Historians, like many types of scholars, are often researchers and educators, and both roles involve significant interaction with primary sources. Primary sources are not only direct evidence for historical arguments but also important materials for teaching historical thinking skills to students in classrooms, and engaging the broader public. However, finding high quality primary sources that are relevant to a historian's specialized topics of interest remains a significant challenge. Automated approaches to text analysis struggle to provide relevant results for these "long tail" searches with long semantic distances from the source material. Consequently, historians are often frustrated at spending so much time on manually the relevance of the contents of these archives other than writing and analysis. To overcome these challenges, my dissertation explores the use of crowdsourcing to support historians in analysis of primary sources. In four studies, I first proposed a class-sourcing model where historians outsource historical analysis to students as a teaching method and students learn historical thinking and gain authentic research experience while doing these analysis tasks. Incite, a realization of this model, deployed in 15 classrooms with positive feedback. Second, I expanded the class-sourcing model to a broader audience, novice (paid) crowds and developedthe Read-agree-predict (RAP) technique to accurately evaluate relevance between primary sources and research topics. Third, I presented a set of design principles for crowdsourcing complex historical documents via the American Soldier project on Zooniverse. Finally, I developed CrowdSCIM to help crowds learn historical thinking and evaluated the tradeoffs between quality, learning and efficiency. The outcomes of the studies provide systems, techniques and design guidelines to 1) support historians in their research and teaching practices, 2) help crowd workers learn historical thinking and 3) suggest implications for the design of future crowdsourcing systems. / Ph. D. / Historians, like many types of scholars, are often researchers and educators, and both roles involve significant interaction with primary sources. Primary sources are not only direct evidence for historical arguments but also important materials for teaching historical thinking skills to students in classrooms, and engaging the broader public. However, finding highquality primary sources that are relevant to a historian’s specialized topics of interest remains a significant challenge. Automated approaches to text analysis struggle to provide relevant results for these “long tail” searches with long semantic distances from the source material. Consequently, historians are often frustrated at spending so much time on manually the relevance of the contents of these archives other than writing and analysis. To overcome these challenges, my dissertation explores the use of crowdsourcing to support historians in analysis of primary sources. In four studies, I first proposed a class-sourcing model where historians outsource historical analysis to students as a teaching method and students learn historical thinking and gain authentic research experience while doing these analysis tasks. Incite, a realization of this model, deployed in 15 classrooms with positive feedback. Second, I expanded the class-sourcing model to a broader audience, novice (paid) crowds and developed the Read-agree-predict (RAP) technique to accurately evaluate relevance between primary sources and research topics. Third, I presented a set of design principles for crowdsourcing complex historical documents via the American Soldier project on Zooniverse. Finally, I developed CrowdSCIM to help crowds learn historical thinking and evaluated the tradeoffs between quality, learning and efficiency. The outcomes of the studies provide systems, techniques and design guidelines to 1) support historians in their research and teaching practices, 2) help crowd workers learn historical thinking and 3) suggest implications for the design of future crowdsourcing systems.

Mississippi has a surprising amount and variety of town squares. The square provides a central, pedestrian civic space in the towns in which they are located. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the evolution of town squares in Mississippi. The method employed was historical research of primary sources that included historic photographs and Sanborn Fire Insurance maps. The photographs were examined using the The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties investigating such elements as vegetation, site furnishings, and circulation patterns. Canton, Holly Springs, and Lexington were chosen to be studied in more detail to give a clearer picture of how squares have changed over time. It was determined that there are approximately 69 towns with squares in Mississippi. The most numerous types of squares used are Shelbyville squares. The vitality of the square varies greatly from town to town.

