Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-18T20:19:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roni_L_da_Silva_2016.pdf: 1120190 bytes, checksum: 1496e48c7be5107a9a8bdeaf016a3b41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T20:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roni_L_da_Silva_2016.pdf: 1120190 bytes, checksum: 1496e48c7be5107a9a8bdeaf016a3b41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It has been having as supporter for some texts of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the objective of this research is investigate the hierarchy (Rangordnung) and the concept of type (Typus). However, the intent this research doesn’t aim only to interpret the possible hierarchical relations between some types, but also extract this task some hierarchical criteria. The hierarchical criteria of the creation is developed, in a certain measure, as a conducting wire for the chapters, it has been interpreted in the following typological relations: free spirit, and captive spirit, tragic and Socratic, and lord and slave. About these types: Are all the creators? No, not all of them are creators, however, it is not only this characteristic that organizes the hierarchically types, but also the difference between their creations is an important distinguishing point: are signs of affirmation and courage in the face of life, or expressions of fatigue, self-indulgence, escape, fear, and hatred? Do the creations these types raise or impoverish man and life? The concept of creation as a criterion is interpreted – to a large measure – based on the discourse of Thus spoke Zarathustra, entitled, the three metamorphoses. Accordingly, the free spirit is creator, but only of itself exactly; it represents the lion for his courage, being a high hierarchical to be free of the current duties, as opposed to the camel. The camel is captive, because it does not create, only it usually reveres what it has already been created, it is accommodated to the present by its fear of creating. The Dionysian tragic is analogous to the spirit as a child, they both claim life and lie with the unceasing creation. The Socratic also creates, however, as a reaction to the mythological creation of the tragic, and as escape from existence, being more analogous to the camel for its unceasing belief and search of the truth. The Noble type is creator, and analogous to the child, therefore, when subordinating the plebeian type in favor of the creation and of cultivate of a superior type, it makes with innocence and without compassion. Another characteristic is that its creation comes itself from the affirmation and reverence, it is of the first command. The slave creates with hatred and resentment, reacting to the lord’s creation, being more analogous to the camel. Its creation enables an impoverishment, because it aims to conserve the majority, rather than strong type, it has been making this the last one corrupts itself, and it considers itself “bad” in contrast with the flock of “good” men. / Tendo como sustentáculo alguns textos do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a hierarquia (Rangordnung) e a noção de tipo (Typus). Contudo, o intento deste trabalho não visa apenas interpretar as possíveis relações hierárquicas entre alguns tipos, mas também extrair dessa tarefa alguns critérios hierárquicos. O critério hierárquico da criação é desenvolvido, em certa medida, como um fio condutor para os capítulos, sendo interpretado nas seguintes relações tipológicas: espírito livre e espírito cativo, trágico e socrático, e senhor e escravo. Sobre esses tipos pergunta-se: Todos são criadores? Não, nem todos são criadores, no entanto, não é apenas essa característica que organiza os tipos hierarquicamente, mas também a diferença entre as suas criações é um ponto distintivo importante: são sinais de afirmação e coragem perante a vida, ou expressões de cansaço, comodismo, fuga, medo e ódio? As criações desses tipos elevam ou empobrecem o homem e a vida? O conceito de criação enquanto critério é interpretado – em grande medida – com base no discurso de Assim falou Zaratustra, intitulado Das três metamorfoses. Nesse sentido, o espírito livre é criador, mas apenas de si mesmo; ele representa o leão pela sua coragem, sendo um tipo hierarquicamente elevado por ser livre dos deveres vigentes, ao contrário do camelo. O cativo é o camelo, pois não cria, apenas reverencia habitualmente o que já foi criado, é acomodado ao presente pelo seu medo de criar. O trágico dionisíaco é análogo ao espírito como criança, ambos afirmam a vida e a mentira com a incessante criação. Já o socrático também cria, no entanto, como reação à criação mitológica do trágico, e como fuga da existência, sendo mais análogo ao camelo pela sua incessante crença e busca da verdade. O tipo Nobre é criador, e análogo à criança, pois, ao subordinar o tipo plebeu em prol da criação e do cultivo de um tipo superior, o faz com inocência e sem compaixão. Outra característica é que sua criação vem da afirmação e da reverência de si, é de primeira ordem. Já o escravo cria com ódio e ressentimento, reagindo à criação do senhor, sendo mais análogo ao camelo. Sua criação possibilita um empobrecimento, pois visa a conservar a maioria, ao invés do tipo forte, fazendo com que esse último se corrompa e se considere “mau” em contraste com o rebanho de homens “bons”.

