Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:59:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 4.pdf: 5723069 bytes, checksum: a42f5b1e1ff815baaabeac5a56ecb277 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparado das instituições, dos saberes e das práticas médicas em Portugal e no Brasil na primeira metade do século XIX. Em Portugal, selecionamos como locus de investigação o Hospital São José, em Lisboa; e no Brasil, o Hospital São Cristóvão, localizado em Salvador - Bahia. Identificamos quais as ferramentas intelectuais utilizadas pelos médicos e cirurgiões para explicar e tratar dos doentes e seus males, questionando a visão corrente da historiografia acerca do atraso da medicina luso-brasileira, neste período; quando e por que estes hospitais, que nasceram associados à caridade e foram administrados pela Irmandade da Misericórdia, se transformaram em espaços de cura; e qual o perfil das populações que construíram o cotidiano destes nosocômios.(AU) / The main subject of the present work was to carry out a comparative study of institutions, medical knowledge and medical practices in Portugal and Brazil, in the first half of the nineteenth century. In Portugal, we selected as research focus the Hospital São José, in Lisbon; in Brazil, we chose the Hospital São Cristóvão, located in Salvador, Bahia. We found the intellectual tools that had been used by physicians and surgeons to explain and to treat sick people and their illnesses, and we questioned the current historiography vision about the “underdevelopment” the Portuguese and Brazilian medicines. We studied also when and why these Hospitals, who were associated to charity when they had been created, became cure spaces, and we described the people who had built the everyday life of the hospitals.

This thesis examines the construction of cancerous disease in medical and literary texts from 1580 to 1720. I contend that previous readings, which have viewed ‘cancer’ and ‘canker’ as words designating a wide variety of ulcerative diseases, are incomplete. Though terminology for the disease is sometimes challenging, I argue that early modern people clearly understood cancer as a pathologically unique disease, which was both fascinating and fearsome. Cancer was believed to be caused by surfeit of the melancholy and choleric humours. In part because of this aetiology, it was strongly associated with women. At the same time, however, medical and literary writers spoke of cancer in zoomorphic terms, and constructed the disease as deliberately cruel and intractable. Viewed alongside cancer’s famously morbid effects upon the body, this duality made cancer a powerful (and as yet unstudied) analogy for traitorous and malignant influences in the social and politic body. In turn, rhetorical uses of ‘cancer’ influenced how the disease was presented in medical and scientific writing. Cancer’s seeming hostility to the body also encouraged medical practitioners to develop, and patients to demand, treatments for the malady which trod a thin line between healing and hurting. Physicians, apothecaries and irregular practitioners administered increasingly potent pharmaceuticals, which moved away from traditional methods of redressing an individual’s unbalanced humours, and instead emphasised the importance of ‘defeating’ this enemy, even at great physical and emotional cost to the patient. Even more hazardously, surgeons carried out invasive and dangerous cancer operations, which could save lives, but which equally provoked angry debate over moral responsibility in the crowded medical marketplace.

archives@tulane.edu / 1 / Elena Llinas

The thesis explores the intersection between medicine and religion in the context of colonisation in Korea in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. I will focus on the work of medical missionaries from Europe and North America that pursued perfect cleanliness in body, mind and society, including total abstinence and spiritual cleanliness, by spreading biomedical concept of hygiene. One of the points that I will articulate is the ways in which medicine as a colonising force in its own right worked in the mission field to produce 'the docile bodies of people' in the Foucauldian sense. I will argue that what mission medicine in Korea utilised and relied on for its work was a new concept of cleanliness based on biomedical knowledge, the germ theory, rather than the power of colonisation. It was because mission medicine in Korea often worked without collaborating with direct colonial powers. In this sense, Protestant Christianity and biomedicine shared a common foundation in 'cleanliness.' Consequently, I will try to emphasise the multi-dimensional and multi-directional role of the use of cleanliness as an efficacious tool for control of the body. In relation to the historiography of medicine in Korea, I will argue that Confucianism served the social and cultural control of bodies as a medicalised form and that Christianity tried to replace it by providing new knowledge concerning body, disease, health, and cleanliness. In the same respect, I will explore the historical relationship between the germ theory and missionary medicine in Korea. The germ theories of disease were not simply a new etiology but also an effective cultural implement to change people's lives. Thus, the theories did not simply remain in the realm of medicine but were introduced, disseminated, and applied to all matters relating to the body, including its mental and spiritual aspects, through the concept of cleanliness.

