This dissertation presents a comparative overview of the philosophical reforms in the study of history at the Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Padova and Pavia between 1848 and 1855. The study traces; the work of four German and four Italian historians, and highlights the establishment of the history seminar at the University of Vienna (1850). The founding of the Institute of Austrian History in Vienna (1854--1855), marked the beginning of a specialized study of history in the Habsburg Monarchy. / The philosophical reforms, launched in 1849 by Count Leopold Thun, were successfully implemented in Austria, but faced defiance in the Lombardy-Venetia, where universities were hotbeds of nationalism and insurgency. Nevertheless, the appointment of a Vienna-trained historian at the University of Padova (1855), and the founding of philological-historical seminars at the Universities of Pavia (1856) and Padova (1858), paved the way for the eventual professionalization of the study of history in Italy.

The leather tanning industry of the mid-19th to early 20th Century plays an important role in our social and economic evolution. An abundance of information on the industry can be obtained from historical documentation. However, leather tanning is not well represented in the archaeological record. In order to grasp its cultural implications, the historic tanning industry must be studied within an archaeological context. Interpretations derived from the material culture gained from archaeological excavations can augment the known history of the industry. However, given the current lack of archaeological information, it is difficult to anticipate the types of features that are likely to be encountered on tannery sites. This thesis paper will present a synthesis of historical accounts with what we know from past archaeological investigations resulting in predictive model for future tannery excavations. The model will facilitate the recognition and interpretation of tannery related features. / Department of Anthropology

Isaac J. Barrera, a noted scholar of Ecuadorian literature, succinctly described the nineteenth-century Liberal essayist, Juan Montalvo, in this way. "Two completely different aspects exist in the intellectual personality of Montalvo, that of the elegant, traditional writer ... and that of the terrible polemicist, possessing a scathing pen [and] ignited rage." Indeed, it was Montalvo's "scathing pen" and "ignited rage" combined with his exceptional mastery of the Castillian language which distinguished his writing from that of other Ecuadorian reformers. Yet, the Ecuadorian's insulting polemics and violent rhetoric encouraged and perpetuated an already existing "culture of revolution" in Ecuador. Indeed, the eyes of the country seemed fixed on Montalvo. He was at the center of Ecuadorian political thought and he personified the hope of those of radical opinion. For example, in 1875, after reading The Perpetual Dictator, his polemical pamphlet directed against the tyrannical practices of then Ecuadorian President, Gabriel Garcia Moreno, three of Montalvo's disciples assassinated the Dictator. Montalvo, believing he now had proof of the power of his words, exclaimed, "No doubt my ideas took root; ... it is my pen that killed him."This thesis will examine three aspects of Juan Montalvo and the culture of revolution in Ecuador. The second chapter entitled, "'It is My Pen that Killed Him!': The Assassination of Garcia Moreno," will examine Montalvo's rhetoric of violence and its results. Chapter three, "Montalvo as Icon: Nationalism, Personalism and Rebellion," will explore how a nation's heroes influence the cultural and revolutionary flavor of the particular region or country. The fourth chapter, "Indoctrination of the Innocent: Montalvo in Education," will analyze how the culture of revolution has not only penetrated Ecuadorian education but is perpetuated through the education of the Ecuadorian youth.This investigation will also provide supplemental awareness of Montalvo's general motives as well as a representative sketch of a nineteenth-century, Latin American liberal. An understanding of this Ecuadorian is also necessary for related research regarding other twentieth-century, Spanish speaking authors, such as Miguel Unamuno, for whom Montalvo was an influential figure. Furthermore, a clear assessment of Montalvo, and the forces against which he fought, portrays Latin American authoritarianism and personalism and reflects the social and religious mentality of the Ecuadorian elite and middle class in the nineteenth century. Despite Montalvo's influential position in Ecuador and his worldwide reputation as an opponent of tyranny and defender of liberty, only a few select passages of his writings have been translated into English. Likewise, English language scholarship on Montalvo is sorely lacking; most of the few existing articles are sparse, replete with errors, and tailored to a popular audience. / Department of History

This thesis examines the availability and use of manufactured and imported building materials in southern and central Indiana before 1850. Specifically, it seeks to identify the extent to which materials such as paint, machine-cut nails, window glass and prefabricated sash, architectural hardware, and cast iron stoves were imported into the region from both foreign and domestic sources. It examines the transition from handmade and hand-wrought to standardized, mass-produced, and prefabricated building materials and explores the impact of emerging American consumerism, changing economic policy, and advancements in technology and transportation on the built environment of the Indiana frontier. / Historical context -- Whitewash and paint -- Wrought and cut nails -- Window glass and prefabricated sash -- Architectural hardward -- Cast iron stoves. / Department of Architecture

