Please read the abstract on page 3. Copyright 1975, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Underwood, R 1975, Social behaviour of the Eland (Tayrotragus Oryx) on Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212012-134828 / > E12/4/130/gm / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1975. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

A greater consumption of pharmaceutical drugs entails an increased concentration of active benzodiazepines in aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, aquatic organisms are experiencing altered behavior that may affect dominance hierarchies since social status (among other variables) is associated with behavioral traits. The aim of this study was to determine whether dominance hierarchies of brown trout (Salmo trutta) were affected by exposure to a benzodiazepine (oxazepam). Hypothetically, aggression (in dominants) and anxiety (in subordinates) will reduce following exposure. The fish should consequently display a significant disparity between treatment groups regarding the frequency of dominance change (i.e., who is dominant versus subordinate). This research included behavioral coding of 150 juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) divided into 50 size-matched social groups of 3 individuals. Each group was exposed to one of three oxazepam concentrations (30 µg/L, 1.5 µg/L and 0 µg/L). The results indicate no relationship between an altered aggression and oxazepam exposure. In addition, the level of aggression reduced over time (regardless of social status and concentration) and the initial subordinates remained significantly less aggressive than the initial dominants. The frequency of dominance change did not differ significantly between different treatment groups. Body size did not affect social status. The results in low treatment groups may be due to a low bioconcentration since previous research exhibited similar results. However, the lack of results in high treatment groups could be due to something else. In conclusion, the dominance hierarchy was not disrupted by oxazepam exposure because aggression was unaffected.

Factors associated with rank position are poorly understood whereas even fewer studies assessed if benefits were associated with increased rank position when resources were unlimited. I assessed whether age, body mass, size, and testosterone levels were important in rank establishment among 132 captive female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). I also assessed if the benefit metrics of improved body condition, decreased stress level, and earlier parturition date were related to rank position. Deer in each of 9 study pens had a linear hierarchy with a mean h Πof 0.39 (SD = 0.09). Rank position was moderately related to age (P < 0.1) and was strongly related to body mass and size (P < 0.01). There was no relationship between benefit metrics and rank position (P < 0.1). Although increased body mass, size, and age improved rank position there were no benefits associated with increased rank when resources were unlimited.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoJRC.pdf: 626236 bytes, checksum: fd4d631df050e2568c96cf38fd170017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The analysis of the index of hierarchy and structural models of the formation of groups allowed to establish the hierarchical position of members of two groups of the genus Cebus. By the analyses of the hierarchical positions and the application of tests to obtain a food resource (TORA), we know the difference between these groups and groups in the wild. The results show a high ranking for both Cebus apella, as well as Cebus libidinosus. The results have enabled us to establish that the hierarchical structure in groups of Cebus in captivity: a) can be fixed and rigid different from highly flexible hierarchical structure studied in groups of wild b) even which similar hierarchy indices, there are differences in the hierarchical structure presents between C. apella and C. libidinosus in captivity c) hierarchy directly influence the behavioral patterns of obtaining food in Cebus / A an?lise do ?ndice de hierarquia e modelos estruturais de forma??o de grupos possibilitou estabelecer a posi??o hier?rquica dos membros de dois grupos do g?nero Cebus. Atrav?s da an?lise das posi??es hier?rquicas e tamb?m da aplica??o de testes de obten??o de recurso alimentar (TORA), pudemos perceber a diferen?a existente entre estes grupos e grupos estudados em vida livre. Os resultados mostram linearidade tanto para Cebus apella, quanto para Cebus libidinosus. Os resultados nos permitiram estabelecer que a estrutura hier?rquica em grupos de Cebus em cativeiro: a) pode ser r?gida e fixa diferente da estrutura hier?rquica altamente flex?vel estudada em grupos de vida livre; b) mesmo com ?ndices similares de hierarquia, existem diferen?as na estrutura hier?rquica apresenta entre C. apella e C. libidinosus em cativeiro; c) hierarquia influencia diretamente os padr?es comportamentais de obten??o de alimentos em Cebus

Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) form dominance hierarchies, which are patterns of repeated fights with expected outcomes of winner and loser. Establishment of hierarchies allows dominants the first access to limited resources over subordinates, and leads to behavioral and cellular changes corresponding to the social status. Here, the animals¡¯ responses to an unexpected unilateral touch, a non-social stimulus, were examined with respect to their social status and to their social context. Isolates oriented to the stimulus source with raised claws and elevated posture. Dominants also oriented to the stimulus both when tested alone and in the presence of a subordinate. Subordinates oriented to the stimulus while separated from their familiar dominant partner; however, they avoided it when tested while paired with the dominant. In subsequent tests first while semi-separated from the dominant and later while fully separated, the same subordinates displayed more orienting responses as the duration of post-fight separation increased. These results suggest that the lingering effects of recent social experience influence the behavior of subordinate animals. During fights, crayfish release urine toward each other, providing critical chemosensory cues for establishing hierarchies. Throughout the lifespan, new neuronal precursors are added into clusters of olfactory local and projection interneurons (clusters 9 and 10). Here, the effect of pair-wise social experience on neurogenesis in these brain regions was examined using the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine. Groups of proliferating cells in clusters 9 and 10 formed distinctive comma shapes. The BrdU-positive nuclei in the head part of the comma were smaller and more circular than those in the tail part of the comma. Subordinates had fewer new neuronal precursors surviving in cluster 9 after 14 days than did dominants. Mitotic activity was not influenced by social status. The effect of social experience on neurogenesis remained when the effect of body growth rate on neurogenesis was removed. In conclusion, social domination enhances cell survival compared to social subordination. Although the function of these surviving newborn neuronal precursors is unknown they may enhance the learning ability of dominant crayfish.

There are four members involved in the breeding complexes of poeciliid fishes found in the freshwaters of northeastern Mexico: males and females of a bisexual species, and diploid and triploid unisexuals. Both unisexuals reproduce by gynogenesis, i.e., an asexual type of reproduction where the sperm triggers egg development but the male genome is excluded to produce clonal offspring. The three types of females are closely related, which suggests that they are potential competitors since all three require the service of the same males. The potential for competition is compounded by a highly skewed sex ratio in favor of females. On the average the unisexuals comprise about 30% of the Poecilia females. This high frequency coupled with a close genetic relatedness to their bisexual hosts, raises the question of how the unisexuals are maintained in nature. Other investigators who work with bisexual/unisexual complexes in the related genus, Poeciliopsis, have postulated that male dominance hierarchies are responsible for restricting the access of subordinate males to their conspecific females. Consequently, these subordinate males mate with unisexual females. The current report tests whether or not this hypothesis applies to bisexual/unisexual complexes of Poecilia. We have found that linear dominance hierarchies appear to function in the defense of home ranges and do not restrict access of males to females. Dominant males exhibit less mating activity than subordinate males towards females. Previous reports showed that males are reproductively competent throughout the year, whereas females show striking asynchrony in their reproductive readiness. Such asynchrony limits the proportion of receptive females at any one time. Consequently, there are more males ready to mate than there are females receptive to their mating attempts. This may lead to mating frenzies. We postulate that these indiscriminate matings maintain the fertility of both unisexuals. When the relative reproductive outputs of adult females are compared, both unisexuals appear as fit as their bisexual congeners.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23739号 / 理博第4829号 / 新制||理||1690(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 哲, 教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A estrutura social (ES) de uma espécie está associada à aspectos socio-ecológicos. A linhagem dos Caviomorfos é apontada como um modelo interessante para estudos deste tipo. Os equimídeos são um exemplo de grande diversidade de habitats: possui espécies de Mata Atlância (Trinomys setosus), da Caatinga (T. yonenagae) e fossoriais (Clyomys bishopi). Por isso, escolhemos esses grupos para uma análise intra e interespecífica sobre suas ES, utilizando a abordagem de redes sociais para descrever padrões de associação e interações agonísticas e afliativas. