser visto facilmente em lavas torrenciais, avalanchas ou "debris flows". Nesta dissertação foram analisados matematicamente e numericamente o comportamento e as condições de existência para a formação de Roll Waves em escoamentos laminares e turbulentos. Em escoamentos turbulentos toma-se como referência os trabalhos realizados por Maciel (2001) numa reologia Binghamiana. Para escoamentos laminares, cita-se o trabalho de Mei (1994) em uma reologia tipo Power Law. No plano numérico, para escoamentos turbulentos, foram utilizadas rotinas do MATLAB® versão 6.5 e, para escoamentos laminares, rotinas em FORTRAN 90; onde pôde-se analisar e comparar resultados para diversas reologias. O foco desta dissertação foi tratar o problema Roll Waves como uma instabilidade na vizinhança do regime uniforme para Fluidos não newtonianos, em regimes turbulentos e laminares. A reologia tratada e representativa de diversos escoamentos na natureza foi a de Herschel Bulkley. A partir desta dissertação deixa-se, como perspectiva futura, um estudo mais aprofundado sob formação de ondas em fluidos hiperconcentrados tipo Herschel Bulkley com abordagem experimental a fim de validar resultados apontados nesta pesquisa. / Abstract: Flows that happen over strong slope with free surface can develop instabilities after some finite time. Such wave shaped instabilities appear in the flow and are of the type "hydraulic jumps" well spaced and they are called Roll Waves. Those waves are long and periodic, continuous or discontinuous, continuous in viscous Shallow Water problems, and discontinuous for the inviscid case. Roll Waves are uncommon in natural flows, but they are common in man made channels and dams spillway. For flows of non Newtonian fluids such phenomenon can be seen easily in lava torrent, avalanche and debris flow. In this work it were mathematically and numerically analyzed the behavior and the existence conditions for the generation of Roll Waves within laminar and turbulent flows. For turbulent flows it is taken as reference the works done by Maciel (2001) dealing with a Bingham rheology. For laminar flows the reference is the work done by Mei (1994) using a Power Law rheology. Numerically, for turbulent flows it were used MATLAB® 6.5 procedures and for laminar flows FORTRAN 90 procedures were developed. Using these reference procedures it was obtained compared and analyzed results for several rheologies. This work left as future perspective a deeper study about the generation of waves in hipper concentrated fluids such as Herschel Bulkley fluid, with an experimental approach aiming to validate results produced. The focus of this work was to treat the so called Roll Waves problem as an instability in the vicinity of the uniform flow regime for non Newtonian fluids under laminar and turbulent flow regimes. The Herschel Bulkley rheology that was treated in this work is representative of several flows that happen in nature. / Mestre

Orientador: Geraldo de Freitas Maciel / Banca: José Luiz Gasche / Banca: José Carlos Cesar Amorim / Resumo: Os escoamentos em superfície livre que ocorrem em canais inclinados, tanto em fluido Newtoniano quanto em fluido não-Newtoniano (hiperconcentrado), podem desenvolver instabilidades, tais como ondas em forma de ressalto hidráulico, com comprimentos bem definidos. Tais perturbações são denominadas Roll Waves. Essas ondas são comuns em canais artificiais, em lavas torrenciais e deslizamento de avalanchas. Neste trabalho, no plano teórico, é determinado um modelo matemático geral, com base nas equações de Navier- Stokes integradas na vertical, em cujo tensor de tensões é introduzido a reologia de Herschel- Bulkley. A velocidade média do escoamento é determinada levando-se em consideração que o escoamento apresenta um perfil de velocidade parabólico na região cisalhada (próximo ao fundo do canal) acoplado a um perfil linear na região não cisalhada (condição de plug), característico dos escoamentos de lamas e detritos. A partir do sistema de equações (conservação da massa e equação da quantidade de movimento) em variáveis adimensionais, uma análise de estabilidade linear é realizada, colocando em evidência as condições de formação dessas instabilidades, tanto em fluido hiperconcentrado como em fluido Newtoniano. Com as condições de formação de instabilidades estabelecidas, uma teoria analítica de Roll Waves permanente é imposta e um modelo matemático para geração de tais instabilidades é determinado. No plano numérico, utilizando a linguagem de programação Python, a validade do modelo é verificada, considerando que essas ondas são ajustadas por choques devido às singularidades existentes no modelo. Com a determinação das condições de choque e da velocidade de propagação da onda em um ponto crítico; pode-se observar a formação de Roll Waves em fluidos não Newtonianos com reologia de Herschel-Bulkley, Bingham, Power Law, como também em fluido Newtoniano. / Abstract: The flows in free surface that occur in sloping canals, such as Newtonian fluid as in non- Newtonian fluid (hyperconcentrated), they can develop instabilities, such as long waves in form of hydraulical jumps, with well defined lengths; these instabilities are called Roll Waves, more common in artificial canals, torrential spillways of dams, lava and avalanche landslide. This work, in the theoretical plan, a general mathematical model is determined, on the basis of the integrated Navier-Stokes equation in the vertical, of tensor tensions the rheology of Herschel-Bulkley is introduced. The average velocity of the flows is determined taking itself in consideration that the flows presents a parabolic profile of speed in the shear region (near of the floor of canal) connected to a linear profile in the region not shear (condition of plug), categorized as flows of mudflows and debris flows. From the system of equations (conservation of the mass and equation of the momentum) in adimensional variables, an analysis of linear stability is carried through, placing the conditions of formation of these instabilities, as much in hyperconcentrated fluid as in Newtonian fluid. With the conditions of formation of instabilities established, a analytical theory of permanent Roll Waves is imployed and a mathematical model for geration of such stabilities it's determined. In the numerical plan, using the computational consol Python, the validity of model is checked, considering of this waves are adjusted by shocks devided by the singularities existents in the model. With the determination of conditions of shock and the velocity of propagation of wave in a critical point; we can observe the formation of Roll Waves such in fluids non-Newtonians (Herschel- Bulkley, Bingham, Power law) as Newtonian fluids. / Mestre