This thesis sought to address the application of non-parametric item response theory (NIRT) to cognitive and functional assessment in dementia. Performance on psychometric tests is key to diagnosis and monitoring of dementia. NIRT can be used to improve the psychometric properties of tests used in dementia assessment in multiple ways: confirming an underlying unidimensional structure, establishing formal item hierarchical patterns of decline, increasing insight by examining item parameters such as difficulty and discrimination, and creating shorter tests. From a NIRT approach item difficulty refers to the ease with which an item is endorsed. Discrimination is an index of how well an item can differentiate between patients of varying levels of severity. Firstly I carried out a systematic review to identify applications of both parametric and non-parametric IRT to measures assessing global cognitive functioning in people with dementia. This review demonstrated that IRT can increase the interpretive power of cognitive assessment scales and confirmed the limited number of IRT analyses of cognitive scales in dementia populations. This thesis extended this approach by applying Mokken scaling analysis to commonly used measures of current cognitive ability (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)) and of premorbid cognitive ability (National Adult Reading Test (NART)). Differential item functioning (DIF) by diagnosis identified slight variations in the patterns of hierarchical decline in the ACE-R. These disease-specific sequences of decline could serve as an adjunct to diagnosis, for example where learning a name and address is a more difficult task than being orientated in time, late onset Alzheimer’s disease is a more probable diagnosis than mixed Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. These analyses also allowed key items to be identified which can be used to create briefer scales (mini-ACE and Mini-NART) which have good psychometric properties. These scales are clinically relevant, comprising highly discriminatory, invariantly ordered items. They also allow sensitive measurement and adaptive testing and can reduce test administration time and patient stress. Impairment of functional abilities represents a crucial component of dementia diagnosis with performance on these functional tasks predictive of overall disease. A second aspect of this thesis, therefore, was the application of Mokken scaling analyses to measures of functional decline in dementia, specifically the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS). While gender DIF was observed for several items, implying the likelihood of equal responses from men and women is not equal a generally consistent pattern of impairment in functional ability was observed across different types of dementia.

Every action a person takes is determined by the result of some decision. Making simple decisions is natural and does not require additional considerations. However, in case of multiple alternatives and criteria to be considered, decision-making technique is required. The most studied and developed technique is the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP).This thesis is focused on the practical implementation of AHP. Firstly, it defines a set of features that are necessary for the decision-making process involving several experts and additional non-functional requirements to be met. Feature comparison has shown that none of the existing applications implements all required features. Therefore, a new application is designed. Further on, the engineering process is described, including transforming functional requirements into features, features into use cases, use cases into activities diagrams. After the developed application is described screens corresponding to each use case are presented. Non-functional requirements are portability, free availability, and usability. Compliance of the developed application with these criteria is checked with tests and two user experiments.The main results of this thesis are: (i) the extension of AHP theory with external consistency check to improve the quality of final results and (ii) the developed application which meets all requirements.

The ability to discriminate stimuli is the most tested cognitive task in pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica) within up to now published experiments. Up to now, the influence of personality traits on discrimination has been poorly studied. This thesis looks into the differences in success between individuals and discrimination tasks, and analyzes factors including personality traits influencing the success rate. In this experiment, the total of 72 individual pigeons were tested in four linked tasks: 1) discrimination of black and white screen in the Skinner's box, 2) discrimination of black and white circle patch in the Skinner's box, 3) discrimination of black and white lid in a cage and 4) discrimination of reduced black and white stimuli, placed on a lid, in the cage. The criterium of success was set on 80%. In the Skinner's box, the task were passed by lower number of individuals (6% in first, 20% in second) in comparsion with the cage (48% in third and 50% in fourth). The tasks differed in environment and size of stimuli. It has been determined, that te tested subjecs were able to generalise in the Skinner's box, with an expception when the stimuli was reduced. While testing, all factors that might have influenced the success rate were observed. It has been proved, that the success rate was...