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a superfície da ES de dois grupos de T. setosus, e quatro de C. bishopi em cativeiro. Para tanto, quantificamos parâmetros da ES e avaliamos a relação entre as interações, hierarquia de dominância e as associações espaciais. Avaliamos a dinâmica do grupo usando as distâncias médias interindividuais e o padrão de agregação do grupo. Quantificamos a frequência de vitórias e perdas entre indivíduos em conflitos agonísticos e a frequência de interações afiliativas, através do método todas as ocorrências. As matrizes, índices e redes sociais foram geradas utilizando o software SOCPROG 2.8. Foram encontradas associações preferenciais de curto e longo prazo, em T. setosus, e de curto prazo para Clyomys. Trinomys setosus mostrou altos índices de afiliação, enquanto que em Clyomys houve igual proporção de afiliativos e agonísticos, sendo assim socialmente menos tolerante do que T. setosus reunindo-se apenas para algumas atividades, e as fêmeas são ainda menos tolerantes do que os machos. Sugerimos que a fêmea Meg é dominante sobre os outros, que se organizam em uma hierarquia não linear, mais igualitária e que esta população de T. setosus apresenta níveis de associação, conectividade e interações sociais positivas, semelhantes com T. yonenagae. Quanto ao comportamento reprodutivo, observamos que em T. setosus, há estro pós-parto, como se esperava com base em T. yonenagae e acreditamos haver algum mecanismo de supressão de estro que precisa ser melhor investigado. Três fêmeas engravidaram, cada uma em um momento. Testes genéticos de paternidade realizados indicaram que embora nas gestações de uma das fêmeas (Meg) não houve multipaternidade, ela não escolheu sempre o mesmo macho, e isto sugere uma estratégia de acasalamento promíscua, por parte da fêmea. Os machos de C. bishopi não parecem exercer defesa de parceira sexual nem formação de vínculo após a cópula, sugerindo uma estratégia também promíscua de acasalamento, como em T. setosus. O repertório comportamental para as espécies T. setosus e Clyomys manteve-se semelhante ao de T. yonenagae. Em conclusão, nossos resultados, pioneiros na utilização comparativa de análises de redes sociais, mostram que as espécies apresentam particularidades importantes quanto ao seu comportamento social, mas que são bastante semelhantes em muitos aspectos, o que traz novas perspectivas quanto ao estudo evolutivo e comparativo dessas espécies e também no que diz respeito à manutenção adequada desses animais em cativeiro, considerando condições de bem-estar animal e conservação. / Social structure (SS) of species is associated with socio-ecological aspects and Caviomorpha is pointed as an interesting model for studies of this type. Echimyidae are an example of great diversity of habitats: it has species of Atlantic Rainforest (Trinomys setosus), Caatinga (T. yonenagae) and fossorial (Clyomys bishopi). Therefore, we chose these groups for an intra and interspecific analysis of their SS, using social networks analysis to describe patterns of association, agonistic and affiliative interactions. Our aim was to describe the SS surface of two groups of T. setosus, and four of C. bishopi in captivity. We quantified descriptors parameters and evaluated the relation between interactions, dominance hierarchy and spatial associations through social networks approach. We evaluated group dynamics using the mean interindividual distances and the group aggregation pattern. We quantify frequency of victories and losses between individuals in agonistic conflicts and frequency of affiliative interactions through the all occurrences method. Matrices, indexes and social networks were generated using SOCPROG 2.8 software. Short and long term preferential associations were found in T. setosus, and short term for Clyomys. Trinomys setosus showed high affiliation rates, while Clyomys had an equal proportion of affiliative and agonistic, being thus socially less tolerant than T. setosus, agglomerating only for some activities, and females are even less tolerant than males. We suggest that female Meg is dominant over others, which are organized in a non-linear, more egalitarian hierarchy and this T. setosus population presents levels of association, connectivity, and positive social interactions, similar to T. yonenagae. Regarding reproductive behaviour, in T. setosus, there is postpartum oestrus, as expected based on T. yonenagae, and we regard there is some mechanism of oestrus suppression that must to be investigated. Three females became pregnant, each in a different moment. Genetic tests of paternity performed indicated that although in the pregnancies of unique female (Meg \') there was no multipaternity, not always choose the same male, and this suggests a promiscuous mating strategy on the part of the female. The males of C. bishopi do not seem to exert sexual partner defence or bond formation after copulation, suggesting a promiscuous breeding strategy as in T. setosus. Behavioural repertoire for T. setosus and Clyomys bishopi remained similar to T. yonenagae. In conclusion, our results, which are pioneers in comparative use of social network analysis, presents important peculiarities of species, regarding their social behaviour, although are quite similar in many aspects, which brings new perspectives regarding evolutionary and comparative study of these species and also considering adequate maintenance of animals in captivity, whereas conditions of animal welfare and conservation.

