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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 8, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-05, Section: A, page: 1756. Adviser: Dror Wahrman.

My dissertation examines the causes, events and outcomes of the two largest British naval mutinies and their revolutionary potential during the era of the French Revolution. Previous historians have attempted to define these mutinies through a variety of mono-causal explanations such as material demands and political theory; each has failed as they did not identify the divisions that existed between the seamen. My research examines the impact of masculine identities of working-class men, in this case British seamen. By returning agency to the seamen, I have concluded that these men were divided in their ideas about manhood and these divisions shaped the motives, courses, and outcomes of the two major mutinies in the Royal Navy of 1797. Competing understandings of gender identity divided the seamen. One faction of seamen promoted revolutionary ideas imported from France which defined all men as political equals; the others saw their manhood defined by the traditional plebeian maritime values of skill, bravery, and nationalism. The plebeian seamen mutinied over material grievances. The revolutionary seamen attempted to use the resulting social chaos to redirect the mutinies to political and social revolutions. But the revolution was short lived and failed, not due to the actions of the state, which was largely an observer to the events, but because the plebeian seamen would not accept ideas and actions that made them betray the monarch and nation and therefore their sense of manhood. Using violent measures, these seamen suppressed their revolutionary brethren and ended the mutinies, much to the state's relief. My research will explain how a working-class revolution took place in Britain in the 1790s, and why it was defeated not by the power of the state but by other working-class men who believed that the new revolutionary ideology and masculine understandings that it promoted were incompatible with their plebeian maritime concept of masculinity. My dissertation concludes that a British revolution did occur on the decks of the Royal Navy, but it was defeated by a gender-based division among the seamen.

This study examined male homosexuality in Spain during the early modern period in the context of social structures, race relations and gender assumptions. Since men who engaged in homosexual activity also contended with issues of status and ethnicity, the analysis focused on the interaction between their sexuality and their public personae. From this baseline, the study also examined public and official attitudes towards homosexual practices and how they shifted on the basis of social hierarchy. Over five hundred sodomy trials from the Aragonese Inquisition were examined, alongside a range of supporting archival and manuscript evidence. The use of sodomy trials allowed for an exploration of attitudes concerning the explosive mix of sexuality and hierarchy in three distinctive groups: the people of cities and towns who accused individuals of sodomy, the inquisitors who tried the latter, and the accused themselves. The analysis showed that early modern men defined sexuality on the basis of gender assumptions that upheld the masculinity of the active, usually older partner. The combination of a masculinity of penetrative sexuality and status within the community meant that homosexuality could both uphold or subvert hierarchies depending on the social identities of the active and passive partners in intercourse. Moreover, Aragonese people displayed a tendency to denounce outsiders to their communities. Inquisitorial judges, however, while demonstrating leniency towards these targets of popular persecution, reserved the harshest punishments for those who specifically challenged order by engaging in active sodomy with a social superior. These two differing strategies that separated the objectives of accusers from those of judges highlight the heterogeneous and diffuse nature of the process by which differing groups sought to impose particular views of required social order. Homosexuality in early modern Aragon emerges as a space that tested the boundaries of hierarchy and also reflected the structure of the social milieu that contextualized it.

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries tens of thousands of Castilians initiated lawsuits at the royal appellate courts to gain recognition of the status of hidalgo and enjoyment of legal privileges associated with this status. Appealing to a diversity of laws and customs these litigants claimed that the status of hidalgo provided such privileges as exemption from taxation, freedom from judicial torture, right to public office, and immunity from debtor's prison. Historians frequently characterize pre-modern European society as one in which the ruling classes enjoyed legal privileges on the basis of their social status or estate. Nevertheless in these contests the success or failure of litigants did not depend on the individual's ancestry or the objective application of existing laws governing privilege and status. In Early Modern Castile litigants intensely disputed one another's claims to and about privilege, and their respective definitions of status. Sources from the period reveal that royal and municipal authorities granted and recognized possession of legal privileges based on status. Paradoxically these authorities frequently denied the status of these same individuals and resisted their claims to privilege. In this dissertation I analyze disputes over privilege as a means for understanding how legal inequality actually functioned in Early Modern Castile. The responses of monarchs, royal officials, and municipal councils to claims concerning privilege (at times in the form of judicial rulings) reflected contingent factors typically shaped by their own immediate interests. Consequently both claimants to privilege and the opposing sides in these cases used available rules and procedures as resources to advance their respective causes.