The main aim of this project was to examine the effects of introducing hierarchy into honeycombs and determining the variables that preside over the global response of the structure. Specifically to understand how the in and out-of-plane elastic and non-linear plastic properties of honeycombs were affected by hierarchy. Analytical analysis of hierarchical honeycombs has been used to explain and predict the response of finite element simulations validated by experimental investigations. The early stage of the investigation focused on finding if the elastic modulus could be maintained or improved on an equal density basis due to the introduction of hierarchy. It is clear that honeycombs are sensitive to hierarchical sub-structures, particularly the fraction of mass shared between the super-and sub-structures. Introduction of an additional level of hierarchy without reducing performance is difficult, but was possible by functional grading. Another original result was that it was determined when the sub-structure could be assumed to be a continuum of the super-structure. Meaning the material properties from a single unit sub-cell could be used as the constituent material properties of the super-structure, as in previous work by (Lakes 1993) and (Carpinteri et al 2009) for example. Work investigating the in-plane, non-linear plastic response of hierarchical honeycombs showed that the introduction of hierarchy into honeycombs can have the effect of delaying the onset of elastic buckling, which is a common failure mechanism for low relative density structures. As such it was possible to achieve a marked increase in the recoverable energy absorbed by hierarchical honeycombs prior to elastic buckling or plastic yield. The potential benefits are less apparent in higher relative density structures due to the onset of plasticity becoming the first mode of failure. The out-of-plane properties also investigated showed no increase in the elastic properties due to the introduction of hierarchy, but showed a marked increase in the out-of-plane elastic buckling stress of 60% when compared to a conventional hexagonal honeycomb of the same relative density.

This dissertation investigates the fronto-parietal representation of the structure of organised mental episodes by studying its effect on the representation of cognitive events occurring at various positions within it. The experiments in chapter 2 look at the completion of hierarchically organized mental (task/subtask) episodes. Multiple identical target-detection events were organized into a sequential task episode, and the individual events were connected in a means-to-end relationship. It is shown that events that are conceptualized as completing defined task episodes elicit greater activity compared to identical events lying within the episode; the magnitude of the end of episode activity depended on the hierarchical abstraction of the episode. In chapter 3, the effect of ordinal position of the cognitive events, making up the task episode, on their representation is investigated in the context of a biphasic task episode. The design further manipulated the cognitive load of the two phases independently. This allowed for a direct comparison of the effect of phase vis-à-vis the effect of cognitive load. The results showed that fronto-parietal regions that increased their activity in response to cognitive load, also increased their activity for the later phases of the task episode, even though the cognitive load associated with the later phase was, arguably, lower than the previous phase. Chapter 4 investigates if the characteristics of the higher-level representations, like organization of task descriptions, have a causal role in determining the structure of the ensuing mental episode. Results show this to be true. They also confirm the results of earlier chapters in a different framework. Chapter 5 shows that the effect of episode structure is not limited to the elicited activity, but also affects the information content of the representation of the events composing the episode. Specifically, the information content in many regions of later steps is higher than that of earlier steps. Together, the results show widespread representation of the structure of organised mental episodes.

