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Diploma thesis is focused on two main measurement concepts -- historical cost and fair value. The aim is to interpret fair value as a measurement base used to assign value to non financial assets, and compare it with well-known historical cost base. In context with historical cost measurement, attention is also paid to impairment meaning a decrease in carrying amount of an asset. Major part of the thesis deals with fair value measurement according to the new accounting standard IFRS 13. The thesis is concluded with practical survey about the use of fair value as a measurement base for non financial assets in practice.

IFRS allows firms to choose between fair-value accounting and historical cost accounting with impairment testing for property, plant and equipment (PPE). This study examines the effect of firms' accounting choices for this group of non-financial assets on over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption in the European Union (EU). My results indicate that over-investment in PPE (or capital expenditures) is lower following IFRS adoption among EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing in the post-IFRS period, consistent with EU firms having more timely loss recognition for PPE under IFRS strict impairment rules. In my analysis of United Kingdom (UK) firms, I find that most UK firms elected to use historical cost accounting with impairment testing for PPE after IFRS mandatory adoption. I also find that UK firms that previously used fair-value accounting under UK GAAP and then switched to historical cost accounting with impairment testing under IFRS exhibit greater reductions in over-investment relative to other EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing prior to IFRS adoption. Additional analysis suggests that the reductions in over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption are greater as the severity of agency conflicts increases, consistent with outside shareholders demanding timely loss recognition as a means of addressing agency conflicts with managers.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the differences between accounting for fixed assets under IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Primarily the discussion will be driven by the question: which standard should the FASB lobby for in its joint effort with the IASB to converge U.S. GAAP with IFRS? The paper will start by establishing that financial reporting, as it has evolved in the United States, was developed primarily to assist in the accountability relationships between management and both credit and equity investors. From there the paper will look at which standard is better suited to fulfill this goal and enhance financial reporting. It will first discuss the differences of historical cost accounting versus market values in the income statement. Next, the paper will look at the differences created in the balance sheet by the two methods. Finally, the paper will consider additional implications of switching to a market value standard. This paper will attempt to prove that historical cost accounting is the more reliable method of the two, provides an equally if not more relevant income measure, and that market values do not enhance the financial statements in any clear way. Particularly in any fashion that justifies the additional costs to the firm and to investors in debt and equity that market values would create.

The diploma thesis deals with the basic concepts of measurement which were developed in the area of financial accounting. It focuses on the main features of measurement selected assets and liabilities according to the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). The thesis largely deals with the phenomenon of "fair value" in the contemporary form of the IFRS and in connection with the exposure draft "Fair Value Measurement". The role of measurement in the present financial crisis is also mentioned. The last chapter of the thesis is based on measurement of the selected assets and liabilities according to the Czech Accounting Legislation in comparison with the IFRS.

