<p> During the early years of the 19<i>th</i> century Spanish colonies in the Americas went through dramatic political changes as new structures of governance emerged worldwide. Monarchical power throughout the world declined as representational democracy and the nation state became the new norm. This thesis focuses on two Spanish colonies and their transition to nation states, New Spain into Mexico and the R&iacute;o de la Plata into Argentina. An analysis of this transition reveals that the period was much more than just a revolutionary or Independence era, rather, it was demarcated by intense class warfare. Whereas the lower classes of the colonies vied for dramatic changes in political, social, and economic structures, elites had sought to keep intact as much as possible colonial mechanisms of power whilst separating from the Spanish monarchy. This thesis uses constitutions, decrees, laws, and personal letters written by actors from both sides to highlight the intensity of class warfare during this period.</p><p>

This dissertation is a close study of a rice-producing region in the northeastern Japanese prefecture of Miyagi from 1890 to1912, centered on the leadership of local elites over agricultural development, social order, and political management of the countryside during a period of revolutionary change. In the context of fundamental transformations to the state, economy, and society, landlords and local officials assumed positions as intermediaries between village society and the prefectural and national governments, becoming the "middlemen of modernity" for rural Japan. Along with the celebrated projects of industrialization and the modernization of the military, agricultural development occupied a place of importance in the plans of the Meiji state (1868 to 1912), but it failed to attract the same commitment of government finances. With official intervention in farming improvement and rural villages limited to moral exhortations, it was local elites, not the national government, who assumed responsibility for the countryside. Miyagi provided a fertile ground for their activities, demonstrating the heightened need for improvement that came with the climactic and economic challenges endemic in northeastern Japan. The character of Miyagi leaders evolved over time, with changes to the rural economy in the 1870s, the local government system in the 1880s, and official interest in the organization of local society at the turn of the century pushing old elites out and drawing in new figures in their places. Unchanged, however, was the role of local actors as the principal architects of rural development. They set the course of agricultural improvement, determined its character, and linked farming in new ways with the central government. The processes of change often proved disruptive in village society, rekindling old conflicts and igniting new rivalries as different actors fought over the allocation of the costs and profits of expanded production. In the end, though, elites oversaw a transformation of farming and agricultural villages that was complete by the early years of the twentieth century.

While seventeenth-century pirates earned admiration, the eighteenth-century pirate appeared as the worst of all possible criminals. The government fought against pirates through laws and on sea, but a war was waged against them at home also in print. These works bring to the fore questions of discipline and nationalism as writers attempted to explain or to explain away the pirate's rejection of country The first two chapters deal with works that attempt to discipline the pirate. The theme of home present in stories about John Avery, a pirate who established a colony on Madagascar, serves two purposes: it allows England the power to exclude since Avery never successfully returns home, and it presents the definition of a good colonist, one who wishes to be ruled by England and to remain disciplined in spite of the distance that prohibits the disciplining gaze. The second chapter juxtaposes privateer Woodes Rogers' account of his voyage, a primer on disciplining his men without the support from land-based institutions, with Defoe's story of Mary Reed, a female cross-dressing pirate. Because of Reed's gender, she carries a priori for Defoe the qualities necessary to the disciplined privateer The concluding chapters complicate the categories of disciplined and undisciplined subject and the power of print to discipline. Chapter Three explicates John Gay's Polly, in which all European characters demonstrate corruption, while their Indian counterparts retain discipline and honor. Through a parody of Dryden's All For Love, Gay demonstrates that the values of heroic drama embodied in the Indians leave them vulnerable in a time marked not by stable, intrinsic aristocratic honor, but by a new way to assess individuals in a market economy, the values of credit. The last chapter studies a land-based 'pirate,' Jonathan Wild, who styled himself as Thief-Taker General of Great Britain. Wild uses the tools of discipline--the gaze provided by his network of spies and the print culture that allowed him to place ads and engage in public relations--to dupe the public. In turn, works about Wild, including Henry Fielding's comic novel, castigate the public for their role in Wild's success / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