The purpose of this study was to examine the life of William Harold Fletcher (b. 1923) and his contributions to music education. The study is divided into a prologue, six chapters, and an epilogue: Early Life (1923-1941), College Studies and Military Service (1941-1948), Central Christian College: The Formative Years (1948-1960), Oklahoma Christian College: The Department of Music (1960-1980), The Department of Music (1980-2012), and Discussion and Conclusion. Fletcher, the first faculty member at Central Christian College (1950), dedicated his career to creating a strong music program for the college (now named Oklahoma Christian University). For the first thirteen years of its existence, Fletcher was the music department's sole full-time faculty member. He conducted, taught, and produced musical productions that were well received by the community. His contributions to music education include teacher, composer, conductor, and philosopher. Though not maintaining a highly politicized career, Fletcher's contribution to the field of music education remains substantial. His teaching methods and passion for music have inspired students for more than sixty years. Fletcher has received multiple honors for his teaching including the dedication of the Oklahoma Christian University music department as "The Harold and Mary Helon Fletcher Center for Music." This dissertation presents a glimpse of William Harold Fletcher the teacher, musician, composer, and free-spirited individual.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Merielle Totti Feijoo.pdf: 400631 bytes, checksum: 7ab18d2ad9fa06174a7f2090b95de907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-04 / The present study acknowledges that Skinner s work is characterized by a process of formulation. Even the conceptions that are the underpinnings of his scientific proposal did not emerge completely formulated; those conceptions were refined and reformulated in different moments of his career. In order to characterize the path that led to the formulation of the arguably first elaborate notion of discrimination, 20 articles written by Skinner throughout 1930 and 1937 were investigated. Seven of these articles were analyzed directly whereas the other 13 articles were examined so that the context in which the study of discrimination was proposed could be described. The results were organized in accordance to the questions raised by Skinner throughout his investigation and in accordance to the answers he gave to those questions. Discussing the concept of induction was inevitable, since this process is thought to be central to the study of discrimination. It is suggested that the notion of discrimination might have initially emerged as a kind of refinement of conditioning / O presente trabalho parte do pressuposto de que a obra de Skinner é marcada por um processo de construção, em que mesmo concepções que constituem os pilares de sua proposta científica não surgem prontas, mas vão sendo elaboradas e reformuladas em diferentes momentos de seu trabalho. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o percurso de construção do que foi considerado uma primeira elaboração da noção de discriminação, foram investigados vinte artigos publicados por Skinner entre o período de 1930 e 1937. Sete desses artigos foram diretamente analisados e o restante foi consultado para caracterizar o contexto em que é proposto o estudo da discriminação. Os resultados foram organizados em torno das questões enunciadas por Skinner no curso de sua investigação, e na forma como elas foram respondidas por ele. Discutir o conceito de indução foi inevitável, visto que o processo aparece como o cerne da discriminação. É sugerido que a noção de discriminação tenha surgido inicialmente como um tipo de refinamento do condicionamento

Little is known about social work at psychiatric institutions in Canada. This research looks at patient records at Selkirk Mental Health Centre (SMHC) from 1947-1979 at Selkirk, Manitoba. Qualitative descriptive methods are employed to examine patient records (N=132) for the function and form of social work. A random selection of patient records at SMHC was performed where qualitative themes of social work related activities were identified and collected. Additional data included archival records of provincial and federal reports to provide context for the findings. Social work emerged from practice, becoming increasingly sophisticated as SMHC evolved and degreed social workers entered the field. Findings show that social work was an essential profession for SMHC to address a rising patient census as well as manage the transition to community located mental health care. While some social work related activities are performed by other staff, there is a qualitative difference when a social worker performs these. Findings also showed that social work has a relationship with severe and persistent mental illness as a population served at SMHC. Future historical research can benefit from this study as it includes a developed method for future patient record research. Future research could be in various professional disciplines as well as contribute to the growing knowledge around social work practice in Canada. Findings show that social work is a relevant and important role that has a historic connection in the field of mental health. This study contributes to the growing literature on the history of social work in Canada. / October 2015