This thesis deals with the theology and development of the Evangelical Episcopalian movement in nineteenth-century Scotland. Such a study facilitates the construction of a detailed doctrinal and social profile of these Churchmen, hitherto unavailable. In the introduction an extensive investigation is provided, identifying individuals within the group and assessing their numerical strength. Chapter 2 shows the locations of Evangelical Episcopalian churches and suggests reasons for their geographical distribution. Chapter 3 investigates some sermons and writings of various clergy and laypersons, highlighting the doctrinal beliefs of Scottish Evangelical Episcopalians and placing them within the spectrum of Evangelical Anglicanism and showing affinities with Scottish Presbyterianism. Chapter 4 concerns the lifestyle of members of the group, covering areas such as marriage, family, leisure and philanthropy. Chapter 5 provides a numerical analysis of the social make-up of various congregations paying particular attention to the success achieved in reaching the working classes. Chapters 6 and 7 examine the issues faced by Scottish Evangelical Episcopalians in an age of increasing Tractarian and Roman Catholic activity. Topics covered include the theology of baptism and the communion service. The contrast between Evangelical belief and that of orthodox Scottish High Churchmen and Virtualists is clarified. Chapter 8 explains the factors contributing to the secession of D. T. K. Drummond from the Scottish Episcopal Church and the formation of the English Episcopal movement. Further disruptions are discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 provides a detailed analysis of the development and eventual fragmentation of English Episcopalianism. Chapter 11 concludes the thesis with an evaluation of the contribution of English Episcopalianism to the history of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the reasons for its emergence. The thesis thus provides a detailed examination of the motives which drove the adherents of this important facet of nineteenth-century British Evangelicalism.

Bibliography: leaves 373-402 / vi, 402 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Social and Cultural Studies, 1992

No description available.

This thesis examines science's role in the construction of Britain's new Houses of Parliament between 1834 and 1860. Architecturally the Gothic Palace embodies Victorian notions of the medieval and romanticized perceptions of English history. Yet in the mid-nineteenth century, the building not only reflected, but was involved in, the very latest scientific knowledge. This included chemistry, optics, geology, horology, and architecture as a science itself. Science was chosen, performed, trusted, displayed, contested, and debated through the physical space of government. Parliament was a place where science was done. Not only was knowledge imported to guide architectural construction, but it was actively produced within the walls of Britain's new legislature. I argue that this attention to science was not coincidental. Rather, it was a crucial demonstration of the changing relationship between science and politics. Science was increasingly asserted to be a powerful form of knowledge, and to an institution struggling to secure authority in the uncertainty of reformed British politics, it appeared a valuable resource for credibility. Contextualizing the use of science at Parliament in the political instability of the 1830s and 1840s emphasizes how the use of new knowledge was a potent practice of constructing political authority.

No description available.

This dissertation is an account of the response to the needs of the 19th century Afrikaner - for patriotic music and for national anthems, particularly a Transvaal Volkslied. The response came not only from the Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek) and the rest of South Africa, but from the whole of the Western world including America and Russia. A corpus of 695 editions of pro-Afrikaner patriotic music has been compiled in Appendices AI and A2, representing around 350 compositions. This large figure shows that with each War of Independence waged by the burgers against Britain (1880-1881 and 1899-1902) there was a surge of music inspired by the Afrikaner cause. In fact, these wars of independence were chronicled in music - perhaps more so than any other war in world history. Attempts by Transvalers, Hollanders and South Africans in general to compose works aspiring to the accolade of Transvaal Volkslied are highlighted in the early chapters of this survey. It is shown how the national anthem of thc Orange Free State ('Heft, Burgers') was the incentive for the Transvaal to find an officially acceptable anthem of its own. Twenty seven early South African and Dutch works, each aimed at becoming a national anthem for the Transvaal, or for the whole of South Africa including the Transvaal, are dealt with. In particular, four compositions by J.S. de Villiers (two settings for "'n Ider nasie', and one each for 'De Vierkleur van ons dierbaar land' and 'Op, Op met de Vierkleur'), one by W.J. van Gorkom ('Een ieder nasie') and one by Catharina van Rees ('Kent gij dat Volk?') are highlighted. Chapter VI deals with 24 colourful patriotic compositions from all over the world. Some, like Les Boers by Jules Mulder, are treated in some detail. These works form a cross-section through 19th century music inspired by the Afrikaner cause. They range from the sad to the satirical, from the furious to the funny, and very few live on to this day - almost all have proved to be musical ephemera. But one song -- 'Kent gij dat volk vol heldemoed?' by the noble Dutch woman Catharina Felicia van Rees - rose above all opposition, and was finally accepted as the official Transvaal Volkslied. It stands supreme as an inspired work. Five chapters of the dissertation are devoted to the birth, lifespan and impact of this song (Chapters VII to XI). These chapters tell of 'Kent gij dat volk?', the song that soared through the world, inspired by the Afrikaner cause and by Pres. Thomas Burgers, created by Van Rees with a great love for the Boer people - inspiring others to such an extent that she and her song became the centre of a veritable cult. A Dutch song and a Dutch woman had become the epitome of the Afrikaner cause. Of the corpus of 695 items in Appendix AI, over 180 are editions and versions of 'Kent gij dat volk? '. These versions and all the music that could be traced during my research are incorporated in Chapter VIII - whether as sheet music or in albums, incorporations or variations, also indicate where she was acknowledged as composer and where not. For the piracy of her song, not only in the Western world but in South Africa as well, caused Catharina van Rees profound sadness. A great deal of confusion surrounded Cato and her song (Chapter X) and she also gave many people a great deal of pleasure (Chapter Xl). With over 180 known editions of the music and at least 35 poems written to this music (Chapter IX) one cannot but realize that here is music indeed. And by means of Appendix A1 one has a composite picture of the musical and emotional milieu into which 'Kent gij dat volk?'was born, gave battle and was victorious. This attempt to lift pro-Afrikaner music and especially the Transvaal Volkslied out of the general musical background, for scrutiny and comparison, has, in my opinion, revealed a wealth of interesting and useful information. And, could well lead to much needed further research into and documentation of Africana music. / Art history, Visual arts and Musicology / M.A. (Musicology)