Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Buscou-se, nesse estudo, quantificar e avaliar a homogamia, a heterogamia e as barreiras de cruzamento ao matrimônio via escolaridade (anos de estudo) e origem social (categorias ocupacionais dos pais). As tendências temporais desses padrões também foram examinadas. Analisou-se, ainda, a associação entre escolaridade dos maridos, escolaridade das esposas (status realizado), origem social dos maridos e origem social das esposas (status atribuído). Esse trabalho teve o intuito também de discutir o viés de seletividade marital segundo os diferenciais sociais (anos de estudo e origem social). Para isso, foram analisados parâmetros que mostram como se configuram os padrões de nupcialidade (idade média ao casar e celibato definitivo), bem como foram examinados os determinantes da união sob a perspectiva de três níveis de fatores condicionantes (nível das características individuais, nível do status atribuído e nível do status realizado). Verificou-se que as mulheres com alta escolaridade, no Brasil, permanecem num período maior na condição de solteiras (alta idade média ao casar e alto celibato definitivo). Os homens com alta escolaridade também apresentaram uma alta idade média ao casar, entretanto, o casamento demonstrou ser praticamente universal para esse segmento. Os resultados também mostraram que o aumento de um ano na idade dos indivíduos elevam a chance de união em aproximadamente 5%. Ter uma baixa escolaridade também aumenta a chance dos indivíduos se casarem. A variável origem social apresentou um comportamento dúbio ao ser incorporada no modelo com a variável anos de estudo. Constatou-se que há uma alta proporção de uniões homogâmicas por escolaridade. Para efetuar uma análise adequada das tendências temporais na seletividade marital foi proposto modelos log-lineares em que a dimensão do tempo foi incorporada. O ajustamento dos modelos indicou que a interpretação mais plausível para as tendências temporais na seletividade marital por escolaridade é a da estabilidade dos parâmetros indicativos das propensões homogâmicas. Em relação a análise da seletividade marital e origem social os resultados mostraram que a maior proporção de homogamia pôde ser verificada entre os casais que tinham como origem social a categoria de pequenos proprietários rurais. A conclusão mais plausível ao se analisar os modelos que consideraram as tendências temporais é que a variação temporal dos parâmetros indicativos da seletividade marital por origem social é a característica mais forte dos dados analisados. Ao analisar as chances relativas oriundas desse modelo observou-se que as barreiras de origem social de curta distância (entre segmentos de origem social próximos) são as mais fáceis de serem transpostas. Ao passo que as barreiras mais difíceis de serem ultrapassadas estão concentradas nos dois extremos. Verificou-se, ainda, que as associações entre as interações escolaridade do marido e escolaridade da esposa e origem social do marido e origem social da esposa não são independentes. Assim, pode-se presumir que a origem social (status atribuído) continua influenciando a escolha conjugal mesmo quando se leva em consideração o status realizado (escolaridade dos cônjuges) / This study attempted to quantify and evaluate homogamy, heterogamy and the crossing barriers to marriage regarding schooling (years of study) and social background (parental occupational category). Time tendencies present in these patterns were also considered as well as the association between husbands schooling, wives schooling (status held), husbands social origin and wives social origin (status assigned). This thesis also aimed to discuss the marital selectivity bias according to social differentials (years of study and social origin). For this, parameters that show how marriage patterns are configured (mean age to marry and permanent celibacy) were analyzed. It was also considered the marriage determinant factors under three conditions (individual characteristics, level of assigned status and level of status held). It was found that women with high educational level, in Brazil, remain unmarried for a longer period, since they usually get married on their late middle ages and show a high permanent celibacy). Men with high educational levels also showed a high mean age to marry, however, marriage proved to be virtually universal for this segment. The results also showed that the increase of one year in the age of individuals raises the chance of marriage in approximately 5%. Having a low educational level also increases the chance of people to get married. The social origin variable demonstrated a dubious behavior when incorporated into the model with the years of study variable. A high proportion of homogamic unions for schooling was found. To perform an adequate analysis of time tendencies in marital selectivity log-linear models were proposed and time dimension was incorporated. The models adjustment indicated that the most plausible interpretation for time tendencies in marital selectivity for schooling is the indicative parameters of stability regarding homogamic tendencies. Considering the analysis of marital and social origin selectivity results showed that the highest proportion of homogamy could be observed between couples who came from rural smallholders family. The most plausible conclusion when analyzing the time tendencies models is that the temporal variation of indicative parameters of marital selectivity by social origin is the strongest feature throughout the analyzed data. When analyzing the relative chances from this model it was observed that the short distance social origin barriers (between close social origin segments) are the easiest ones to be transposed. While the hardest barriers to overcome are concentrated in the two extremes. It was also found that the associations between the interactions husband and wife schooling and husband and wifes social origin and social background are not independent. In this way, it can be supposed that the social background (status assigned) continues influencing the choice of marriage even when it takes into account the status held (schooling of spouses)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Buscou-se, nesse estudo, quantificar e avaliar