Polio epidemics appeared in Sweden in 1881 and at the turn of the 20th century the disease became an annual feature in the epidemiological pattern. Due to vaccination starting in 1957 epidemics ceased to exist in Sweden around 1965. This thesis deals with the history polio epidemics in Sweden, 1880-1965 and studies the demographical influence of polio, how the medical authorities investigated and tried to combat it, and the care of those who contracted the disease. A study of polio mortality and incidence in Sweden at the national level during 1905-1962 reveals that the disease caused 6,000 deaths out of the 51,000 cases reported. At the beginning of the 20th century polio primarily attacked children up to 10 years of age. At the end of the period victims were represented in all age groups, but mainly in the ages 15-39. Moreover, a regional incidence study shows considerable regional differences. Sweden and the USA developed different ways of investigating and explaining the causes of polio thinking that led to diverse preventive measures. Moreover, in the 1950’s Sweden developed its own vaccine, different in choice of methods and materials from the widely used Salk-vaccine. When polio was classified as an epidemic in 1905, those infected by polio were usually taken to an isolation hospital. These hospitals were owned and financed by the state. The aftercare of polio victims was organized by philanthropist organizations. Polio was associated with dirt and unhygienic circumstances until the 1950’s when the theory of polio epidemics as a backlash of good hygiene and sanitary standards was established. The theory is built upon the correlation between neonatal mortality and polio incidence. However, correlation analysis at the regional level reveals no significant relationship between these variables. In Sweden, the hygienic movement had been very influential, and this study suggests that the theory quickly was accepted, because it explained why Sweden could be hit by epidemics and still be considered a welfare state with good hygienic and sanitary standards. / digitalisering@umu

O tema dessa Tese são as drogas que hoje são consideradas ilícitas e os processos sociais, culturais, políticos e econômicos que levaram ao proibicionismo. Partindo de uma revisão historiográfica e de um conjunto variado de fontes médicas, jurídicas, jornalística, literária e iconográfica foram reconstruídos os principais marcos da história da proibição das drogas no Brasil. A análise desse material mostrou que, mesmo estando em uma posição periférica do mercado mundial, o Brasil participou do fenômeno conhecido como revolução psicoativa. A maior disponibilidade de fármacos levou a uma difusão dos antálgicos, fato que foi combatido pela classe médica oficial. Ocorreram intercâmbios entre as concepções oficiais e as práticas populares graças à difusão das artes de formular e dos medicamentos de fórmula secretas. As drogas, apesar da crescente restrição, permaneceram como recursos terapêuticos utilizados durante toda a primeira metade do século XX. O Brasil apresentou uma política proibicionista autóctone, que dialogou com o contexto internacional plural de ascensão das políticas restritivas. A reconstituição das políticas sobre drogas mostrou as variações de objetivos existentes ao longo da história, questionando a visão unilateralista que percebe as leis sobre esse tema como uma única política que se perpetua ao longo de mais de cem anos em uma ascensão punitivista. / The themes of this thesis are the illicit drugs and the social, cultural, political and economic factors that resulted in prohibition. From a historiographical review and a varied set of sources - medical, legal, journalistic, literary and iconographic - this work rebuilds the main boundaries in the history of drug prohibition in Brazil. The analysis of this material showed that this country participated in the phenomenon known as psychoactive revolution despite being in a peripheral position in the world market. The greater availability of drugs has led to diffusion of analgesics. The official medical profession was against the popularization. There have been exchanges between official conceptions and popular practices through the dissemination of the pharmaceutical formulation and Patent Medicine. The drugs remain as therapeutic resources used during the first half of the twentieth century despite growing restrictions. Brazil presented autochthonous prohibitionist policy that dialogue with the plural international context of the rise of restrictive policies. The reconstitution of the drug policy showed variations of existent objectives throughout history with questioning of the unilateralist vision about increasing punishment law.

