L'adaptation au changement climatique est un défi majeur pour la viticulture. Dans un cadre temporel et spatial approprié, l'objectif de cette thèse était d'améliorer la conception de l’adaptation de la viticulture au changement climatique, dans le but de construire des stratégies à haute résolution. Le cadre méthodologique utilisé dans cette étude est constitué de plusieurs étapes. Par l’utilisation d’un modèle climatique régional, la première étape a été d'évaluer les impacts potentiels des changements climatiques futurs sur viticulture dans la sous-région d’Anjou-Saumur. Le réchauffement attendu de +1.1°C à +3.8°C à l’horizon 2071-2100 devrait entrainer une avancée significative de la phénologie de la vigne. Dans un deuxième temps, deux sites d’études contrastées en Anjou-Saumur ont fait l’objet de mesures climatiques et agronomiques à l’échelle fine des vignobles. Pendant trois années consécutives, la variabilité locale du climat et du comportement de la vigne a été étudiée. Les résultats ont montré une forte variabilité spatiale des conditions climatiques locales, qui s'est traduite par des différences de phénologie de la vigne et de composition des raisins. La connaissance de cette variabilité apparait ainsi comme un outil d’adaptation permettant aux viticulteurs de compenser les effets du changement climatique. Enfin, à l’aide d'entretiens semi-directifs individuels, les perceptions, la vulnérabilité et les processus d'adaptation des viticulteurs à la variabilité climatique et au changement climatique ont été évalués. Dans le contexte du changement climatique et des enjeux concernant l'adaptation, cette thèse a mis en évidence l'importance de la connaissance de l'environnement local et de la compréhension contextuelle dans l'élaboration des stratégies d'adaptation à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales. / Adaptation to climate change is a major challenge facing the viticulture sector. Within an appropriate temporal and spatial framework, the aim of this thesis was to enhance the conception of climate change adaptation in viticulture, all towards constructing high resolution strategies. The methodological framework used in this study consisted of several steps. Using a regional climate model, the first step was to evaluate the potential impacts of future climate changes on grape growing in the Anjou-Saumur wine growing sub-region. With warming predicted to continue by +1.1°C to +3.8°C in the far future, grapevine phenology is expected to advance significantly. Secondly, two contrasting study areas in Anjou-Saumur were equipped with climatic and agronomic measurements at vineyard-level scales. For three consecutive growing seasons, local variability in climate- and grapevine-related variables were studied. Results have shown a strong spatial variability in local climate conditions, which were reflected on grape phenology and grape composition. This spatial heterogeneity in local conditions should represent an important buffer in response to future climate changes, allowing winegrowers to manage the expected climate change impacts. And finally, wine growers’ perceptions, vulnerability and adaptive processes to climate variability and change were assessed through individual semi-structured interviews. Within the context of climate change and the key issues surrounding adaptation, this thesis have highlighted the importance of local environmental knowledge and contextual understanding in framing adaptation strategies across different temporal and spatial scales.

Coastal habitats are highly sensitive to change and highly diverse. Degrading environmental conditions have led to a global decline in biodiversity through loss, modification and fragmentation of habitats, triggering an increased effort to conserve these ecosystems. Remote sensing is important tool for filling in critical information gaps for monitoring habitats, yet significant barriers exist for operational use within the ecological and conservation communities. Reporting on both extent and condition of habitats are critical to fulfil policy requirements, specifically the ECs Habitat’s Directive. This study focuses on the use of Very High Resolution (VHR) optical imagery for retrieving parameters to identifyassociations that can separate habitat boundaries for extent mapping down to species level for indicators of condition, with a focus on operational use. The Earth Observation Data for Habitat Monitoring (EODHaM) system was implemented using Worldview-2 data from two periods (July and September), in situ data and local ecological knowledge for two sites in Wales, Kenfig Burrows SAC and Castlemartin SSSI. The system utilises the Food and Agricultural Organisation’s (FAO) Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) but translations between land cover and habitat schemes are not straight forward and need special consideration that are likely to be site specific. Limitations within therule-based method of the EODHaM system were identified and therefore augmented with machine learning based classification algorithms creating a hybrid method of classification generating accurate (>80% overall accuracy) baseline maps with a more automated and repeatable method. Quantitative methods of validation traditionally used within the remote sensing community do not consider spatial aspects of maps. Therefore, qualitative assessments carried out in the field were used in addition to error matrices, overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient. This required input from ecologists and site specialists, enhancing communication and understanding between the different communities. Generating baseline maps required significant amount of training data and updating baselines through change detection methods is recommended for monitoring. An automated, novel map-to-image change detection was therefore implemented. Natural and anthropogenic changes were successfully detected from Worldview-2 and Sentinel-2 data at Kenfig Burrows. An innovative component of this research was the development of methods, which were demonstrated to be transferable between both sites and increased understanding between remote sensing scientist and ecologist. Through this approach, a more operational method for monitoring site specific habitats through satellite data is proposed, with direct benefits for conservation, environment and policy.

