SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2002 / I have long since been interested in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. I have come to realise that the many British versions need to be balanced by a more Zulu oriented approach. Therefore the purpose of this thesis is to attempt to present a Zulu perspective which I hope will encourage a popular Zulu involvement both in research and tourism. What is prominent in my thinking is bringing to the foreground the lesser known, but nevertheless, significant, coastal campaign of the Zulu War of 1879. As the campaign unfolds I will attempt to see the developments from the Zulu position as they defended their homeland from British aggfe3sion. They, especially the younger warriors, were prepared to die for their King and traditional way of life. They had a proud military tradition and were intent on victory once war broke out on 11th January.

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This thesis traces the reform of civil service through the nineteenth century from the development and growth of the spoils system to the death of William McKinley in 1901.

This dissertation is an account of the response to the needs of the 19th century Afrikaner - for patriotic music and for national anthems, particularly a Transvaal Volkslied. The response came not only from the Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) and the rest of South Africa, but from the whole of the Western world including America and Russia. A corpus of 695 editions of pro-Afrikaner patriotic music has been compiled in Appendices AI and A2, representing around 350 compositions. This large figure shows that with each War of Independence waged by the burgers against Britain (1880-1881 and 1899-1902) there was a surge of music inspired by the Afrikaner cause. In fact, these wars of independence were chronicled in music - perhaps more so than any other war in world history. Attempts by Transvalers, Hollanders and South Africans in general to compose works aspiring to the accolade of Transvaal Volkslied are highlighted in the early chapters of this survey. It is shown how the national anthem of thc Orange Free State ('Heft, Burgers') was the incentive for the Transvaal to find an officially acceptable anthem of its own. Twenty seven early South African and Dutch works, each aimed at becoming a national anthem for the Transvaal, or for the whole of South Africa including the Transvaal, are dealt with. In particular, four compositions by J.S. de Villiers (two settings for "'n Ider nasie', and one each for 'De Vierkleur van ons dierbaar land' and 'Op, Op met de Vierkleur'), one by W.J. van Gorkom ('Een ieder nasie') and one by Catharina van Rees ('Kent gij dat Volk?') are highlighted. Chapter VI deals with 24 colourful patriotic compositions from all over the world. Some, like Les Boers by Jules Mulder, are treated in some detail. These works form a cross-section through 19th century music inspired by the Afrikaner cause. They range from the sad to the satirical, from the furious to the funny, and very few live on to this day - almost all have proved to be musical ephemera. But one song -- 'Kent gij dat volk vol heldemoed?' by the noble Dutch woman Catharina Felicia van Rees - rose above all opposition, and was finally accepted as the official Transvaal Volkslied. It stands supreme as an inspired work. Five chapters of the dissertation are devoted to the birth, lifespan and impact of this song (Chapters VII to XI). These chapters tell of 'Kent gij dat volk?', the song that soared through the world, inspired by the Afrikaner cause and by Pres. Thomas Burgers, created by Van Rees with a great love for the Boer people - inspiring others to such an extent that she and her song became the centre of a veritable cult. A Dutch song and a Dutch woman had become the epitome of the Afrikaner cause. Of the corpus of 695 items in Appendix AI, over 180 are editions and versions of 'Kent gij dat volk? '. These versions and all the music that could be traced during my research are incorporated in Chapter VIII - whether as sheet music or in albums, incorporations or variations, also indicate where she was acknowledged as composer and where not. For the piracy of her song, not only in the Western world but in South Africa as well, caused Catharina van Rees profound sadness. A great deal of confusion surrounded Cato and her song (Chapter X) and she also gave many people a great deal of pleasure (Chapter Xl). With over 180 known editions of the music and at least 35 poems written to this music (Chapter IX) one cannot but realize that here is music indeed. And by means of Appendix A1 one has a composite picture of the musical and emotional milieu into which 'Kent gij dat volk?'was born, gave battle and was victorious. This attempt to lift pro-Afrikaner music and especially the Transvaal Volkslied out of the general musical background, for scrutiny and comparison, has, in my opinion, revealed a wealth of interesting and useful information. And, could well lead to much needed further research into and documentation of Africana music. / Art history, Visual arts & Musicology / M.A. (Musicology)

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Many Deaf people today consider themselves a linguistic minority with a culture distinct from the mainstream hearing society. This is in large part because they communicate through an independent language——American Sign Language (ASL). However, two hundreds years ago, sign language was a “common language” for communication between hearing and deaf people within the institutional framework of “manualism.” Manualism is a pedagogical system of sign language introduced mainly from France in order to buttress the campaign for deaf education in the early-19th-century America. In 1817, a hearing man Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851) and a deaf Frenchman Laurent Clerc (1785-1869) co-founded the first residential school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. These early manualists shaped sign language within the evangelical framework of “moral government.” They believed that the divine origin of signs would lead the spiritual redemption of people who could not hear. Inside manual institutions, the religiously defined practice of signing, which claimed to transform the “heathen deaf” into being the “signing Christian,” enabled the process of assimilation into a shared “signing community.” The rapid expansion of manual institutions hence fostered a strong and separate deaf culture that continues to influence today’s deaf communities in the United States. However, social reformers in the mid-nineteenth century who advocated “oralism” perceived manualism as a threat to social integration. “Oralists” pursued a different model of deaf education in the 1860s, campaigning against sign language and hoping to replace it entirely with the skills in lip-reading and speech. The exploration of this tension leads to important questions: Were people who could not hear “(dis)abled” in the religious context of the early United States? In what ways did the manual institutions train students to become “able-bodied” citizens? How did this religiously framed pedagogy come to terms with the “hearing line” in the mid 19th century? In answering these questions, this dissertation analyzes the early history of manual education in relation to the formation and diffusion of religious governmentality, a topic that continues to influence deaf culture to this day. / published_or_final_version / Modern Languages and Cultures / Master / Master of Philosophy

This study looks at the economic, political and social history of women in the Yoruba area of south-western Nigeria in the 19th century using contemporary sources which have remained previously largely untapped for historical studies of women. The century encompassed many key historical developments which affected women; in particular, the decline of the Atlantic slave trade and the growth of an export trade in locally produced palm oil and kernels. Whereas the slave trade had been dominated by men, the processing, transport and trade of palm produce was dominated by women. The extent, nature and effects of women's role in this and other industries such as pottery manufacture, dyeing and food vending, which also expanded and developed during this period, are examined. As demand for palm produce and other goods increased, the labour of both free-born and slave women became more valuable since it was vital for industry at all stages. The study looks at changing labour demands and sources and alterations in the established pattern of the sexual and generational division of labour. Important changes in gender relations are evident and the study illuminates how tensions between men and women and between women themselves were manifest and how both men and women expressed and dealt with these problems. Economic changes were accompanied by largely internal political developments which favoured a few wealthy women. overall, many men perceived and/or experienced that increasing female autonomy posed a threat to the established patriarchal order. The evidence represented in the thesis clearly shows how men attempted to subordinate women in general, tap into their income and limit their political involvement, mainly through the development of exploitative and restrictive aspects of male-dominated politico-religious cults, which were directed specifically at women.

"This study is interested primarily in the political and economic philosophies which motivated the men who came to power in Texas following the overthrow of the Reconstruction regime, and which dominated the public affairs of the state during those years. It approaches the problem from the viewpoint of the positions of various individuals regarding the more prominent issues of the day, both state and national. The concentrates on the administrations of five governors of Texas and the tenures of five members of Congress. These men are viewed in relation to the times, and Texas is observed in light of its peculiar problems and its relation to the United States as a whole." -- leaf iv.