Folded almanacs are fascinating manuscripts that display astrological content relevant to the practice of medicine. However, due to the lack of primary evidence demonstrating the almanac in practice, it is difficult to ascertain their actual use. Medieval Scholars have therefore concentrated on the almanac's sources, materiality and contextual evidence of apparent medical purpose. My thesis examines the metaphysical principles within the folded almanac, which exemplify the micro/macrocosm inherent in medieval astro-medicine. I argue that the folded almanac, as a material object and compilation of medical knowledge, situates the physician, patient and constellations within metaphysical ideas of body, time and space. Using the yet unstudied folded almanac from the National Library of Scotland, Acc 12059.3 (the Borthwick almanac) as a primary model, I demonstrate how this physical object, in dealing with the corporeal body, exhibits the unity of body, time and space. This approach reveals that the folded almanac (1) is a performative object that establishes medical authority, (2) tracks the progress of health and illness using Aristotelian and Thomist concepts of time, (3) maps the intersection of celestial and human bodies onto practical textual spaces. The culmination of these findings illustrates that the folded almanac engaged with a very technical but abstract branch of medieval medicine which sought to explain how, why, when and where illness was manifested, and also operated as an interventional tool for aiding in the restoration of health.

During the last thirty years, millions of Americans have come into contact with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), if not through their own diagnosis or the diagnosis of a friend or family member, then through the perennial and occasionally passionate debate this behavioral disorder has inspired in U.S. popular culture since its inauguration in 1980. The competing claims of this debate are many and varied, and they revolve around a number of subtle distinctions that have emerged from diverse discourses and institutional histories. It is among the aims of this project to excavate and clarify these multiple, often contradictory and disjunctive claims by resituating them within their disparate (indeed, still emerging) rhetorical and historical contexts. The central questions animating this debate tend to advocate for one position or another, within the limitations of a single field and its defining questions, making it nearly impossible to gain a balanced or nuanced understanding of ADHD. Moreover, dominant accounts fail to consider the diagnosis within a wider socio-cultural and historical context. This project therefore analyzes this under-theorized behavioral disorder from a rhetorical and cultural perspective. In doing so, it aims to go further than other critiques or defenses of the diagnosis and its chemical therapies. It does so by bringing discourse analysis to bear on ADHD, thereby illuminating how this assemblage of rhetorics and questions - centered as they are on the Mind/Body continuum - constitute what Michel Foucault refers to as biopower - or a process of social control exercised on and through the technological manipulation of life itself. Considering it from such a perspective will allow us to situate ADHD within modern debates over the definition of consciousness, a debate that is inseparable from the history of technology and the technological systems in which minds and bodies are thoroughly implicated. This dissertation demonstrates that a biopolitics of consciousness structures the emergence of and the debate surrounding ADHD and the administration of stimulant drugs for the purpose of managing attensity.

My thesis is a historical and cultural study of how the womb was visualized in Britain circa 1660-1775 as well as during the twenty-first century. Prior to the late seventeenth century, the womb was frequently explained as an occult phenomenon, which is to say, as an enigmatic object with inexplicable powers. Because of the social significance and personal investment involved with reproduction, the womb was continually the subject of speculation and conjecture. Additionally, the womb was considered as crucially influencing female well-being, psychology, and sexuality. Following the prerogative of late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century empiricism and human science, the womb was increasingly the subject of inquiry, especially as it had been long perceived an occluded phenomenon that had been rarely examined or described visually. The progression of the visualization of the womb during the late seventeenth and eighteenth century incorporated and instituted certain features in the visual illustrations that continue to act as precedents for medical scientific uterine imaging today.<p> Having traced the dissolution and influence of earlier occultist beliefs about the womb, I found that a regular set of metaphors were used in explaining the womb during the eighteenth century. These metaphors provided conceptual themes for the anatomical illustrations of the womb that were contemporaneously produced. One such metaphorical understanding was the brain-womb, wherein the brain and the womb were commonly analogized through both literary tropes and medical pathologies. An overarching concept that directed how the womb was understood was the perception that the womb was an autonomous entity within the female body. This precept allowed that the womb could perform various, often malignant, activities that vitally altered the female constitution. The visual images created for anatomical and medical treatises responded to these metaphors and conceptualizations, responses which markedly altered how the womb, reproduction, and the female body were understood. My final consideration relates these metaphorical and conceptual features of eighteenth-century visualizations of the womb to modern-day uterine imaging. Although optical technology has vastly changed between these two eras, many features and conceptualizations have carried forward, crucially informing how we now perceive the uterus.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Leipzig, 1914. / The book is primarily in German, with some parts in Latin. The prototype of the Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum was probably a pseudo-Aristotelian epistle to Alexander the Great (De regimine sanitatis), latinized by John of Toledo (Joannes Hispanus) about 1130.--Garrison's History of medicine, 4th ed. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-65).