O Caribe Colombiano é o foco da exploração na Colômbia, e a Bacia da Guajira na sua parte offshore tem sido relativamente pouco explorada. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um estudo sísmico de alta resolução aplicável á áreas sem exploração em blocos novos ou para ter diferentes perspectivas em blocos já explorados, neste caso para o intervalo de tempo compreendido entre o limite do Mioceno médio-inferior e o Oligoceno superior, em uma área da Guajira Alta. A partir da integração de duas seções sísmicas 2D, associadas a seis poços com litologias definidas por amostras de calha, foi realizada: (1) uma análise sismoestratigráfica de alta resolução incluindo a interpretação das terminações dos refletores, definição das unidades sismoestratigráficas e superfícies chave, (2) identificação das sismofácies, (3) a elaboração de uma carta cronoestratigráfica. Como resultado, foram individualizadas cinco unidades sísmicas, seis sismofácies e a carta cronoestratigráfica Todas as unidades sísmicas identificadas correspondem com depósitos de gravidade tipo fluxo de detritos e turbiditos, e depósitos hemipelágicos. As sismofácies caracterizadas como turbiditos (refletores paralelos, subparalelos, hummocky), são geralmente calcáreas, as sismofácies de fluxo de detritos (refletores caóticos), têm mistura de litologias tipo folhelhos, siltitos, lamitos, arenitos e carbonatos, e as sismofácies definidas como depósitos hemipelágicos (refletores paralelos, subparalelos), correspondem em sua maioria com depósitos finos. Na carta cronoestratigráfica indica uma depositacão contínua em esse intervalo de tempo. / Colombia Caribbean province is an important hydrocarbon exploration target in Colombia, a Guajira Offshore Basin as part of this province and is a frontier basin today. Main objective of this study is to develop a high resolution seismic stratigraphic study to be applied to unexplored areas on new blocks and/or to have another interpretation in low explored areas, in this case, on the specific time interval upper Oligocene-middle-lower Miocene, selecting a study area in Upper Guajira offshore. Data integration of two seismic sections and lithologic logs from six wells obtained from cuttings made possible to interpret: 1) High resolution seismic stratigraphic analysis including seismic stratigraphic units and key surfaces definition, seismic reflectors pinch outs, 2) seismic facies definition and 3) cronostratigraphic chart. From this analysis were stablished five seismic units, six seismic facies and a chronostratigraphic events chart. All interpreted seismic units correspond to gravity flow deposits debris and turbiditic type and hemipelagic deposits. Turbidite type seismic facies (parallel, subparallel and hummocky reflectors), are usually calcareous in composition, as well as detrital fluxes (chaotical reflectors), are generally a mixture of sandstones, limestones, siltstones, mudstones and shales, and hemipelagic seismic facies (parallel to subparallel reflectors) correspond to thin bedded deposits usually silty and muddy. Chronostratigraphic chart events indicates continuous deposition in this time interval.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

Over the past few decades, remote sensing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying active faulting in continental regions. However, the commonly used remote sensing techniques, including radar interferometry, visual inspection of imagery, and image matching, cannot measure three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements in earthquakes, limiting our ability to investigate faulting. The improvement of very high-resolution (VHR) optical imaging systems (stereo in particular) in recent years has made it possible for earth scientists to measure 3D surface deformation remotely. In this thesis, I contribute to assessing the capability of VHR optical imagery, by determining earthquake deformation from four different types of earthquakes (different in sense of slip and date of the event). In the case of the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah, Mexico earthquake, I show that digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from Pleiades stereo imagery are comparable to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys, and differencing pre- and post-earthquake DEMs can measure 3D displacements, which will be very useful for studying future earthquakes. For the 2013 M_w 7.7 Balochistan, Pakistan earthquake, I determine the vertical motion from a post-earthquake Pleiades DEM and find constant fault kinematics throughout the Late Quaternary. This study has resolved a current controversy of the Balochistan earthquake, in which it has been argued that kinematics of the Hoshab fault switches between strike-slip and dip-slip. Applying historical aerial, KH-9 Hexagon spy satellite, SPOT-2 and modern SPOT-6 images to the 1978 M_w 7.3 Tabas-e-Golshan earthquake, I measure the coseismic and postseismic displacements, and show that the Tabas fold system in eastern Iran may exhibit characteristic slip behaviour. Combining Pleiades imagery, fieldwork and geological dating techniques, I determine slip in the 1556 Huaxian earthquake in China and the recurrence interval for similar events. These examples demonstrate the usefulness of high-resolution optical imagery in investigating past and present earthquakes.