a homogamia, a heterogamia e as barreiras de cruzamento ao matrimônio via escolaridade (anos de estudo) e origem social (categorias ocupacionais dos pais). As tendências temporais desses padrões também foram examinadas. Analisou-se, ainda, a associação entre escolaridade dos maridos, escolaridade das esposas (status realizado), origem social dos maridos e origem social das esposas (status atribuído). Esse trabalho teve o intuito também de discutir o viés de seletividade marital segundo os diferenciais sociais (anos de estudo e origem social). Para isso, foram analisados parâmetros que mostram como se configuram os padrões de nupcialidade (idade média ao casar e celibato definitivo), bem como foram examinados os determinantes da união sob a perspectiva de três níveis de fatores condicionantes (nível das características individuais, nível do status atribuído e nível do status realizado). Verificou-se que as mulheres com alta escolaridade, no Brasil, permanecem num período maior na condição de solteiras (alta idade média ao casar e alto celibato definitivo). Os homens com alta escolaridade também apresentaram uma alta idade média ao casar, entretanto, o casamento demonstrou ser praticamente universal para esse segmento. Os resultados também mostraram que o aumento de um ano na idade dos indivíduos elevam a chance de união em aproximadamente 5%. Ter uma baixa escolaridade também aumenta a chance dos indivíduos se casarem. A variável origem social apresentou um comportamento dúbio ao ser incorporada no modelo com a variável anos de estudo. Constatou-se que há uma alta proporção de uniões homogâmicas por escolaridade. Para efetuar uma análise adequada das tendências temporais na seletividade marital foi proposto modelos log-lineares em que a dimensão do tempo foi incorporada. O ajustamento dos modelos indicou que a interpretação mais plausível para as tendências temporais na seletividade marital por escolaridade é a da estabilidade dos parâmetros indicativos das propensões homogâmicas. Em relação a análise da seletividade marital e origem social os resultados mostraram que a maior proporção de homogamia pôde ser verificada entre os casais que tinham como origem social a categoria de pequenos proprietários rurais. A conclusão mais plausível ao se analisar os modelos que consideraram as tendências temporais é que a variação temporal dos parâmetros indicativos da seletividade marital por origem social é a característica mais forte dos dados analisados. Ao analisar as chances relativas oriundas desse modelo observou-se que as barreiras de origem social de curta distância (entre segmentos de origem social próximos) são as mais fáceis de serem transpostas. Ao passo que as barreiras mais difíceis de serem ultrapassadas estão concentradas nos dois extremos. Verificou-se, ainda, que as associações entre as interações escolaridade do marido e escolaridade da esposa e origem social do marido e origem social da esposa não são independentes. Assim, pode-se presumir que a origem social (status atribuído) continua influenciando a escolha conjugal mesmo quando se leva em consideração o status realizado (escolaridade dos cônjuges) / This study attempted to quantify and evaluate homogamy, heterogamy and the crossing barriers to marriage regarding schooling (years of study) and social background (parental occupational category). Time tendencies present in these patterns were also considered as well as the association between husbands schooling, wives schooling (status held), husbands social origin and wives social origin (status assigned). This thesis also aimed to discuss the marital selectivity bias according to social differentials (years of study and social origin). For this, parameters that show how marriage patterns are configured (mean age to marry and permanent celibacy) were analyzed. It was also considered the marriage determinant factors under three conditions (individual characteristics, level of assigned status and level of status held). It was found that women with high educational level, in Brazil, remain unmarried for a longer period, since they usually get married on their late middle ages and show a high permanent celibacy). Men with high educational levels also showed a high mean age to marry, however, marriage proved to be virtually universal for this segment. The results also showed that the increase of one year in the age of individuals raises the chance of marriage in approximately 5%. Having a low educational level also increases the chance of people to get married. The social origin variable demonstrated a dubious behavior when incorporated into the model with the years of study variable. A high proportion of homogamic unions for schooling was found. To perform an adequate analysis of time tendencies in marital selectivity log-linear models were proposed and time dimension was incorporated. The models adjustment indicated that the most plausible interpretation for time tendencies in marital selectivity for schooling is the indicative parameters of stability regarding homogamic tendencies. Considering the analysis of marital and social origin selectivity results showed that the highest proportion of homogamy could be observed between couples who came from rural smallholders family. The most plausible conclusion when analyzing the time tendencies models is that the temporal variation of indicative parameters of marital selectivity by social origin is the strongest feature throughout the analyzed data. When analyzing the relative chances from this model it was observed that the short distance social origin barriers (between close social origin segments) are the easiest ones to be transposed. While the hardest barriers to overcome are concentrated in the two extremes. It was also found that the associations between the interactions husband and wife schooling and husband and wifes social origin and social background are not independent. In this way, it can be supposed that the social background (status assigned) continues influencing the choice of marriage even when it takes into account the status held (schooling of spouses)

