La stratégie d'alliance est capitale pour la réussite et la survie des PME des secteurs de hautes technologies (PME-HT). Les partenariats R&D rentrent de plus en plus dans leur business models. Ainsi ce sont bien les PME de ces secteurs qui auraient besoin de développer une capacité d'alliance R&D, dans le sens où c'est une capacité organisationnelle qui permet à l'entreprise de gérer efficacement ses alliances R&D. Or ce concept de capacité d'alliance (CA) est majoritairement étudié dans un contexte de grandes firmes dans la mesure où elles disposent de managers spécialisés en alliances voire de départements alliances. Les PME quant à elles souffrent d'un manque structurel de ressources, notamment de ressources humaines et financières à allouer à l'activité de la gestion des alliances R&D. Pourtant l'innovation dans les secteurs de hautes technologies est portée principalement par les PME actives en gestion des alliances R&D. Notre objectif est d'explorer les pratiques de management des alliances R&D chez ces entreprises afin de répondre à la problématique suivante : Dans quelle mesure une PME de hautes technologies développe-t-elle une capacité d'alliance en R&D ? Nous comptons répondre à cette problématique en comparant les pratiques liées à la capacité d'alliance R&D des grandes firmes rapportées dans la littérature avec celles des PME de notre terrain de recherche. Egalement, nous mobilisons la théorie de la PME afin de lister les spécificités de ce type d'entreprises qui pourraient influencer leur capacité d'alliance. Nous avons étudié les pratiques managériales des PME du secteur des biotechnologies installées dans la région Languedoc-Roussillon. Nous avons sélectionné 20 entreprises parmi les 71 PME de biotechnologies languedocienne. Le critère de sélection a été la performance en matière d'alliances R&D et d'innovation technologique. Nous avons également étudié l'interaction de ces entreprises avec les acteurs du Système Sectoriel d'Innovation (SSI) du LR en ce qui concerne l'activité R&D. En somme, nous avons utilisé la méthode de l'observation non participante et de l'entretien semi-directif (un total de 39 entretiens).Nos résultats montrent que chez les PME-HT il existe deux types de capacité d'alliance en R&D : une CA individuelle et une CA organisationnelle. En l'occurrence dans les plus petites PME-HT seuls quelques individus ont développé cette capacité (dirigeant et responsable R&D. Quant aux autres PME plus âgées et de plus grandes tailles, la connaissance managériale liée à la CA est diffusée et stockée de manière collective dans la mémoire de l'entreprise. A la différence des grandes firmes, et dans les deux cas de figure, ces pratiques restent informelles et non institutionnalisées. Egalement, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence de la fonction informelle de chef de projet d'alliance R&D au sein de ces entreprises. Il s'agit d'un chercheur qui a développé un ensemble de compétences de chef de projet dans un contexte inter-organisationnel. Il s'agit principalement de connaissances en matière de DPI (Droit de Propriété Intellectuelle) et de montage de dossiers de financements publics.Enfin, certains aspects de la gestion des alliances R&D comme la prise de décision collégiale et le recours systématique au contrat comme mode de gouvernance des alliances constituent à nos yeux des facteurs de "dénaturation" de la PME de haute technologie par rapport à l'idéal-type de la PME. Dans un deuxième temps, nous discutons la nature même de la capacité d'alliance des PME de hautes technologies. Nos résultats permettent d'étudier en profondeur le lien entre le niveau individuel et organisationnel d'une capacité organisationnelle. / Alliance activity is a common practice in the high technology industries. Managing R&D alliances successfully is a major issue in such industries. Public policy makers in France announced that supporting high technology SMEs in managing their R&D alliances should become a standard practice among national and regional support agencies to business in the field of innovation activities. To contribute toward the goal of enhancing French high technology industries competitiveness we aim to study the R&D alliance management practices of SMEs within such industries. We are interested in the alliance capability of these firms as a strategic capability that allows the organizations to manage their alliances effectively. According to the state of the art, SMEs R&D alliance management practices are different from what you find at large companies. Presumably R&D alliance capability of high technology SMEs is expected to be different from large companies one. This assumption is based on the view that SMEs are characterized by a special organizational context which is different from large companies. Therefore our research problematic is to determine the extent to which, in high technology industries, SMEs develop a specific R&D alliance capability ? We plan to compare the state of the art concerning SMEs alliance capability with large companies' alliance management practices in high technology sectors. We choose to examine in particular the case of biotechnology SMEs because in this industry R&D alliances