A estrutura social (ES) de uma espécie está associada à aspectos socio-ecológicos. A linhagem dos Caviomorfos é apontada como um modelo interessante para estudos deste tipo. Os equimídeos são um exemplo de grande diversidade de habitats: possui espécies de Mata Atlância (Trinomys setosus), da Caatinga (T. yonenagae) e fossoriais (Clyomys bishopi). Por isso, escolhemos esses grupos para uma análise intra e interespecífica sobre suas ES, utilizando a abordagem de redes sociais para descrever padrões de associação e interações agonísticas e afliativas. Nosso objetivo foi descrever a superfície da ES de dois grupos de T. setosus, e quatro de C. bishopi em cativeiro. Para tanto, quantificamos parâmetros da ES e avaliamos a relação entre as interações, hierarquia de dominância e as associações espaciais. Avaliamos a dinâmica do grupo usando as distâncias médias interindividuais e o padrão de agregação do grupo. Quantificamos a frequência de vitórias e perdas entre indivíduos em conflitos agonísticos e a frequência de interações afiliativas, através do método todas as ocorrências. As matrizes, índices e redes sociais foram geradas utilizando o software SOCPROG 2.8. Foram encontradas associações preferenciais de curto e longo prazo, em T. setosus, e de curto prazo para Clyomys. Trinomys setosus mostrou altos índices de afiliação, enquanto que em Clyomys houve igual proporção de afiliativos e agonísticos, sendo assim socialmente menos tolerante do que T. setosus reunindo-se apenas para algumas atividades, e as fêmeas são ainda menos tolerantes do que os machos. Sugerimos que a fêmea Meg é dominante sobre os outros, que se organizam em uma hierarquia não linear, mais igualitária e que esta população de T. setosus apresenta níveis de associação, conectividade e interações sociais positivas, semelhantes com T. yonenagae. Quanto ao comportamento reprodutivo, observamos que em T. setosus, há estro pós-parto, como se esperava com base em T. yonenagae e acreditamos haver algum mecanismo de supressão de estro que precisa ser melhor investigado. Três fêmeas engravidaram, cada uma em um momento. Testes genéticos de paternidade realizados indicaram que embora nas gestações de uma das fêmeas (Meg) não houve multipaternidade, ela não escolheu sempre o mesmo macho, e isto sugere uma estratégia de acasalamento promíscua, por parte da fêmea. Os machos de C. bishopi não parecem exercer defesa de parceira sexual nem formação de vínculo após a cópula, sugerindo uma estratégia também promíscua de acasalamento, como em T. setosus. O repertório comportamental para as espécies T. setosus e Clyomys manteve-se semelhante ao de T. yonenagae. Em conclusão, nossos resultados, pioneiros na utilização comparativa de análises de redes sociais, mostram que as espécies apresentam particularidades importantes quanto ao seu comportamento social, mas que são bastante semelhantes em muitos aspectos, o que traz novas perspectivas quanto ao estudo evolutivo e comparativo dessas espécies e também no que diz respeito à manutenção adequada desses animais em cativeiro, considerando condições de bem-estar animal e conservação. / Social structure (SS) of species is associated with socio-ecological aspects and Caviomorpha is pointed as an interesting model for studies of this type. Echimyidae are an example of great diversity of habitats: it has species of Atlantic Rainforest (Trinomys setosus), Caatinga (T. yonenagae) and fossorial (Clyomys bishopi). Therefore, we chose these groups for an intra and interspecific analysis of their SS, using social networks analysis to describe patterns of association, agonistic and affiliative interactions. Our aim was to describe the SS surface of two groups of T. setosus, and four of C. bishopi in captivity. We quantified descriptors parameters and evaluated the relation between interactions, dominance hierarchy and spatial associations through social networks approach. We evaluated group dynamics using