Long-term studies are important for understanding the intricacies of population dynamics over time. Self-recruitment and social hierarchy are valuable tools to quantify the rates at which populations change. In mutualistic symbiosis, where two species benefit from the relationship, different selective pressures and life histories can have unintended consequences on the population dynamics of both species. Anemonefish live in a sized-based hierarchy where individuals queue to be part of the breeding pair (ranks 1 and 2). They have a mutualistic association with their host anemone; the identity of the anemone can impact their growth and fecundity. However, there is limited knowledge on the anemone lifespan and its site persistence over time. Here, we investigate rank changes and self-recruitment in Amphiprion percula and persistence in a common host anemone, Stichodactyla gigantea, on the remote island of Kimbe Island in Papua New Guinea. The populations of A. percula (n = 1,530) and their local host anemones, S. gigantea (n = 290) and Heteractis magnifica (n = 174), were sampled exhaustively in 2011 and 2019. Using DNA profiling, I determined the fate of individuals between years. We found that 21% of the A. percula population survived over the eight-year time gap compared to the 69% survival of the associated S. gigantea population in a six-year time gap. Half of the surviving A. percula individuals increased in rank and exhibited faster growth rates living on S. gigantea compared to H. magnifica. Self-recruitment was high in both years, 47% in 2011 and 39% in 2019, with one individual returning to its natal anemone. Our findings provide rare insights into one of the most charismatic symbiotic relationships in the marine environment such as the first documentation of longevity in a host anemone.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21948号 / 理博第4526号 / 新制||理||1650(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 WENDELL Roger, 教授 中家 剛, 教授 鶴 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die Verarbeitung von Datenströmen rückt zunehmend in den Fokus beim Aufbau moderner Big Data Infrastrukturen. Der Praxispartner dieser Master-Thesis, die integrationfactory GmbH & Co. KG, möchte zunehmend den Big Data Bereich ausbauen, um den Kunden auch in diesen Aspekten als Beratungshaus Unterstützung bieten zu können. Der Fokus wurde von Anfang an auf Apache Flink gelegt, einem aufstrebenden Stream-Processing-Framework. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Implementierung verschiedener typischer Anwendungsfälle des Unternehmens mithilfe von Flink und die anschließende Evaluierung dieser. Im Rahmen dessen wird am Anfang zunächst die zentrale Problemstellung festgehalten und daraus die Zielstellungen abgeleitet. Zum besseren Verständnis werden im Nachgang wichtige Grundbegriffe und Konzepte vermittelt. Es wird außerdem dem Framework ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet, um den Leser einen umfangreichen aber dennoch kompakten Einblick in Flink zu geben. Dabei wurde auf verschiedene Quellen eingegangen, mitunter wurde auch ein direkter Kontakt mit aktiven Entwicklern des Frameworks aufgebaut. Dadurch konnten zunächst unklare Sachverhalte durch fehlende Informationen aus den Primärquellen im Nachgang geklärt und aufbereitet in das Kapitel hinzugefügt werden. Im Hauptteil der Arbeit wird eine Implementierung von definierten Anwendungsfällen vorgenommen. Dabei kommen die Datastream-API und FlinkSQL zum Einsatz, dessen Auswahl auch begründet wird. Die Ausführung der programmierten Jobs findet im firmeneigenen Big Data Labor statt, einer virtualisierten Umgebung zum Testen von Technologien. Als zentrales Problem dieser Master-Thesis sollen beide Schnittstellen auf die Eignung hinsichtlich der Anwendungsfälle evaluiert werden. Auf Basis des Wissens aus den Grundlagen-Kapiteln und der Erfahrungen aus der Entwicklung der Jobs werden Kriterien zur Bewertung mithilfe des Analytic Hierarchy Processes aufgestellt. Im Nachgang findet eine Auswertung statt und die Einordnung des Ergebnisses.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Problemstellung 1.3. Zielsetzung 2. Grundlagen 2.1. Begriffsdefinitionen 2.1.1. Big Data 2.1.2. Bounded vs. unbounded Streams 2.1.3. Stream vs. Tabelle 2.2. Stateful Stream Processing 2.2.1. Historie 2.2.2. Anforderungen 2.2.3. Pattern-Arten 2.2.4. Funktionsweise zustandsbehafteter Datenstromverarbeitung 3. Apache Flink 3.1. Historie 3.2. Architektur 3.3. Zeitabhängige Verarbeitung 3.4. Datentypen und Serialisierung 3.5. State Management 3.6. Checkpoints und Recovery 3.7. Programmierschnittstellen 3.7.1. DataStream-API 3.7.2. FlinkSQL & Table-API 3.7.3. Integration mit Hive 3.8. Deployment und Betrieb 4. Implementierung 4.1. Entwicklungsumgebung 4.2. Serverumgebung 4.3. Konfiguration von Flink 4.4. Ausgangsdaten 4.5. Anwendungsfälle 4.6. Umsetzung in Flink-Jobs 4.6.1. DataStream-API 4.6.2. FlinkSQL 4.7. Betrachtung der Resultate 5. Evaluierung 5.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process 5.1.1. Ablauf und Methodik 5.1.2. Phase 1: Problemstellung 5.1.3. Phase 2: Struktur der Kriterien 5.1.4. Phase 3: Aufstellung der Vergleichsmatrizen 5.1.5. Phase 4: Bewertung der Alternativen 5.2. Auswertung des AHP 6. Fazit und Ausblick 6.1. Fazit 6.2. Ausblick

Please read the abstract on page 3. Copyright 1975, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Underwood, R 1975, Social behaviour of the Eland (Tayrotragus Oryx) on Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212012-134828 / > E12/4/130/gm / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1975. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted