<p>A paleodemographic analysis was conducted using skeletal data from J?mon period sites in Japan. 15P5 ratios were produced as proxy birth rate values for sites throughout the J?mon period. Previous studies based on numbers of residential sites indicated a substantial population increase in the Kant? and Ch?bu regions in central Japan, climaxing during the Middle J?mon period, followed by an equally dramatic population decrease, somewhat resembling changes that occurred during a Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT). The J?mon are viewed as a relatively sedentary, non-agricultural group, and provided an opportunity to attempt to separate the factors of sedentism and agriculture as they relate to the NDT. Skeletal data showed fairly stable trends in birth rates, instead of the expected increase and decrease in values. This discrepancy calls into question the validity of previous studies. The stable population levels suggest that sedentism alone was not the primary driver of the NDT.

In the northeastern United States--as elsewhere--an overemphasis on cultural-historical ceramic typologies and ceramic decoration by archaeologists has stymied research along other axes of ceramic variation. For example, little attention has been paid to the sequence of choices made by potters during the production process. The goal of this study is to examine the complex relationships among technical choices, historical context, and society during the Late Woodland period (1000-1600 A.D.) in the middle or Massachusetts portion of the Connecticut Valley. Ceramic assemblages from two New England Algonquian sites and one Mohawk Iroquois site are examined using an attribute analysis of technical choice. The attributes selected for analysis reflect choices made by potters along the production sequence: paste characteristics, vessel morphology, construction techniques, surface treatments, and firing conditions. Differences between Algonquian and Iroquoian ceramic attributes are interpreted as embodiments of profound differences in technical systems, which include intended function, the context and scale of production, and stylistic signaling. Since the two groups were interacting and sharing information during the Late Woodland period, Connecticut Valley Algonquians had access to similar kinds of cultural knowledge and technologies. Nevertheless, rather than becoming sedentary farmers, forming extensive and rigid social structures, and producing large, thin-walled, cooking pots like the Iroquois, Connecticut Valley peoples maintained fluid and mutable subsistence, settlement, and social relationships that are reflected in the their diverse and flexible ceramic traditions. Instead of assuming that New England Algonquians were not as culturally or technologically advanced as the Iroquois, I suggest that they can be understood as active agents of their own social change. As such, they made decisions concerning subsistence, settlement, and social structure. As potters, they made choices in ceramic production that both reflected and affected these decisions.

<p> This research generates an alchemical hermeneutic analysis of four archetypes as found in certain ancient Egyptian texts and the contemporary dream text <i> Heart of the Inner Chamber</i>, the landscape of which is the &ldquo;world&rsquo;s geography of love.&rdquo; As symbols of transformation, these four archetypal energies are essential reagents in the dramatic process of individuation, as understood in the depth psychological tradition. These archetypes are (a) the triptych of disintegration-death-resurrection, (b) the dying heroic masculine, (c) the feminine incorporatio (who incorporates the corrupt and dying heroic masculine into her body), and (d) love as the glutinum mundi (glue of the world). Certain ancient Egyptian ritual and mythic texts describe the sungod Re undergoing a recursive renewal of his life-giving force, which is facilitated by the love and ministrations of particular feminine figures. One such figure is the ancient Egyptian sky goddess Nut, a personification of both realms of heaven and netherworld, who swallows the failing Re at sunset, and in whose body the mysterious processes of his regeneration take place so he may be reborn at dawn. A Nut like figure appears in <i>Heart of the Inner Chamber </i> linking the psyche of the dreamer to symbols of transformation from ancient Egypt. </p><p> As symbols of transformation, love as the glutinum mundi and the feminine incorporatio are not well articulated in the field of depth psychology, and particularly so regarding individuation. This research deepens the articulation of the archetypes of love as the glutinum mundi and the feminine incorporatio. As well the research invites a deeper valuation of a conscious engagement with these symbols of transformation, especially as they may serve us when we find ourselves in those ineffable and inevitable, chaotic, shadowy, and emotionally confounding places of being where we feel that we are dying or dead and hope for the miracle of our transformation and rebirth. </p>

The high degree of correlation existing between the subject matter visually depicted on Early Dynastic Egyptian objects and the year-names represented hieroglyphically on the Palermo Stone--an historical annal from the Fifth Dynasty--suggests that much Early Dynastic imagery was meant to serve as a dating device, a kind of pictorial year-name, based on the important event or events that occurred within the year. The selection of the historic events referred to in these year-names appears to be based on their compatibility with certain festivals associated with the king. These festivals express the theoretical model of kingship and therefore can be used to reconstruct the king's primary roles and responsibilities during the Early Dynastic Period. Such duties include the unification, protection and expansion of the king's realm--both Earthly and Cosmic; the insuring of the irrigation and fertility of the land; the foundation and dedication of important buildings and temples; and the reaffirmation and magical rejuvenation of his primeval powers as expressed in such festivals as the Sed.

Judges 5 contains the Song of Deborah, a hymn celebrating the Israelite victory over Canaanite Hazor. Of the ten tribes called, only five responded. Why did five tribes "remain in the hills"? This thesis proposes Patron-Clientism as a socio-economic model for explaining this breach in Israelite solidarity. Patron-Clientism stresses that social ties must exist between non-cognate societies before economic exchange can occur. All five aberrant tribes had all migrated out from the central highlands into regions which were geographically and demographically hostile. These tribes found themselves residing as aliens within areas of Canaanite dominance. However, through fictive and sacral kinship the northern and trans-Jordan tribes had established the social matrices necessary to protect themselves against social and economic exploitation among their stronger Phoenician and Canaanite neighbors. These "border tribes" farthest from the Israelite central tribes could now enjoy economic benefits from their non-Israelite patrons. But these same tribes had also maintained social ties with their Israelite kin. When the war with Hazor began, these five tribes faced polarized obligations to both Israelite and Canaanite patrons. Unable to satisfy duties to both patrons, these tribes chose neutrality. This choice protected them from immediate reprisals, but consequences to their dichotomous Patron-Clientism would continue well into the Monarchic Period. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-08, Section: A, page: 3162. / Major Professor: John Priest. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1993.

In this dissertation the complex problems surrounding the origins and subsequent development of the Etruscan temple are investigated. Emphasis is placed on the temples located in the area of Etruria proper (i.e., the land bounded by the rivers Arno and Tiber to the north, east and south and by the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west). Those temples located outside this region but situated in a city inhabited primarily by a population that was ethnically Etruscan (e.g., Marzabotto) are also emphasized. / The first three chapters form a survey of the twelve Etruscan temples that are well enough preserved to be analyzed and theoretically reconstructed. In order to more easily understand the development of this building type, the temples in the survey are presented in chronological order. Chapter One includes the temples of the Archaic period, Chapter Two includes temples of the Classical period, and Chapter Three included those of the Hellenistic period. With each temple a history of the excavations, a general description of the sanctuary, a detailed account of the structural remains and a theoretical reconstruction are provided. / Chapter Four deals with the origins of the Etruscan temple. In this section it is demonstrated that, rather than the Etruscan temple appearing as the result of a slow evolution based on Etruscan domestic architecture (as has been previously argued), the temple emerged suddenly in a highly developed form based principally on foreign architectural concepts as well as indigenous building traditions. Greek influence is recognized in the form of the peripteral and distyle in-antis plans. In addition, the relationship between the temples in Etruria and the Etrusco-Latin Capitoline Temple in Rome is considered. / Chapter Five concerns the development of the Etruscan temple. Although the primary evidence of the actual structural remains is mainly used to trace this development, secondary evidence, such as ancient literary sources, votive models and tombs, are employed as well. It is shown that the Etruscans basically used two different designs when constructing temples. It is also demonstrated that throughout the development remarkably consistent patterns emerged. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 50-10, Section: A, page: 3093. / Major Professor: Nancy de Grummond. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1989.