are very common practices and are critical to the survival of small firms. In order to comply with geographical and institutional embeddedness of innovation activities in this industry, we go one step further and study biotechnology SMEs from Languedoc Roussillon, a region in the south of France. A qualitative study was conducted in order to gather information about biotechnology SMEs practices concerning R&D alliances. We studied 20 companies ranked among the very successful in managing R&D alliances in the Languedoc Roussillon.Our results bring to light two different R&D alliance capability profiles within high technology SMEs : individual R&D alliance capability within smaller companies and organizational alliance capability within bigger SMEs. For the former companies, only some individuals develop managerial knowledge about R&D alliances, the persons in question are the CEO and/or an R&D top manager. They invested an enormous amount of time and resource in learning skills needed for the R&D alliance life cycle, such as project management tools, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), budgeting, etc. The first person to succeed in developing this individual R&D alliance capability is the CEO. As soon as the R&D activity grows, he tries to delegate his authority over the R&D manager or any other top scientist. For this purpose he starts to coach any scientist that showed interest in developing managerial skills. We call this totally informal coaching process “one-on-one learning process”. Within bigger high technology SMEs, there are practices related to a “collective learning process” aiming to spread managerial knowledge to all the R&D team members. It remains non-formal and non-institutionalized process, since there is no managerial knowledge codification. Actually, all the knowledge is stored only in the company oral memory.We showed many differences in managing R&D alliances between SMEs and large firms in the biotechnology industry. However high technology SMEs use formal contracts as the main governance control of the alliance relationship. They are very careful about IPR formal negotiation and management. In addition to that they use project management tools to plan the alliance implementation stage and even include this planning in the alliance contract. This make us reconsider the hypothesis according to which biotechnology SMEs fit to the SME ideal-type in terms of R&D alliance management practices.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

O processo de transferência tecnologia-produto é considerado uma competência essência dentro das empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos inovadores e consiste em um relacionamento envolvendo uma empresa desenvolvedora da tecnologia denominada de fornecedora e outra denominada de usuária, que conduz esforços de desenvolvimento d produtos utilizando-se dessa tecnologia. A literatura aponta como o principal problema dessa transferência, a incerteza tecnológica, que dificulta a utilização efetiva da tecnologia e sua incorporação em novos produtos pela empresa usuária, comprometendo a eficácia desse processo e do desenvolvimento de produtos. Diante desse cenário o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor um modelo para o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto a partir do recorte analítico de redes colaborativas. Sabe-se que as redes podem contribuir com a geração manutenção e ampliação das inovações nessas empresas, diminuindo a incerteza tecnológica melhorando a habilidade das empresas em desenvolver novos produtos. Para atingir o objetivo da pesquisa foi utilizada a metodologia de modelagem organizacional Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) como base para a construção do modelo, sendo esta modelagem realizada por meio de estudos de casos em empresas de alta tecnologia. Diante dos resultados empíricos juntamente com a literatura foi proposto o modelo que visa auxilia as empresas a utilizar os conceitos de redes colaborativas de forma sistemática e factível dentro do setor estudado, já que pesquisas prévias não trazem essa contribuição prática. Esse modelo pode orientar as empresas a estruturar ou reestruturar o processo de transferência tecnologia-produto para que seja colaborativo e não simplesmente uma relação de mercado. / The product technology transfer process is considered a key competence in firms that develop innovative products. This process consists of organizations who develop technology known as suppliers and recipient organization who conduct the product development effort. The literature points the technological uncertainty as the main problem of the transfer, hindering the effective use of technology and its incorporation into new products by the user firm, compromising the effectiveness of this process and product development. Based on this scenario, the purpose of the research is to proposea model for the product technology transfer process from the analytical approach of collaborative networks. The collaborative networks contribute to the generation, maintenance, and extension of innovation, reducing uncertainty and improving the technological ability of firms todevelop new products. In order to achieve the research objective, the organizational modeling methodology called Enterprise Knowledge Development (EKD) was used as the basis for developing the model. This modeling was performed by means of case studies in high-technology firms. Based on the empirical results and literature, the model was proposed in order to help firms in the sector studied, using the concepts of collaborative networks in a systematic way, since previous research did not present this practical contribution. Besides, this model can guide firms to structure or restructure the product technology transfer process in a collaborative way and not simply a market relationship.