In this thesis, women's involvement in medicine in the medieval and early modern periods will be read through the lens of "experience" and "experiment" as sources of validation. "Experience" was a contested term and concept in this period, and my thesis is devoted in large part to studying the changing nature of experience. "Experience" connoted both something thought or known, and something done or performed. This perspective is important because during these periods, the value and definitions of experience and experiment changed among intellectual and professional elites, effectively reframing the traditional identification of women with experimental knowledge. Rather than viewing and demoting women's expertise as "only" experience, men claimed experience as a privileged characteristic of the "new science" of experimental philosophy, excluding women from experience. The case of the Royal Society is the subject of chapter one. In the process, women's experience of their own bodies as privileged knowledge is demoted, and the idea of female "secrets" was revealed to men through science, printing, and dissection. Women were declared ignorant even of their own bodies. In chapter two, I deal with this subject through the idea that female knowledge of the body could be obtained only through female touch. Alternately, embodied knowledge was protected to some degree by its association with elite women performing Christian charity, a subject which will be explored in chapter three. Finally, in chapter four I discuss women's entry into publication through recipe collections, which illustrates the ambivalence of their authority. Even as they seem to gain a public voice, printing undercut the personal, domestic, and charitable associations that had empowered and protected women's medical work. The long chronological period of my thesis allows me to illuminate themes of continuity and uncertainty in the history of experience. In my four chapters, I have presented cases where female authority was compromised, mediated, disregarded, or appropriated by professional men, and yet retained or relocated through social and cultural forces outside the control of the profession, notably religious expectations and printing. My research demonstrates the uncertain coexistence of different types of authority, and the fluctuating power attributed to women as sources of knowledge and owners of experience. / Cette mémoire porte sur l'implication des femmes dans la médecine durant le Moyen Âge et le début de l'Époque moderne, en faisant référence à l' « expérience » et à l' « expérience scientifique » comme sources de validation de la connaissance. Comme concept, l' « expérience » faisait sujet de controverse et a connu des changements dont traite une importante partie de cette thèse. À l'époque, l'expérience désignait à la fois ce qui est connu ou pensé et ce qui est fait. L'importance de cette perspective ne peut être négligée lorsqu'on considère le développement des notions de l'expérience et de l'expérience scientifique au sein du cadre professionnel et intellectuel, et comment les changements de signification ont effectivement reformulé l'identification traditionnelle des femmes par rapport à la connaissance expérimentale. Au lieu de minimiser les compétences féminines à que des « expériences », les hommes ont revendiqué l'expérience comme concept particulier à la « nouvelle science » de la philosophie expérimentale, dont les femmes étaient forcément exclues. Cette mémoire se présente en quatre parties. Le premier chapitre traite du cas de la Royal Society, et le processus par lequel la méthode scientifique, l'imprimerie et la pratique de dissections ont dévoilé les secrets féminins aux hommes. Par conséquent les femmes ont été proclamées ignorantes de leurs corps. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on examine la conviction que le corps féminin ne peut être compris que par la main féminine. Le troisième chapitre porte sur la connaissance incarnée et l'implication de l'élite féminine et leurs bonnes oeuvres chrétiennes dans la protection de cela. Finalement dans le quatrième chapitre on examine les livres de recette et comment ces premières publications des femmes servent à illustrer l'ambivalence de l'autorité des auteurs féminins. Au même temps que celles-ci réclamaient la sphère publique, l'instrumentalisation de l'imprimerie a mené une érosion des relations de la sphère privée, telle que les oeuvres caritatifs, qui ont jusque-là servit à promouvoir l'implication des femmes dans la médecine. La période d'analyse, y compris le Moyen Âge et le début de l'Époque moderne, nous permet d'illustrer les thèmes de continuité et d'incertitude le long de l'histoire de l'expérience. Les analyses présentées au cours des quatre chapitres illustrent l'affaiblissement, la réinterprétation, le mépris et la réappropriation de l'autorité féminine par les hommes professionnels. En même temps que l'autorité féminine a subi ces attaques, son intégrité était retenue ou transférée par des forces sociales et culturelles hors de la sphère de la profession, notamment à travers les attentes religieuses et l'accès à l'imprimerie. Les conclusions présentées dans cette mémoire démontrent la coexistence incertaine entre différentes manifestations d'autorité et la puissance floue des femmes comme sources de connaissance et d'expérience.