This dissertation, a translation and commentary on Jerome's continuation of Eusebius' Chronicon, makes this work available in English for the first time (in Chapter 2). The Introduction (Chapter 1) and Commentary (Chapter 3) will provide the student of the fourth century A.D. with references to the chief primary sources and secondary literature for the following: the nature of the Chronicon and Jerome's authorship, Jerome's interests and his sources, and finally, the persons and events listed in the Chronicon's notices. / Jerome's Chronicon is important in several ways. It is the earliest preserved Christian history in Latin; it is an aid for the establishment of the chronology of the fourth century A.D.; it provides some data found in no other extant sources; and finally, it is one of the means by which the Chronicon of Eusebius has been preserved. / The bibliography is divided into "Ancient Works" and "Modern Works." Appendix A reproduces R. Helm's text for the "continuation" portion of Jerome's work. Appendix B lists the subjects treated in the work with the pertinent notices and their precise topics; this appendix should thus enable the student to refer quickly and easily to all of the material relevant to a given subject. Appendix C points to suggested uses of his sources by Jerome and also lists his apparent original contributions. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-04, Section: A, page: 1305. / Major Professor: David Levenson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1991.

My study examines a category of data--the logistics of classical Greek warfare--that has not been used before for ancient Greek economic history. This examination provides much new evidence for Greek economies in the fifth and fourth centuries. Close readings of contemporary literary evidence--especially Thucydides--shows that classical Greek amphibious and naval expeditions military forces always acquired their food from markets provided to them by cities and traders. A systematic comparative analysis confirms this conclusion by demonstrating that the economic and politico-social structures of classical Greek states meant that the market was the only institutional mechanism available to them to feed their navies and amphibious forces--in contrast to other European and near Eastern pre-industrial states which could use mechanisms such as requisitioning and taxation-in-kind to acquire provisions to supply their military forces. I then produce estimates of the amounts of food purchased by classical Greek military forces in the markets provided to them by cities and traders by combining data on standard daily rations (from contemporary literary and epigraphical sources) and caloric requirements (established from an analysis of classical Greek skeletal material and WHO/FAO research data) with the relatively precise figures we have in contemporary historians for army and navy sizes and lengths of campaigns. These calculations provide many more figures for trade in grain and other foods in the classical period than we currently possess, and figures that are mostly much greater in scale. The analysis of the provisioning of Greek overseas warfare provides, then--for the first time--evidence for a regular and large-scale seaborne trade of grain in the classical Greek Mediterranean; it shows a world where the development of marketing structures and networks of merchants was sufficiently strong to permit tens of thousands of men to get their food through markets for years at a time. Demonstrating the existence of a regular and substantial overseas trade in grain in the fifth and fourth centuries is crucially important for a wider understanding of classical Greek economies because the existence of such a trade made possible increased urbanization and specialization of labor, and itself could only have been made possible by sizeable reductions in transactions costs for maritime commerce: it therefore provides evidence for the foundations of economic growth in classical Greece.

This dissertation applies the principles of fiscal dissertation to the study of the Roman Republic. I argue that the creation of a profitable empire allowed the ruling elite to end their reliance on domestic taxation to fund state activity, and that Rome's untaxed citizens were effectively disenfranchised as a result. They therefore lacked the bargaining power to prevent aristocrats from enriching themselves at the expense of the state. The result was a set of leading individuals whose resources could overwhelm those of communal, public institutions. This wealth allowed them to control the distribution of economic resources within Roman society, reinforcing hierarchies and forcing less fortunate citizens to tie themselves to patronage networks instead of state institutions. This state, unable to command the respect of its constituents, was eventually picked off in the competition between great individuals.

The Romans had a term for public health, salus publica, which was frequently invoked in a political context, but the concept is rarely discussed in historical studies of Roman political ideology, medicine, or infrastructure. This dissertation offers a diachronic analysis of the development of the term from the middle Republic to the beginning of the third century CE using four case studies: Senatorial responses to epidemic disease, the construction of aqueducts, the state recognition of medical authorities, and the healthcare of the military. While medical theory and hydraulic technology are relevant throughout, in each case changes in the abstract and concrete meaning of salus publica are more closely tied to broader political and social changes including the expansion of the empire, the self-presentation of the emperor, and the role of the individual citizen in the Roman state.