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management specialising in Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Johannesburg, 2017 / Globally, information communication technologies (ICT) have experienced rapid growth since the 1990’s. In South Africa, information communication technology now accounts for a larger percentage of the Gross Domestic Product than other sectors. Thus, ICT is an important driver of entrepreneurship, employment creation and economic development in SA. As such, one of the critical questions is how to ensure the competitiveness and performance of ICT firms. Entrepreneurship studies argue that the performance of entrepreneurial firms is affected by, amongst other things, the firms’ social capital such as formal networks. This study, therefore, examined the impact of formal networks on firm entrepreneurial performance of ICT firms in SA, paying specific attention to weak ties as well as the moderating role of the environment. The study adopted a positivist paradigm which relied on quantitative data, using a descriptive survey method. Applying probability sampling, a sample of 120 firms were surveyed from an industry database, achieving a 14% response rate. This response rate is adequate for the generalisation of the results (Urban & Sefalafala, 2015). In analysing the data, factor analysis to reduce several variables into latent factors was performed. Thereafter, statistical linear regression modelling was performed using the continuous dependent variable – Firm Entrepreneurial Performance indicated by: Growth in Sales and Market Share, and Profitability; and the continuous independent variable of Formal Networking indicated by: Network Tie Strength and Relationship Quality and Nature sub-constructs. The results demonstrate significant correlation between formal networking and firm entrepreneurial performance as well as weak ties. However, the results indicate no evidence for the moderating role of the environment. At a theoretical level, this shows that formal networking and weak ties are beneficial to ICT firms but the environment is a contingent factor. At a practical level, managers and firm owners should consider joining formal networks that promote weak tie relationships in order to access complementary assets and valuable information. Policy makers and other stakeholders should devise policies and programmes that support entrepreneurial ICT firms to engage in formal networking. The limitations of the study include the following: first, the study was cross sectional and limited to ICT firms on an industry database; second, the control variables did not include firm size. Future research should consider a longitudinal study to test the long-term impact of firm entrepreneurial behaviour as well as firm size to inform firm specific research. More studies should test the moderating role of environment. / MT 2017

高科技產業的發展為各國經濟發展的重要指標，因此本研究盼藉由進一步探討高科技產業發展過程中，主要影響創新與競爭力的重要因素，並加以分析兩岸在提升高科技產業創新競爭力的政策規劃，對於高科技產業創新發展的影響與作用。 / Innovation in high-technology industry has been affecting the general competiveness of a nation presently and innovation happens every day. The major influential factor to innovate or creation majorly regarding to environment, policy, profits circumstances. In this study, result has show that high-technology industries had made simultaneous contribution and played a critical role to effect the growth and advanced development of a nation, with another critical factor collaborated to create the successfulness of high-technology industry transformation by determine correct policies from state government. Taiwan government has been putting efforts in incentive policies to promote the developments of high-technology industry to effectively enhance the technology level. The study finds out that the major influential factors that will affect the general competiveness are majorly from government incentives policies and sufficient funding in disciplinary of R&D personnel, also creating a competitive environment is another important measure to enhance the innovation capability of high-technology industry. The disparity between Taiwan and Mainland China is majorly in population, government policies, government funding and investments these factors that influence the competiveness of innovation in high-technology industry between Taiwan and Mainland China. This analytical study shows in details with supportive statistic to indicate the developments of Taiwan and Mainland China during the past 10 years in innovation of high-technology industry.