the mean interindividual distances and the group aggregation pattern. We quantify frequency of victories and losses between individuals in agonistic conflicts and frequency of affiliative interactions through the all occurrences method. Matrices, indexes and social networks were generated using SOCPROG 2.8 software. Short and long term preferential associations were found in T. setosus, and short term for Clyomys. Trinomys setosus showed high affiliation rates, while Clyomys had an equal proportion of affiliative and agonistic, being thus socially less tolerant than T. setosus, agglomerating only for some activities, and females are even less tolerant than males. We suggest that female Meg is dominant over others, which are organized in a non-linear, more egalitarian hierarchy and this T. setosus population presents levels of association, connectivity, and positive social interactions, similar to T. yonenagae. Regarding reproductive behaviour, in T. setosus, there is postpartum oestrus, as expected based on T. yonenagae, and we regard there is some mechanism of oestrus suppression that must to be investigated. Three females became pregnant, each in a different moment. Genetic tests of paternity performed indicated that although in the pregnancies of unique female (Meg \') there was no multipaternity, not always choose the same male, and this suggests a promiscuous mating strategy on the part of the female. The males of C. bishopi do not seem to exert sexual partner defence or bond formation after copulation, suggesting a promiscuous breeding strategy as in T. setosus. Behavioural repertoire for T. setosus and Clyomys bishopi remained similar to T. yonenagae. In conclusion, our results, which are pioneers in comparative use of social network analysis, presents important peculiarities of species, regarding their social behaviour, although are quite similar in many aspects, which brings new perspectives regarding evolutionary and comparative study of these species and also considering adequate maintenance of animals in captivity, whereas conditions of animal welfare and conservation.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-15T17:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianamonteirodecastro.pdf: 2120293 bytes, checksum: dcba0c3cda52c2a4e9b102a13ed8b6c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-16T11:25:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianamonteirodecastro.pdf: 2120293 bytes, checksum: dcba0c3cda52c2a4e9b102a13ed8b6c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T11:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianamonteirodecastro.pdf: 2120293 bytes, checksum: dcba0c3cda52c2a4e9b102a13ed8b6c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-05 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A vespa social Mischocyttarus cassununga ocorre no sudeste do Brasil, Bahia e Santa Catarina e apresenta fundação do tipo independente por meio de uma fêmea inseminada ou por uma associação destas fêmeas, sendo o papel social dos indivíduos determinado por meio de interações de dominância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o desenvolvimento dos estágios imaturos e analisar a ocorrência de oofagia durante as fases de pré e pós-emergência e sua relação com os fatores climáticos, além de identificar e relacionar as interações de dominância com a atividade forrageadora e verificar a participação da fêmea α no controle das atividades das forrageadoras de M. cassununga nas fases de pré e pós-emergência em ambiente antropizado. O estudo foi realizado em Juiz de Fora de julho/2008 a junho/2009, através de mapeamentos semanais em 60 colônias e de 150h de filmagens em cinco colônias. A duração média dos estágios imaturos nas fases de pré e pós-emergência foram de 13,2 ±4,2 (6-24) e 14,4 ±5,2 (6-28) dias para ovos, 34,8 ±11,9 (15-69) e 32,2 ±7,7 (18-55) para larvas e 17,4 ±6 (7-29) e 18,5 ±5,3 (629) para pupas, respectivamente. Não