This thesis attempts to historicize our understandings of economic rationality and economic action, specifically in the period leading up to the South Sea Bubble of 1720, an event which seemingly remains shrouded in mystery. The fundamental question addressed is what sort of "information" would have been available to people making decisions about financial assets in the early-eighteenth century? Related to this is a question of a more cultural nature: How did contemporaries determine what information was relevant and how did they evaluate its truthfulness and reliability? Through an investigation into the language used by Daniel Defoe in his widely read newspaper, Review of the Affairs of the British Nation (1704-1713), this thesis aims to show how one emblematic contemporary framed the information he deemed relevant for determining the potential of a British trade to the South-Seas and how he attempts to establish his authority as an interpreter of trade and finance. / La présente thèse vise à présenter en termes historiques notre compréhension des rationalités et des actions économiques, plus spécifiquement durant la période menant à la "South-Sea Bubble" de 1720, un événement qui reste encore mal compris. La question fondamentale abordée est quelle sorte d'« information » aurait été disponible aux personnes prenant les décisions sur les actifs financiers au début du XVIIIe siècle ? Liée à cette question en est une autre de nature plus culturelle : comment les contemporains ont-ils déterminé quelles informations étaient pertinentes et comment ont-ils évalué leur véracité et leur fiabilité ? Grâce à une étude du langage utilisé par Daniel Defoe dans son journal à grand lectorat, Review of the Affairs of the British Nation (1704-1713), le présent thèse cherche à démontrer comment un contemporain de renom a utilisé les informations qu'il jugeait pertinentes pour identifier le potentiel d'un commerce britannique avec les Mers du Sud et comment il tentait d'établir son autorité en tant qu'interprète de commerce et de finance.