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The objective of this study is to deduce paternal ancestry using ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by means of High Resolution Melting (HRM). This was completed by producing a multiplex system that was designed in a hierarchical manner according to the YSNP tree. This project mainly focused on African ancestry and was used to infer paternal ancestral lineages on the Johannesburg Coloured population. South Africa has a diverse population that has ancestral history from across the globe. The South African Coloured population is the most admixed population as it is derived from at least five different population groups: these being Khoisan, Bantu, Europeans, Indians and Southeast Asians. There have been studies done on the Western Cape/ Cape Town Coloured populations before but this study focused on the Johannesburg Coloured population.

Orientador: Harold Gordon Fowler / Banca: Elizabeth Fátima de souza / Banca: Luiz Roberto Moretti / Banca: Jarbas Honorio de Miranda / Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim / Resumo: A visualização de um evento ou de um objeto utilizando-se técnicas de animação proporciona um melhor entendimento sobre uma determinada informação, principalmente tratando-se de público leigo. Este trabalho compreende toda a extensão do rio Corumbataí, afluente do rio Piracicaba, e disponibiliza ferramenta digital para diagnóstico e prognóstico visual dos fatores que impactam negativamente a qualidade e quantidade de água que corre em seu leito. Foram utilizados dados digitais sobre o meio físico do entorno do rio e inseridas imagens orbitais, fotos aéreas e fotos locais de diferentes épocas dentro de um sistema computacional de visualização, que disponibiliza ferramentas de animação gráfica como translação, cross-dissolve, zoom e rascunho. O objetivo desse trabalho foi testar a eficácia de um sistema de visualização em tempo real de imagens de alta resolução, em ambiente SIG, para a produção de um método de análise que aumente a compreensão dos dados científicos. O resultado do trabalho foi a visualização de várias imagens multitemporais e de alta resolução para análise da degradação do rio Corumbataí, onde foi detectada a expansão urbana sobre sua área de mata ciliar. Outra possibilidade de uso do sistema, além da visualização do próprio rio, é a visualização das cidades que o margeiam, como Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro e Piracicaba. Futuramente, este tipo de sistema computacional poderá ser utilizado como suporte para discussões sobre os recursos hídricos com uma maior participação do público em palestras de Educação Ambiental. / Abstract: The visualization of an event or an object using animation techniques provides a better understanding about the information, mainly, for laic people. This study involves the total Corumbataí river extension, tributary of Piracicaba river, and supplies digital tool for visual diagnosis and prognostic of factors that impact negatively the amount and quality of water that runs in its stream bed. Environmental digital data of Corumbataí river stream-side were used and multitemporal images like orbital image, aerial photographs and local photos were inserted in a computing system for visualization which provides graphical animation tools for translation, cross-dissolve, zoom and sketch. The purpose of this work was testing the efficiency of a real-time visualization system for high resolution image, in a GIS environment, to produce an analysis method that increases the scientific data comprehension. The result of this study was the visualization of many multitemporal and high resolution image to visual analyze Corumbataí river degradation, being detected urban expansion over stream-vegetation area. Beyond the visualization of the river itself, the system Corumbataí-2.0 also can be used to visualize the cities of Analândia, Corumbataí, Rio Claro and Piracicaba located around the Corumbataí river. For future applications, this computational system can be used like a tool to support discussions about water resources with a larger public participation in Environmental Education talks. / Doutor