houve diferença para a duração entre as fases de desenvolvimento e entre as estações do ano. A média registrada da fase de ovo até a emergência adulto foi de 65 dias. Houve maior incidência de oofagia em pré do que em pós (x2=11,852; p=0,007) e diferença para a razão entre oofagia/célula (U=58; p=0,023). Houve maior ocorrência de oofagia na estação chuvosa (x2=53,878; p<0,001). Foram descritos para o etograma cinco atos de dominância e quatro de subordinação. A fêmea α permaneceu na primeira posição do rank, com maior frequência de comportamentos de dominâcia na pré (U=3; p=0,047) e na pós (U=3; p=0,047). Houve correspondência entre o Índice de Dominância e a Matriz de Dominância em 4 das 5 colônias para a posição da fêmea α, que participaram menos das atividades forrageadoras do que as demais na pré (x2=63,131; p<0,001) e na pós (x2=51,882; p<0,001). As saídas foram influenciadas pela fêmea α na pré (x2=10,652; p=0,001) e na pós (x2=52,509; p<0,001). A quantidade de retornos das forrageadoras provenientes de saídas influenciadas em que houve coleta de carboidrato foi superior aos demais na pós (x2=38; p<0,001) e a fêmea α teve participação em todos os retornos com recursos. Foram identificadas diferentes rotas das forrageadoras ao retornarem à colônia com os recursos 7 coletados no forrageio. Portanto, foi verificado que a fêmea α induz as saídas das forrageadoras e controla os retornos das mesmas à colônia. / The social wasp Mischocyttarus cassununga occurs in the southeast of Brazil, Bahia and Santa Catarina and presents independent foundation, by means of an inseminated female or an association of them, where individuals' social function determined by dominance interactions. The aim of this work was to characterize the development of the immature stages and to analyze oophagy occurrence during the pre and post-emergency phases and its relation with the climatic factors, besides to identify and to relate dominance interactions with the foraging activity and to verify the α female participation in foraging activities control of M. cassununga in the pre and post-emergency phases in antropized environment. The study was accomplished in Juiz de Fora from july/2008 to june/2009, through weekly mappings in 60 colonies and of 150h of videotape in five colonies. The average duration of the immature stages in the pre and post-emergency phases went of 13,2 ±4,2 (6-24) and 14,4 ±5,2 (6-28) days for egg, 34,8 ±11,9 (15-69) and 32,2 ±7,7 (18-55) for larvae and 17,4 ±6 (7-29) and 18,5 ±5,3 (6-29) for pupae, respectively. There was no difference on the duration among development phases and seasons. The average registered of the egg phase until the adult emergency belonged to 65 days. There was more oophagy in pre than in post-emergence (x2=11,852; P=0,007) and difference for the reason between oophagy/cells (U=58; P=0,023). There was more oophagy at the rainy season (x2=53,878; P<0,001). For etogram, there were described five dominance acts and four of subordination. The α female remained in the first rank position, with dominance behaviors larger frequency in the pre (U=3; P=0,047) and in the post (U=3; P=0,047). There was correspondence between Dominance's Index and Matrix in 4 of the 5 colonies for the α female position that joined less of the foraging activities than the others in the pre (x2=63,131; P<0,001) and in the post (x2=51,882; P<0,001). The exits were influenced by the α female in the pre (x2=10,652; P=0,001) and in the post (x2=52,509; P<0,001). The numbers of returns originating of foragers exits with carbohydrate collection was superior to the others resources in the post (x2=38; P<0,001) and the α female had participation in all returns with resources. They were identified foragers different routes to the return to the colony with resources collected in the forage. Therefore, It was verified that the α female induces the foragers exits and controls them returns to the colony.