In Statement No. 33, "Financial Reporting and Changing Prices," the FASB requires that some large companies disclose their historical cost/constant dollar and current cost information in the published financial statements. One of the purposes of these disclosures is to help users of the financial statements in assessing future cash flows. This study was directed toward the examination of the effects of the different levels of disclosures on cash flow projections.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-04-25T17:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ederson Luiz Serraglio_.pdf: 547041 bytes, checksum: 04c4c62c591c6689c3d77ce196d1fd3b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T17:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ederson Luiz Serraglio_.pdf: 547041 bytes, checksum: 04c4c62c591c6689c3d77ce196d1fd3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21 / Nenhuma / Em 2009 o pronunciamento do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC) 29, que trata dos Ativos Biológicos e Produtos Agrícolas, modificou a forma de contabilização destes ativos pelas companhias. Dentre as mudanças, está a avaliação periódica e a necessidade de mensuração a valor justo. A consequência desta alteração proposta pelo CPC 29 é que a mensuração a valor justo provoca variabilidade do saldo dos ativos biológicos através de ganhos ou perdas. Esses ganhos ou perdas desde então são alocados imediatamente ao resultado do exercício. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o impacto da mensuração a valor justo dos ativos biológicos no resultado anual. Para o estudo, foram selecionadas 41 companhias que apresentavam ativos biológicos em suas demonstrações financeiras no período de 2010 a 2014, sendo elas 25 companhias de capital aberto e 16 companhias de capital fechado, presentes na listagem das 500 maiores e melhores segundo a Revista Exame. Na pesquisa se analisou as demonstrações financeiras, principalmente as notas explicativas, e como método de análise utilizaram-se técnicas estatísticas e econométricas. Os resultados encontrados confirmam que a utilização da mensuração a valor justo em ativos biológicos provoca impactos positivos sobre o resultado do exercício, e que as companhias analisadas não utilizaram o mecanismo de ajuste a valor justo de seus ativos biológicos com a finalidade de alteração dos seus resultados. Na pesquisa ainda se identificou que o mecanismo de ajuste a valor justo por si só não resulta em elevação da volatilidade dos resultados das companhias, e que tanto este resultado quanto os ajustes provenientes da mensuração pelo valor justo são afetados pela oscilação dos preços dos produtos biológicos comercializados por estas companhias. Assim, considera-se que o estudo contribui para apresentar a influência da utilização da mensuração a valor justo dos ativos biológicos no resultado anual das companhias. / In 2009 the pronouncement of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee (CPC) 29, about Biological Assets and Agricultural Products, changed the accounting of these assets by companies. Among the changes are the periodic evaluation and the necessity of measurement at fair value. A natural consequence of this amendment proposed by CPC 29 is that the measurement at fair value causes variability of the biological assets through profit or loss. These gains or losses since then are applied immediately to the annual result. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of measurement at fair value of biological assets in the annual results. Using a sample of 41 companies that had biological assets in their financial statements in the period 2010 to 2014, being 25 public companies and 16 privately held companies listed in the 500 biggest and best according to Revista Exame. The research analyzed the financial statements, especially the notes, and the hypotheses were tested using statistical and econometric techniques. Results show that the use of measurement at fair value of biological assets causes a positive impact on the annual result, and that the analyzed companies do not used this adjustment mechanism of its biological assets to change their results. The results also show that the adjustment mechanism alone does not produce an increase in the volatility of results of the companies, but that the adjustments are affected by fluctuations in the prices of the products marketed by these companies. Thus, it is considered that the study contributes to show the influence of the use of the measurement at fair value of biological assets in the annual results of companies.

nÃo hà / A adoÃÃo das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade no Brasil trouxe modificaÃÃes no critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo de itens patrimoniais, tendo a mensuraÃÃo de alguns itens do balanÃo alterado devido a este critÃrio; quer seja apenas na mensuraÃÃo inicial ou na mensuraÃÃo subsequente. Muitas crÃticas foram levantadas em relaÃÃo à utilizaÃÃo do valor justo, principalmente quanto a subjetividade inerente ao uso dos nÃveis 2 e 3 de mensuraÃÃo e a possibilidade de sua utilizaÃÃo oportunista. A pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar o efeito da utilizaÃÃo do critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo a valor justo em relaÃÃo ao uso do critÃrio do custo histÃrico nas demonstraÃÃes contÃbeis, na realidade econÃmica brasileira. Parte-se da hipÃtese de que, no Brasil, as mensuraÃÃes contÃbeis produzidas pelo valor justo reduzem o valor patrimonial de forma significante em relaÃÃo Ãs mensuraÃÃes apuradas com base no critÃrio do custo histÃrico. Tal possibilidade pode ser explicada levando em consideraÃÃo o conceito de PrudÃncia, ainda em vigor na Ãpoca, e pelos conceitos constantes na NBC TG 00 (2008), para a quantificaÃÃo das mutaÃÃes que alterem o patrimÃnio lÃquido; assim, esperava-se adoÃÃo do menor valor para os componentes do ativo e de maior avaliaÃÃo para os itens do passivo e por consequÃncia reduÃÃo do patrimÃnio lÃquido. Para a realizaÃÃo do estudo foram analisadas as contas patrimoniais que foram objeto de alteraÃÃo do critÃrio de mensuraÃÃo do custo histÃrico para o valor justo de 559 empresas que apresentaram, nos anos de 2008 e 2010,perÃodo de impantaÃÃo parcial e full das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade informaÃÃes considerando os dois critÃrios. A amostra foi submetida a testes de mÃdias para amostras emparelhadas T-student e Wilcoxon por conta, por nÃvel de hierarquia de mensuraÃÃo do valor justo, por grupos de contas e por setores de atividade econÃmica. AlÃm disso tambÃm foram realizados testes de ANOVA com as diferenÃas apuradas entre a mensuraÃÃo a valor justo e a custo histÃrico tendo como fatores os seguintes itens: nÃvel, conta e grupos de conta e testes post-hoc de comparaÃÃo mÃltipla de Turkey entre os grupos. Os resultados da pesquisa rejeitam a hipÃtese estabelecida de que as mensuraÃÃes contÃbeis produzidas pelo valor justo reduziriam o valor patrimonial de forma significante em relaÃÃo Ãs mensuraÃÃes apuradas com base no critÃrio do custo histÃrico. Os testes demonstraram assimetria positiva entre as mÃdias mensuradas a valor justo, gerando aumento no valor do patrimÃnio lÃquido da ordem de 26% do PL. Constatou-se ainda, que as diferenÃas identificadas entre os nÃmeros mensurados a custo histÃrico e a valor justo advÃm, provavelmente, da defasagem dos valores mensurados a custo histÃrico devido a altos nÃveis de inflaÃÃo ao longo do tempo na economia brasileira. Na alteraÃÃo da contabilidade em razÃo da implantaÃÃo de novo padrÃo contÃbil, as empresas utilizaram a legislaÃÃo para atualizar os nÃmeros de seus ativos e passivos. Outra evidÃncia identificada à que quanto maior o nÃvel de subjetividade (nÃveis 2 e 3) na mensuraÃÃo a valor justo, maiores as diferenÃas das mensuraÃÃes a custo histÃrico e a valor justo. Entretanto, nÃo se consegue concluir se os ajustes referem-se tÃo somente à defasagem da inflaÃÃo, à utilizaÃÃo de tÃcnicas matemÃticas pouco difundidas no Brasil, ou atà mesmo à possibilidade de gerenciamento de resultado. Identificou-se ainda que, no Brasil, as mensuraÃÃes a valor justo tendem a se concentrar nos nÃveis mais subjetivos de mensuraÃÃo (2 e 3), o que pode se dever à incipiÃncia de mercados ativos para os bens avaliados