This study is a historical analysis of teacher development for using instructional technology in Thailand beginning with the early origins of educational reform efforts through the National Education Reform Act of B.E. 2542 (1999) and for one decade of its implementation (1999-2009). Data sources for this study included both primary and secondary sources. These sources were historical records, government documents, newspaper and magazine articles, and scholarly books and articles. They were analyzed to determine which policies, proposals, and plans related to teacher development in using instructional technology and which of them promoted a constructivist or student-centered teaching environment. The findings indicated that many of the proposed reforms led to new instructional techniques that challenged the previous Thai education system, which had relied on a teacher-centered, top-down approach. Despite many government-sponsored teacher trainings, teachers were still uncomfortable with teaching in a student-centered environment. This study also focused on Thai methods of teacher training and identified problems with the quality of training courses, with the methods of training, with the effectiveness of the courses teachers were taught, and with the assessment of the follow-up and evaluation provided after a given course or workshop. The evidence showed that teachers resisted many aspects of the new approach. This dissertation proposes ways to help teachers out of their reluctance and resistance to reforms using instructional technology. This dissertation provides a number of recommendations to help Thai educators begin to use modern instructional technology. Among these are included a call for greater improvement of teacher education and the adoption of new concepts of teaching and learning to elevate the skill level of Thai teachers. Chief among these was treating Thai teachers as adult learners so that they would take responsibility for their development according to their specific learning needs and teaching situation. Thus, this dissertation provides a historical, methodological, and pedagogical approach to the issue of Thai teacher development in using instructional technology in a constructivist learning environment.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

A presente dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre as relações entre pesquisa histórica e técnicas de arquivo no âmbito da reforma administrativa do Arquivo Nacional, empreendida por José Honório Rodrigues, no período em que foi diretor da instituição, entre 1958 e 1964. Amparada nos desenvolvimentos teóricos apresentados por Michel Foucault e Michel de Certeau, busca analisar os Regulamentos e Regimentos do Arquivo Nacional, desde 1838 a 1958, e os Relatórios Anuais referentes ao período entre 1958 e 1964, com vistas a problematizar a introdução dos princípios e das práticas da arquivística moderna e as alterações provocadas nas relações entre pesquisa histórica e práticas de arquivo, que redundaram na transformação da finalidade, do modelo institucional e da organização da documentação do Arquivo Nacional. Apresenta uma perspectiva alternativa aos entendimentos que enfatizam a ascensão da arquivística moderna no Brasil somente ao longo da década de 1970, evidenciando as iniciativas, exitosas ou não, de modernizar a instituição e coloca-la na posição central, enquanto órgão normativo e coordenador, do conjunto de órgãos e instituições arquivísticas do país. Conclui, por fim, que, no período abordado, houve uma reorientação na finalidade da instituição, antes dedicada à pesquisa histórica e, a partir de então, à administração pública; a modernização na estrutura institucional e a introdução dos princípios da arquivística moderna na recepção, no tratamento e na organização da documentação custodiada pelo Arquivo Nacional. / This thesis presents a study of the links between historical research and archival techniques under the administrative reform of the National Archives, undertaken by José Honório Rodrigues, in the period when he was director of the institution between 1958 and 1964. Supported in theoretical developments presented by Michel Foucault and Michel de Certeau, seeks to analyze the Rules and Regulations of the National Archives, from 1838-1958, and the annual reports for the period between 1958 and 1964, in order to discuss the introduction of the principles and practices of modern archival and the changes brought about in the relations between historical research and archival practices, which resulted in the transformation of purpose, the institutional model and the organization of the National Archives documentation. Presents an alternative perspective to the discussions that emphasize the rise of modern archival in Brazil only throughout the 1970s, highlighting the initiatives, successful or not, to modernize the institution and place it in the center position, while regulatory agency and engineer, set of organs and archival institutions. Concluded, finally, that in the period approached, there was a shift in the purpose of the institution, before dedicated to historical research and, from then on, public administration; modernizing the institutional framework and the introduction of the principles of modern archival at the reception, treatment and organization of the documentation guarded by the National Archives.