This thesis provides a cultural history of anatomy in Enlightenment France (c. 1700-c.1795). It tells the overlapping stories of the rise of anatomy as a public, polite, and sociable science experienced by gentlemanly amateurs and of anatomy's consolidation as a dynamic experimental branch of natural history. The first narrative explores how eighteenth-century anatomy gained amateur adherents through textbooks, three-dimensional objects, spectacular courses, and tutors. The second offers an account of how anatomists transformed their field into a viable, utilitarian, and socially useful research discipline. This project makes contributions to the histories of science, Old Regime France, and gender, and the social history of medicine. It shows how Enlightenment anatomy enlisted a distinctive set of places, objects, and peoples. First, anatomy was produced, packaged, and disseminated to consumer audiences in traditional scholarly and pedagogical spaces, but also outside them, in venues of learning that included the court, commercial districts, museums, public spaces, private chambers, amphitheatres, and cabinets. Second, anatomical knowledge was created, conveyed, and ratified in these settings using familiar materials like corpses, as well innovative artificial materials like wax, wicker, glass, and textiles. The material culture of anatomy was inscribed in the worlds of amateur appreciation and experimental practice, where tourism played an important role in the exchange of goods and know-how. Finally, those who practised anatomy and the public which digested it achieved new recognition during this period and collectively contributed to shaping the form and content of anatomical knowledge. The result was that eighteenth-century anatomy accommodated a broader range of individuals – men and women, amateurs, medical practitioners, artists, and artisans – than ever before. / Cette thèse examine l'histoire culturelle de la science anatomique dans la France au siècle des Lumières (c.1700-c.1795). En adoptant une approche culturelle, elle étudie à la fois l'émergence de l'anatomie comme science liée à la mondanité, pratiquée par des amateurs appartenant à l'élite, ainsi que la formalisation de la discipline anatomique en tant que domaine expérimental de l'histoire naturelle. En premier lieu, cette thèse explore comment l'anatomie, à l'aide de manuels, d'objets tridimensionnels, de leçons publiques et de tuteurs, a attiré des disciples amateurs. En second lieu, elle démontre comment les anatomistes ont transformé leur champ en une discipline scientifique viable et utile pour leur société. Cette double analyse contribue donc à l'histoire des sciences, de la France d'Ancien Régime, du genre, ainsi qu'à une histoire sociale de la médecine. Cette thèse tente de démontrer comment la discipline anatomique telle que pratiquée au cours des Lumières réunissait un ensemble distinct de pratiques, d'objets et de personnes. D'abord, le savoir anatomique était produit, accumulé et disséminé au public dans des espaces pédagogiques et académiques traditionnels mais également, au-delà de ceux-ci, dans des espaces d'apprentissage plus larges qui incluaient la cour, des musées, des espaces commerciaux, des espaces publics tout comme des chambres privées ainsi que des amphithéâtres et des cabinets. Ensuite, le savoir anatomique était créé, transmis et confirmé dans ces espaces en utilisant des matériaux familiers tels que des corps, mais aussi des matériaux artificiels novateurs tels que la cire, l'osier, le verre et les textiles. Ainsi, la culture matérielle de la science anatomique s'est inscrite en lien avec la culture amateur de l'appréciation et la pratique expérimentale, où le tourisme jouait un rôle important pour l'échange d'objets et de savoirs. Finalement, les anatomistes, et leur public, ont acquis un nouveau degré de reconnaissance au cours du siècle des Lumières et ont, ensemble, contribué au développement du savoir anatomique tant au niveau de la forme que du contenu. Ces transformations ont permis à un plus grand nombre d'individus d'origines diverses – hommes, femmes, amateurs, médecins, artistes, artisans – de se familiariser avec l'anatomie.

In 1524 under the leadership of the Reformer Huldreich Zwingli the citizens of Zurich undertook to cleanse their churches of idolatrous objects. This was carried out after scholarly debate and with the approval of the authorities. In conjunction with the decision to remove the images, Zwingli prepared arguments to explain and justify the community's action. These arguments became influential among other Evangelical Reformed Protestants and thus Zurich's solution to the problem of religious art is essential for an understanding of the development of the visual arts in Protestant areas in the sixteenth century. Two questions are significant to this development. What sources of patronage would the new art have, and what would be appropriate subject matter? In Zurich three groups would replace the Church as patron: the state, private industry, and the individual citizen. Because Zwingli's theology demanded a reorientation in subject matter, requiring material that is narrative or historical (geschichteswyss) new subjects and genres had to be found. Thus for a time the portrait threatened to replace the altar retable and illustration of religious and scientific works became central to Zurich's artistic life. Small decorative stained glass panels, Kabinettscheiben, became vehicles for both propaganda and display of position and material wealth. The art of sixteenth century Zurich departed from medieval artistic usage while seeking to avoid aspects of Renaissance Humanism repugnant to Reformed theology. It pointed new directions in the translation of empirically observed reality as an aspect of the Reformer's conviction that the study of nature reveals the operation of Divine Providence in creation. Thus while Evangelical Reformed teaching denied much of ancient and medieval art, it allowed and nurtured the objective portrayal of the visible world.

Although the English anthem was the primary form of sacred composition in England during the Renaissance and early Baroque, it was not considered too sacred to be used as royalist propaganda. Text sources for the anthem came primarily from the Psalms, the Book of Common Prayer, and Scripture. Because many of the anthem composers were Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal, which was supported by the monarchy, the anthems sometimes reflected royalist views. Henry Purcell began writing anthems during the public hysteria generated by the Popish Plot, war with the Dutch, and fear of the French and the papacy. Although direct connections between specific events and specific anthems are speculative, there can be little doubt that the upheavals faced by the English monarchy influenced Purcell's compositions. Fourteen of Purcell's anthems written between 1678 and 1685 are discussed according to their political implications. Musical analysis of four representative anthems is provided.