Este trabalho descreve técnicas de espectroscopia de alta resolução em sólidos por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN), o projeto de construção de um espectrômetro para este fim e sua avaliação experimental com a utilização deste equipamento na caracterização de amostras sólidas. O espectrômetro de alta resolução em sólidos por RMN desenvolvido, permite a utilização de técnicas de dupla ressonância, múltiplos pulsos e rotação da amostra em tomo do ângulo mágico e pode também ser utilizado para líquidos. A máxima freqüência de rotação para MAS é da ordem de 5KHz e as seqüências de dupla ressonância podem ser utilizadas pala quaisquer pares de núcleos atômicos. Os experimentos podem ser realizados com variação de temperatura de -120&#176C a + 160&#176C e o equipamento é totalmente controlado por um microcomputador Macintosh IIci. / This work describes the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for High Resolution Spectroscopy in Solids. Also, the construction project of a partially \"home made\" spectrometer and its applications in the characterization of solid samples are shown in detail. Our high resolution spectrometer is implemented with the double resonance multiple pulses sequences and magic angle spinning (MAS) and can be used with solid and liquid samples. The maximum spinning frequency for the MAS experiment is in excess of 5KHz, the double resonance sequences can be performed with any type of nucleus, in the variable temperature operating range with nitrogen gas: -120&#176C to +160&#176C, and is fully controlled by a Macintosh IIci microcomputer.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Biotechnology) / The objective of this study is to deduce paternal ancestry using ancestry informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by means of High Resolution Melting (HRM). This was completed by producing a multiplex system that was designed in a hierarchical manner according to the YSNP tree. This project mainly focused on African ancestry and was used to infer paternal ancestral lineages on the Johannesburg Coloured population. South Africa has a diverse population that has ancestral history from across the globe. The South African Coloured population is the most admixed population as it is derived from at least five different population groups: these being Khoisan, Bantu, Europeans, Indians and Southeast Asians. There have been studies done on the Western Cape/ Cape Town Coloured populations before but this study focused on the Johannesburg Coloured population. The first step was to design the multiplex system. This was done by using inhouse SNPs. A total of seven multiplexes were designed and optimised, each consisting of two, three or four different SNPs respectively. A total of 143 saliva and buccal samples were collected from male Johannesburg Coloureds. DNA was extracted from the saliva samples using an optimised organic method. DNA was extracted from the buccal samples using an optimised salting out method. DNA was successfully extracted from 77 of the male samples. A total of 69 samples were screened using Multiplex 1; of the 69 samples 56 samples were successfully screened to infer the paternal lineage of the samples. The results show that the most frequent haplogroup of the Johannesburg male samples was haplogroup CF (39%). The second most frequent haplogroup was haplogroup DE (38%). Under further analysis of haplogroup DE it was seen that 37% of those samples were derived for the haplogroup E1b1b.

Due to increases in antibiotic resistance stemming from the overuse of commercial antibiotics, the need to discover novel antibacterial compounds is becoming more urgent. A species of Rhodococcus, MTM3W5.2, has been discovered and was found to produce a metabolite with inhibitory activity against closely related species. The aim of this study is to elucidate the structure of the inhibitory metabolite by isolating and purifying it; then characterizing it using spectroscopic techniques. The compound was isolated from MTM3W5.2 RM broth cultures using n-butanol extraction, which yielded an active crude extract. The crude extract was then subjected to fractionation using a Sephedex LH-20 column with a 100% methanol solvent. The inhibitory activity of the fractions was tested through disk diffusion assay using Rhodococcus erythropolis as an indicator. Further preparation was completed using preparative reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Advanced purification was conducted by multiple rounds of analytical reverse-phase HPLC. Throughout the study the HPLC fractions were characterized and stability was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy. Two pure samples at 58.xx and 72.xx minutes from HPLC collections were selected for further structural identification and are currently being studied using spectroscopic techniques, most notably 2D NMR