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the evolution of the content and characteristics of Finnish geriatric nursing from the 1930s till the 2000s. The research approach was based on three underlying assumptions: historicity, multi-level analysis and the dimensions of goals and actual practice. Historicity implied both a long-term analysis of the phenomenon and the use of historical methodology. Multi-level analysis implied that the phenomenon was analyzed at both a macro-level and a micro-level. The macrolevel consisted of the societal geriatric policies (level I). The micro-level was divided into functional environments comprising the municipal context (level II) and nursing organizations (level III) as well as the nursing practice (level IV). The focal aim in the multi-level analysis was to compare the goals (at levels I-III) to the actual practice (level IV). The underlying theoretical premises of the multi-level analysis consisted of system-oriented thinking, and the data were organized in terms of the guidance model. The evolution of geriatric nursing was analyzed on the basis of official documents at the level I, the municipal documents of three municipalities in northern Finland at the level II, the documents of geriatric nursing organizations in selected municipalities at the level III, and retrospective knowledge of nursing aids and assistants and practical nurses at the level IV. In addition to this, contemporary material as well as relevant literature, magazines and research findings were used to shed light on the historico-sociocultural context. The manner of reading applied was systematic interpretation, which allowed the macro- and micro-level information of geriatric nursing in different historical periods to be integrated into a comprehensible whole. The study highlighted the basic dimensions of both goals and actual practice. Using a theoretical societal frame of analysis, they were combined into the general guidelines of geriatric nursing: the retaining nursing of the activation stage (1930-1950), the collective nursing of the preliminary stage (1950-1970), the individual nursing of the revitalizing stage (1970-1990) and the balancing nursing of the renovative stage (1990-). The findings indicated that the evolution of geriatric nursing was shaped by the goal-oriented dimensions of the geriatric policies, the municipal organizations and the functional contexts of the nursing organizations as well as the nurses' role in the actual practice. The findings also indicated that the goals defined in geriatric policies were implemented in the actual nursing practice with some delay. The purpose of the study was to produce synthesizing basic nursing research. It thus opened up a new perspective into the research questions motivated by nursing science. The findings can also be utilized in efforts to understand the value and knowledge base of geriatric nursing and in nurse education. In order to be able to develop nursing further, it is important not to approach nursing as a separate phenomenon, but to integrate it into a wider historico-sociocultural analysis. The methodological solutions made here can also be applied to other nursing research. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvailla ja ymmärtää suomalaisen vanhusten hoitotyön sisällön ja luonteen muotoutumista 1930-luvulta 2000-luvulle. Tutkimuksen tarkastelunäkökulmana oli kolme perusolettamusta: historiallisuus, monitasoisuus sekä tavoitteiden ja tosiasiallisen toiminnan ulottuvuudet. Historiallisuus viittasi sekä ilmiön tarkasteluun pitkällä aikavälillä että historialliseen tutkimusmenetelmään. Monitasoisuus liitti ilmiön tarkastelun makro- ja mikrotasoille. Makrotason muodosti yhteiskunnallinen vanhuspolitiikka (I-taso). Mikrotaso jakaantui kunnalliseen (II-taso) ja hoito-organisaatioiden (III-taso) muodostamiin toimintaympäristöihin sekä käytännön hoitotyöhön (IV-taso). Monitasotarkastelun lävistävänä näkökulmana oli heijastaa tavoitteellisia ulottuvuuksia (I-III-taso) käytännön tosiasialliseen toimintaan (IV-taso). Tutkimuksen väljänä monitasotarkastelua ohjaavana teoreettisena lähtökohtana oli systeemiajattelu ja jäsennyksenä toimi ohjausmalli. Vanhusten hoitotyön muotoutumista haettiin I-tasolla virallisten dokumenttien, II-tasolla kolmen pohjoissuomalaisen kunnan kunnallisten asiakirjojen, III-tasolla valittujen kuntien vanhusten hoito-organisaatioiden dokumenttien sekä IV-tasolla apu-, perus- ja lähihoitajien muistitiedon avulla. Tämän lisäksi ajan historiallis-sosiokulttuurisen kontekstin ymmärtämiseksi hyödynnettiin aikalaisaineiston ohella myös ilmiötä koskevaa kirjallisuutta, aikakauslehdistöä ja tutkimustietoa. Tutkimuksen luentatapana oli systematisoiva tulkinta, jonka avulla integroitiin makro- ja mikrotason tiedot vanhusten hoidosta eri aikakausilta yhteen ymmärrettäväksi kokonaisuudeksi. Tutkimus tuotti sekä tavoitteellisten että tosiasiallisen toiminnan ulottuvuuksien peruslinjat. Näistä muodostettiin teoreettista yhteiskunnallista jäsennyskehystä hyödyntäen hoitotyön yleiset kehityslinjat: aktivointivaiheen säilyttävä hoitotyö (1930-1950), luonnosteluvaiheen kollektisoiva hoitotyö (1950-1970), elävöittämisvaiheen yksilöllinen hoitotyö (1970-1990) sekä uudentamisvaiheen tasapainoileva hoitotyö (1990-). Tutkimus osoitti, että hoitotyön muotoutumiseen vaikuttivat vanhuspolitiikan, kunnallisen ja hoito-organisaatioiden toimintaympäristöjen tavoitteelliset ulottuvuudet sekä hoitajan rooli tosiasiallisessa toiminnassa. Tuloksista kävi ilmi, että vanhuspolitiikan tavoitteet heijastuivat hoitotyön tosiasialliseen toimintaan viiveellä. Tutkimuksen ideana oli tuottaa kokoavaa hoitotieteellistä perustutkimusta. Tutkimus avasi siten uutta näkökulmaa hoitotieteen tieteenalasta nouseviin tutkimuskysymyksiin. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää myös vanhusten hoitotyön arvo- ja tietoperustan ymmärtämiseen sekä hoitotyön opetukseen. Hoitotyön edelleen kehittämisen kannalta on tärkeää, että hoitotyötä ei tarkastella vain yksittäisenä ilmiönä, vaan se liitetään laajempaan ajan historiallis-sosiokulttuuriseen tarkasteluun. Tutkimuksen menetelmällisiä ratkaisuja voidaan soveltaa myös muissa hoitotieteellisissä tutkimuksissa.