Värderingsproblematik för materiella anläggningstillgångar har identifierats av författare och företag vilka har belyst avsaknaden av bättre värderingsmöjligheter då vi idag främst använder oss av värdering till anskaffningsvärde som. Problematiken grundar sig i att redovisningen inte helt avspeglar värdet för företags materiella anläggningstillgångar vilket gör att jämförbarheten och trovärdigheten kan ifrågasättas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka olika tillämpningar av värderingsmodeller som finns samt belysa varför företag väljer en viss värderingsmodell. Metodiskt kommer den genomföras som en fallstudie. Detta då uppsatsen bygger på ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt för styrkandet av studiens verklighetsförankring. Studien innefattar ett huvudobjekt som fungerar som vetenskapligt fält, Mölndals industriprodukter AB där mer djupgående granskning skett samt kontinuerlig kontakt etablerats. Erhållna resultat som fältarbetet genererat kommer jämföras mot tre ytligt granskade företag vilka kommer fungera som reflektion av övriga marknaden för analys och vidare resonemang. Efter att teoretiska studier genomförts har det empiriska materialet analyserats.Erhållna resultat har påvisat att problematiken med att värdera ett företags materiella anläggningstillgångar delvis bygger på otillräckliga standarder och principer. Vilket gör att det krävs vidare utveckling av värderingsverktygen för att hantera vår alltmer komplexa verklighet. Detta då vi i vår värdering i vissa lägen blir alltför ålderdomliga medan de nya metoderna i vissa lägen visat sig alltför osäkra och opålitliga. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

1. A study was made of the food habits of college students. 2. Nine women's and five men's boarding houses contributed data over a period of 15 to 84 consecutive days regarding food purchases and the number served. 3. The individual houses reported from 24 to 323 students fed daily. 4. In no case was the food expenditure for fruits and vegetables less than 20 per cent, the range being 21 to 38 per cent. 5. The money spent for milk and milk products was greater for the men's houses than for the women's; five of the eight women's houses exceeded the 20 per cent mark while two of the five men's houses exceeded it. 6. The portion of the food dollar spent for meat, fish, eggs, and poultry on the whole was high, the range being 18 to 40 per cent. 7. None of the houses spent a fifth of the food expenditure for bread and cereals, the range being 4 to 14 per cent. 8. The large amount of money spent by women's houses for oleomargarine tended to increase the proportion of the food dollar spent for adjuncts. Two of the men's houses reported no money spent for oleomargarine. 9. The cost range per day per person for the entire study was 11 to 36 cents. 10. The average cost of feeding a man student was 4 and 1/2 cents more per day than that of feeding a woman student.