“Doing gives birth to ideas”. From ideas to composition: a study of composition processes in higher music education. Recent technological developments have challenged the historical methods of composing music for acoustical instruments using traditional scores. However, composers in the Western art music traditionstill continue to use them when they explore the realm of sounds intraditional instruments and possible ways to communicate their intentions. The aim of the present study is to describe the development process in the composition of score-based music intended to be performed by a mixed ensemble of wind, string and percussion instruments. Three composer students from an undergraduate program in Western art music composition each participated during two semesters in the data collection. The data consists of a series of composition sketches, qualitative interviews, voice logs, music recordings and observations of rehearsals and concerts. The analysis focused on shedding light on the participants’ ways of developing the content as the processes of composition unfold. The main methods of analysis were to compare different versions of the same composition and, on the basis of this comparison, to ask analytical questions of the participants. A result common to the three participants, is the conclusion that they start with rudimentary structures and gradually elaborate them so that they become more detailed and sophisticated, for example, more varied in instrumentation. This elaboration is supported by the use of written notes – scaffolds – that guide the development of the structure in different directions. Seven types of scaffolds, that represent different strategies to formulate and solve compositional problems, were found in the empirical data. The study contributes to wider understanding of the importance of making handwritten sketches throughout the process of developing musical ideas. Despite recent technological developments, there is evidence that hand-sketching still serves as an intuitive tool for meaningmaking, in combination with other tools such as acoustical instruments and new music technology.

The aim of this thesis is to obtain a deeper understanding of students’ approaches to musical knowledge as it is distributed through one-to-one tuition in higher music education (HME). With a cultural-psychological perspective according to Bruner, the project was designed as a longitudinal, qualitative study of eight students in the performance program that concludes with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music. Two main musical genres were represented: Western classical music, and jazz and contemporary music. The students had one-to-one tuition on violin, classical guitar, saxophone and electric guitar, and were observed at three consecutive lessons per semester during one academic year. Many-sided data were collected: video recordings of instrumental lessons, semi-structured interviews with students and teachers, and the participants’ diary notes in connection with the observed lessons. In the analysis, the students’ approaches to knowledge of music cultural tools were focused. The results show that the students use three main approaches in relation to one-to-one tuition: adaptation, reflected navigation and indifference. These approaches vary and overlap, and are connected to the local cultural situations that are being studied, as well as to differences by instrument and genre. The different strategies used by the students are discussed in relation to apprenticeship in higher music education, and in relation to the consequences for students’ musical learning and knowledge development. The results are also connected to the Bologna process and the development of research-based teaching in HME. Methodological considerations and suggestions for further research are put forward. / Genom projektet, Instrumenatlisters musikaliska kunskapsutveckling. Finansierat av Vetenskapsrådet / Genom projektet, Vem äger lärandet? Finansierat av Myndigheten för nätverk och samarbete inom högre utbildning

The aim of this thesis is to obtain a deeper understanding of students’ approaches to musical knowledge as it is distributed through one-to-one tuition in higher music education (HME). With a cultural-psychological perspective according to Bruner, the project was designed as a longitudinal, qualitative study of eight students in the performance program that concludes with a Bachelor of Arts degree in music. Two main musical genres were represented: Western classical music, and jazz and contemporary music. The students had one-to-one tuition on violin, classical guitar, saxophone and electric guitar, and were observed at three consecutive lessons per semester during one academic year. Many-sided data were collected: video recordings of instrumental lessons, semi-structured interviews with students and teachers, and the participants’ diary notes in connection with the observed lessons. In the analysis, the students’ approaches to knowledge of music cultural tools were focused. The results show that the students use three main approaches in relation to one-to-one tuition: adaptation, reflected navigation and indifference. These approaches vary and overlap, and are connected to the local cultural situations that are being studied, as well as to differences by instrument and genre. The different strategies used by the students are discussed in relation to apprenticeship in higher music education, and in relation to the consequences for students’ musical learning and knowledge development. The results are also connected to the Bologna process and the development of research-based teaching in HME. Methodological considerations and suggestions for further research are put forward. / Genom projektet, Instrumenatlisters musikaliska kunskapsutveckling. Finansierat av Vetenskapsrådet / Genom projektet, Vem äger lärandet? Finansierat av Myndigheten för nätverk och samarbete inom högre utbildning

El presente trabajo de investigación busca conocer el nivel de impacto que tienen las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) en la formación de los estudiantes de los cursos de Lenguaje Musical y Entrenamiento Auditivo (LEA) pertenecientes a una escuela de música en Lima. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realiza una descripción sobre las herramientas tecnológicas que están incorporándose en la educación superior musical, así como las metodologías modernas que las respaldan, como serían el b-learning, el e-learning, y el m-learning. En segundo lugar, se efectúa un análisis de los cursos de LEA a partir de su metodología aplicada y de las herramientas tecnológicas que ofrecen para el aprendizaje del estudiante. Para recopilar esta información se realizaron entrevistas a los docentes de las asignaturas, al director de la carrera, al experto en metodologías e-learning y b-learning Daniel Ravelo, y al músico y docente de la Universidad de Chile y Universidad Católica de Chile, Winston Moya. Asimismo, fueron realizadas encuestas a los alumnos de LEA, y dos focus group, uno con 9 estudiantes de quinto y sexto ciclo, y otro con 5 egresados de la carrera. Los resultados encontrados mostraron la necesidad de implementar nuevas y mejores herramientas tecnológicas a los cursos previamente mencionados, por lo que se propone finalmente el diseño de un aplicativo digital innovador. / This research work seeks to know the level of impact that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have on the education of students of the courses of Musical Language and Auditory Training (MAT) belonging to a music school in Lima. To do this, first, a description is made about the technological tools that are being incorporated into higher music education, as well as the modern methodologies that support them, such as b-learning, e-learning, and m-learning. Secondly, an analysis of the MAT courses is carried out based on their applied methodology and of the technological tools they offer for student learning. To collect this information, interviews were conducted with the teachers of the subjects, with the director of the degree, with the expert in e-learning and b-learning methodologies Daniel Ravelo, and with the musician and teacher of the University of Chile and Catholic University of Chile, Winston Moya. Likewise, surveys were conducted on MAT students, and two focus groups, one with 9 fifth and six semester students, and another with 5 graduates from the career. The results found showed the need to implement new and better technological tools to the aforementioned courses, so the design of an innovative digital application is proposed. / Tesis