The role of the Spanish Foreign Legion from its inception in 1920 to the start of the Rif Rebellion through to the pacification of the Protectorate in 1927 is examined. Particular focus will be given to why the Legion was created, the organization of the Legion within the Army, and the impact it had in reconquering the territory lost after the Annual disaster. Emphasis is placed on the vital need at the time in the Protectorate for "shock troops" capable of fighting the "natives" on their own terms as well as reducing the growing number of Spanish reservists and conscripts that were perishing in the pacification of the Protectorate. Particular consideration is given to the personalities who forged together this unlikely group of volunteers into an elite fighting force and led them in the most important battles of the Riffian War. In the first three chapters, the Legion's creation and first campaigns will be examined, as well as the Annual disaster and its aftermath. Chapters four through eight will cover the middle years of the Rif Rebellion while focusing on the actions and changes which occurred within the Legion: the retreat from Xauen, the Alhucemas Bay landings, and the end of the Moroccan War will be given special attention. Also examined is the debate within Spain at the time between the abandonistas and the africanistas both in the Army and the civilian population over the continuation of the Protectorate. Furthermore, the disastrous campaign waged by ineffective generals, who employed outdated tactics and allowed corruption to destroy the Army in the Protectorate from within, will be touched upon. Lastly, the Regulares who joined the Legion as the "spearhead" of the reconquest of the lost territory, will be examined as the cradle of the coterie of generals who saved the second Republic from a Soviet-style revolution in 1934 (Asturias), but rose up against it in 1936 touching off the bloody Spanish Civil War. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-08, Section: A, page: 3268. / Major Professor: Peter P. Garretson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1995.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of History, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-04, Section: A, page: 1490. Adviser: James D. Le Sueur. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed March 22, 2007)."

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p.75-77). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Despite the enormous interest in recent years in the movement to recover the ‘historical memory' of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, the teaching of these contentious and bloody periods of Spanish history has received relatively little attention. This qualitative study, which explores the experiences and perspectives of secondary school teachers of history, aims to address this gap in the literature. To select the participants for this research, I adopted a stratified, multi-stage, purposive approach, sampling by region, city, school and teacher. The sample comprised 24 history teachers from 17 separate secondary schools in the cities of Madrid (Torrejón de Ardoz), Barcelona, Seville and Oviedo. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five history education experts. All interview transcripts were imported into QSR NVivo 9, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis package. The data was then analysed using Framework, a systematic, matrixbased approach to data management and analysis. The research findings build on Kitson and McCully's (2005) work by developing their ‘continuum of risk-taking', which relates to the teaching of controversial issues associated with history in Northern Ireland. An adapted model of risktaking is presented. It helps to explain the challenges and pressures teachers face in the Spanish context by identifying and exploring five distinct approaches to the teaching of the history of the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship: avoiding (‘natural' and ‘reluctant'), containing, risk-taking and activist. The research also highlights teachers' frustration with the dominant narrative presented in textbooks of Spain's ‘exemplary' transition to democracy. In so doing, it points to the danger of retrospective inevitability if the history of the transition is not presented in a nuanced fashion and if the alternatives are not explored. As such, the research constitutes an original contribution to the literature, opening up space for new conversations about the teaching of the history not only of conflict but also of the difficult and often controversial compromises that help to bring about cessations of violence. The study also considers the role of history education in the recovery of historical memory and, more broadly, in contributing to the wider reconciliation of Spanish society. Finally, the thesis highlights implications for curriculum and teacher education policy in Spain and beyond.

This dissertation considers the relationship between religious policy and liberal reform in Italy after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 by examining how the royal and civic administrations in the newly restored kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont grappled with the enforcement of religious policies governing the Jewish corporate community in the 1820s. It argues that modern state formation in Restoration Piedmont was the product of struggles between the state and various corporate interests over the direction and enforcement of Jewish policies designed to expropriate Jewish-owned properties. The failure to implement Jewish policies, including among other laws, prohibitions against property ownership and enforced ghettoization, resulted in as series of legislative debates that eventually culminated in Jewish emancipation by 1848. First, this study considers negotiations between the papacy and the Savoyard state over the forced sale of Jewish-owned property and the secularization of formerly ecclesiastical properties. Related issues discussed include debates surrounding the forced baptism and kidnapping of Jewish children in Genoa, revealing ways in which the church attempted to assert its power in the neo-absolutist state. Second, this dissertation examines processes involved in state-directed ghettoization, demonstrating that "ghetto" policies served as a means to expand Jewish real estate investment in Piedmont rather than confine and restrict Jewish business activities. Jewish family firms emerge as allies of the state as revealed in a case study of the Jewish silk manufacturing firm of David Levi e figli. Evidence relating to the study Jewish-Christian relations in Piedmont include debates over the hiring of female Christian servants in the ghetto and Christian tenants leasing from Jewish landlords suggest that the revival of ancien regime Jewish laws were inapplicable. In the end, by exploring specific patterns within the Jewish legal appeal process and debates that ensued, these research findings provide a new way of modelling the constitutional and institutional transformations that emerged in the Savoyard state as it struggled to establish hegemony in the decades following French Imperial rule.