This study examined whether the demand for more educated science and engineering workers outweighed longstanding practices of discrimination in hiring in high technology industries and science and engineering occupations. The study focused on the effects of education on the distribution of employment and wages among four racial and ethnic groups (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics and Asians), for the period 1992 to 2002. The main data used in the analyses came from the March Annual Demographic Survey. Multinomial logit analyses were used to determine the probabilities of employment, and ordinary least squares, non-parametric regressions and t-tests were used to examine wages. The analyses showed that education was more important in determining employment in S &E occupations, when compared to its effects in other occupations; and compared to race, other demographic and labor market characteristics. The effects of education were greater in S &E jobs in the high technology sector when compared to S &E jobs elsewhere in the economy. However, the effects of education varied with race, the level of education, and the industry/ occupational group under consideration in ways that suggest that both employment and wages continue to be influenced by correlates of race. Based on the findings, the study provides recommendations for policy and future research.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität der Bundeswehr, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-253).

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High-technology and information technology industries represent a growing component of 'new economy' sector activities. Cities around the world often perceive these industrial and commercial activities to be high-growth in nature, bringing economic advantages and benefits to the cities where they are situated within. Concentration of hightechnology and information technology economic activity in cities has resulted in the formation of localstrategies and related policy initiatives aimed at attracting these sector industries into designated areas. Initial problems that ensued revolved around questioning the legitimacy, effectiveness and appropriateness of implementing these policy initiatives, which were characteristic of 'induced' development. Impacts on broader issues regarding the city's space-economy and structure were often not taken into account in these implemented high-technology led strategies and policies. This thesis responds to these problems by addressing the planning imperatives of initiating high-technology sector led development in urban environments. False Creek Flats was the primary case study examined in this thesis. Due to the proximity of the False Creek Flats site to Vancouver's metropolitan core, a research concentration on the inner-city is carried throughout the thesis. The research objectives and question are aimed at examining challenges posed to planning by following a particular policy and city initiated development path for high-technology sector concentration in False Creek Flats. Objectives are focused around the purpose of conducting a policy analysis on the process and initiatives for high-technology policy formation that occurred over the past decade in False Creek Flats. The research methodology consisted of gathering relevant and informing data and theories through an academic literature review. Information derived from editorial sources was also utilized to situate issues directly related to the primary case study. City of Vancouver policies, documents and sources represented a majority of the primary sources pertaining to the policy analysis of the high-technology framework for False Creek Flats. An internship conducted with the City of Vancouver Central Area Planning Division contributed to gaining access to information and planning perspective on the Flats high-technology led strategy. The stated imperatives to planning are based on False Creek Flats high-technology led strategy's classification as a primarily induced development. Imperatives exhibited in the policy framework formation and details are the importance of the proactive and assertive stance taken by the City of Vancouver and Planning Department. Flexibility, evolution and innovation to formulate new planning responses to deal with the problems and opportunities of implementing high-technology initiatives in the Flats were found to be essential. Planning implications for this case study include the ability to examine the issues from a broader perspective to take into account ramifications on existing city policy, structure and function. These planning elements are going to be critical in maintaining the original guiding principles, vision and goals for high-technology sector concentration in False Creek Flats.

This study investigates the impacts of regional characteristics on the early-stage performance of New Technology-Based Firms (NTBFs) in catch-up regions where a mature industrial cluster has yet to be formed. It hypothesized that the average NTBF performance in a region is a function of its scientist job market conditions, cultural diversity, venture capital, academic research, industrial structure, and local entrepreneurial climate. Using the events of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) and Merger & Acquisitions (M&A) as an indicator of early-stage success of NTBFs, this study constructs a set of Zero-Inflated-Negative-Binomial (ZINB) models to predict the spatial distribution of such events in the U.S. biopharmaceutical and Information Technology (IT) service industries during the period from 1996 to 2005. Several empirical findings emerge from this study. First, the local entrepreneurial climate plays a significant and positive role on NTBF performance in both industries. Second, the positive impact of cultural diversity is more significant in the IT service industry than in the biopharmaceutical industry. Third, the scientist job market size and absolute salary level have positive impacts on NTBF performance, but the effect of relative salary level is negative. Fourth, proximity to venture capital firms has positive but non-linear effects, but the adverse effect of excess venture capital is stronger in the IT service industry. Fifth, there is little evidence of the direct effects of academic research in determining the NTBF performance in both industries. Finally, industrial specialization is significant and positive only in the IT service industry. The results suggest that promoting local entrepreneurial climate and cultural diversity are two effective policy instruments for catch-up regions to foster their NTBF growth.