Measuring spouses’ ages allows us to explore larger sociological issues about marriage, such as whether narrowing gaps signal gender progress or if a rise in female-older unions reveals a status change. Using Census and American Community Survey data, I test the merits of beauty-exchange and status homogamy theories as explanations for how heterosexual marital age gaps changed over a 40-year period of social and economic revolution. Analyses address questions about how age gaps compared for people with different characteristics, whether similarly aged couples exhibited greater educational and socio-economic homogamy than others, and if the odds of being in age-heterogamous marriages changed. Chapter 4 provides the historical context of U.S. marriages from 1910 on, and shows that while disadvantaged groups retreated from marriage, the percentage of individuals with greater education and income who married remained high. Age homogamy rose over 100 years due to a decline in marriages involving much-older husbands rather than increases in wife-older unions. Results in Chapter 5 show that mean age gaps decreased significantly over time for first-married individuals by most—but not all—characteristics. Gaps narrowed for those who were White, Black, other race, or of Hispanic origin; from any age group; with zero, one, or two wage earners; with any level of education; and from most types of interracial pairs. One exception was that mean age gaps increased between Asian wives and White husbands, and Asian women’s odds of having a much older husband were higher than the odds for racially homogamous women. Those odds increased over time. Findings lent support for status homogamy theory, since same-age couples showed greater educational homogamy than others in any decade, but showed mixed support for beauty exchange. In 2010-14, the median spousal earnings gap was wider in husband-older marriages than age-homogamous ones; however, the reverse was true in 1980. Women-older first or remarriages exhibited the smallest median earnings gaps in 1980 and 2010-14, and women in these marriages contributed a greater percentage of the family income than other women in 2010-14 (43.6% vs 36.9%, respectively). The odds of being in age-heterogamous unions were significantly higher for persons who were remarried, from older age groups, from certain racial backgrounds, in some interracial marriages, less educated, and from lower SES backgrounds. Age and remarriage showed the greatest impact on odds ratios. While age homogamy increased overall, the odds of being a much older spouse (11+ years older) increased dramatically for remarried men and women between 1970 and 1980, and then remained high in 2010-14. Remarried women’s odds of being the much older wife versus a same-age spouse were 20.7 times that of the odds of first-married women in 2010-14. Other results showed that Black men’s odds of being with a much-older wife compared to one around the same age were about 2.5 times that of the odds of White men in each decade. Hispanic men’s odds of being in a first marriage with a much-older wife versus one of the same age were also twice the odds of White men in 1980 and 2010-14. Analyses demonstrated that marital age gaps have, indeed, changed significantly since the second-wave women’s movement, and that while age homogamy increased, the odds of being age heterogamous also shifted for people with different characteristics. / Sociology

The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between relationship quality and religious discrepancy of interracial couples who are either married or cohabiting. Two variables of religious discrepancy (religious affiliation discrepancy and religiosity discrepancy) were studied. The sample included three groups of interracial couples: Hispanic-white, Asian-white, and Black-white. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model and regression estimates of the three groups were compared. Results showed a significant relationship in only three of the 12 relationships between the two variables of religious discrepancy and relationship quality. Significant negative relationships were found between religious denomination discrepancy and relationship quality for the Hispanic-white and Black-white group. In addition, a significant negative relationship was found between religiosity discrepancy and relationship quality in the Asian-white group. Clinical implications are discussed.

À l’aide des données du recensement canadien de 2006, ce mémoire examine les assortiments éducationnels des couples exogames immigrants-natifs à titre d’indicateur de stratification sociale. Premièrement, les résultats tirés de régressions logistiques multinomiales confirment la présence d’échange (social status exchange : Merton 1941; Davis 1941) entre les natifs et les immigrants, c’est-à-dire qu’un immigrant est davantage susceptible de s’unir avec un natif s’il est plus scolarisé que ce dernier. Ces résultats supportent l’existence d’une stratification sociale entre les immigrants et les natifs. Deuxièmement, l’analyse révèle que l’échange apparait chez les immigrants des deux sexes ayant au moins un baccalauréat, alors que chez les moins scolarisés l’échange ne ressort que chez les hommes. Troisièmement, chez les immigrants de minorité visible, l’échange perdure de la première à la deuxième génération d’immigrant, alors que parmi ceux n’appartenant pas à une minorité visible, l’échange ne concerne que les immigrants de première génération. / Using the 2006 Canadian census data, this thesis examines the educational assortative mating of exogamous couples formed of an immigrant and a native as an indicator of social stratification. First, results from multinomial logistic regression confirm the presence of exchange (status exchange: Merton 1941; Davis 1941) between natives and immigrants, meaning that an immigrant is more susceptible to have native spouse if his education level is higher than the native’s. These results support the existence of a social stratification between natives and immigrants. Second, the analysis reveals that exchange appears for immigrants of both sexes that have at least a bachelor degree, whereas for immigrants that are less educated, exchange is only apparent with men. Third, for immigrants of visible minorities, exchange is present for immigrant of first and second generation, whereas for immigrants who are not of a visible minorities, exchange only appears for first generation immigrants.