<p>This scientific paper is about the changes in the skeleton caused by the diseases osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Six males and one female from Banken 1, S:ta Gertrud  and S:t Hans in Visby were chosen for an osteological analysis. All individuals are adults and dates back to the middle ages. One male suffered from both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis and one female and three males suffered from osteoarthritis. One male might have been in the beginning faze of osteoarthritis, and one male shows no sign of any of the diseases. In addition to osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, some of the individuals suffer from other pathological conditions. Some of the bones from most of the individuals were x-rayed at Visby hospital, to see if medical technique could show some additional information to the osteological analysis. The x-rays were interpreted by doctor Staffan Jennerholm from Visby hospital, but other doctors have also participated. The x-rays confirmed results from the osteological analysis in most cases, although it showed new information in several cases. Some bones from three individuals were taken to Roland Alvarssons` Doctor Practice in Visby to measure the bone density, to check if any of the individuals had osteoporosis. The result confirmed that one male had osteoporosis, as expected from the osteological analysis.</p> / Noen steder i oppgaven står det "osteoartrithis", men det skal stå "osteoarthritis"

Denna uppsats belyser visualiseringen av nazismens epok i Tyskland och Förintelsen genom de tyska filmatiseringarna som skildras utifrån förövarens perspektiv. De två filmer som analyseras i uppsatsen är Dennis Gansels Führerns elit (2004) och Jo Baiers Attentatet mot Hitler (2004). Det som är intressant med de här filmerna är hur intällningen till nazismens ideologi har ändrats och hur nazismen tacklas med våra nutida värderingar. Metoden sker genom en närläsning av hur filmerna rent visuellt uttrycker den nazistiska ideologin, främst motståndsmässigt. För att få en större inblick i nazismens människo- och samhällssyn är Harald Ofstads definitioner kring de nazistiska värderingarna de tyngsta bland de teoretiska utgångspunkterna. Ofstads definitioner kopplas ihop med hur film och historia samspelar med varandra med utgångspunkt från Robert A. Rosenstone och Gillian Rose. Dels bsetår även teoridelen av tidigare forskning kring förövaren på film (som har gjorts kring Steven Spielbergs filmatisering av Schindler's list), värderelativismen och vilka värden som dominerar i vårt nutida samhälle. Resultatet av analyserna ställer förövarna i en position mellan dåtid och nutid. Som åskådare känner man så pass mycket sympati för dem att man ibland glömmer bort innebörden av attributen de bär. Personerna i filmerna framställs som individer och upplever en konfilkt, både från nazismens sida och från motståndarnas sida. Båda personerna vill göra karriär men tänker samtidigt på sina medmänniskor.

Genom en kvantitativ studie av 60 aktier på Stockholmsbörsen har följande fråga besvarats. Hur kan en investerare utnyttja historisk information för att nå riskjusterad överavkastning? En teknisk analys för att testa den svaga formen av informationseffektivitet genomfördes. Aktiernas faktiska avkastning jämfördes med den förväntade enligt CAPM, och de alfavärden som observerades testades genom variansanalys. Resultaten från studien visade att de undersöka aktierna har alfavärden som är signifikant skilda från noll, när endast skillnaden studerades. Sett till längre perioder, såsom tre och tolv månader, tenderar dock de genomsnittliga alfavärdena att jämnas ut, varför endast ett fåtal har kunnat säkerställas statistiskt. Slutsatsen blir därför att den svenska aktiemarknaden åtminstone är halvstarkt effektiv, då historien inte innehåller information om framtida prestation.

The Swedish working-class author Ivar Lo-Johansson (1901-1990) wrote a collection of one hundred short stories between the years 1968-1972. His other productions, generally speaking, have partially different social reform purposes, but, according to himself, these short stories were written with the intention to be totally free of tendencies (even though he himself doubted that he succeeded with this). During the same period that these short stories were published, the Swedish social democrats were under the challenge of radical movements that, mainly on the radical left’s ideological foundation, had a relatively strong influence in Sweden, among other countries, from the mid 1960’s to the late 1970’s. Since Lo-Johansson mainly seemed to have supported the politics of the social democrats, the purpose of the investigation in this thesis has been to see if he – in the three short stories: Vikingakärlek (1970), Rikslögnaren (1971) and Ansgars resa till Sverige (1972) – is conveying an ideological use of history and basic political values that were used by the social democratic party during this time period. I have also tried to conclude if he is refuting ideas that two of the radical movements, in different ways, were using to challenge the social democracy of that time. These two movements are 1) the new left and 2) radical feminism. The new left opposed, among other things, parliamentary democracy and promoted a revolution. Radical feminism instead challenged social democracy by emphasizing the private sphere as a central cause for the continuing submission of women in society, something that previous to this movement had been neglected. More specifically I have tried to map out if the new left’s ideological use of history and some of its foundational political values are refuted, and if radical feminism’s explanation for the cause of female submission is confuted.                       My conclusions are that Lo-Johansson, in the three short stories, verified the legitimacy of social democracy’s ideological use of history and foundational political values, and, at the same time, he repudiated the new left’s ideological use of history and foundational political values. His view of the cause of women’s submission in society is more ambivalent. In one of his short stories he seemed to be pointing at biological causes, which, among other things, contributed to the legitimacy of the gender system that was a part of social democratic politics, mainly up to the 1960’s. In the other two short stories it instead seemed that he agreed with radical feminism’s ideas of patriarchy as the cause, even though it is not clear if he truly agreed that this system needed to be abolished.

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