Com o estabelecimento do Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil (CAU/BR), no final de 2011, a categoria profissional dos Arquitetos e Urbanistas conquistou a formação de seu órgão regulador, voltado somente a esse profissional. Diante de tal fato, a necessidade de formulação e implantação de um novo Código de Ética e Disciplina para a profissão, junto com seus procedimentos disciplinares tornou-se evidente. Com isso, a tese buscou, primeiramente, acompanhar e registrar o processo de elaboração do Código, ressaltando a metodologia utilizada e destacando as principais discussões que envolveram a consolidação do texto final do primeiro Código de Ética e Disciplina voltado somente aos profissionais de arquitetura e urbanismo no Brasil. Tal investigação não só possibilitou o levantamento das principais discussões voltadas à estrutura do texto do Código, como também, as discussões que envolveram os conflitos predominantes que ocorriam na prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista naquele momento. Em seguida a tese se concentrou na demonstração do levantamento e classificação das decisões publicadas pelos CAU/UF da Região Sudeste referente às sanções aplicadas às infrações ocorridas às regras do Código a partir de sua implementação no início de 2014 até o final de 2017, procurando destacar quais infrações se apresentarem recorrentes. Ainda, com a intenção de fornecer uma descrição do processo histórico do desenvolvimento da profissão do arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil, enfocado na evolução de seu comportamento profissional baseado nos códigos de conduta estabelecidos pelos órgãos reguladores, seguiu-se a elaboração de um estudo comparativo dos resultados alcançados no decorrer das investigações colocadas acima, com os resultados obtidos em pesquisa anterior, no período em que a classe profissional se encontrava sob vigência do então Código de Ética do Sistema CONFEA/CREA. / With the establishment of the Architecture and Urban Design Council of Brazil (CAU/BR), by the end of 2011, the professional category of architects and urban designers attained the formation of its regulatory entity, exclusively dedicated to its professionals. Therefore, the need to formulate and implement a new Code of Ethics and Discipline for the profession, along with its disciplinary procedures became evident. With that in mind, the thesis aimed, in the first place, to follow and record the elaboration process of the Code, explaining its methodology and highlighting the main discussions that took place to achieve the consolidation of its final draft, with the first Code of Ethics dedicated solely to the field of Architecture and Urban Design in Brazil. The research made possible the survey of the main topics regarding the Code contents structure, and also, discussions that encompassed the predominant conflicts that occurred within the professional practice of Architecture and Urban Design at that time. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the demonstration of the survey and classification of the decisions published by CAU/UF1, from the southeast region, concerning the applied sanctions regarding infractions committed against the Code after its implementation in the beginning of 2014, until the end of 2017, seeking to highlight the more recurrent ones. With the intention to provide a description of the historical process of the development of the profession of Architect and Urban Designer in Brazil, focused on the evolution of its professional behavior, based on the Conduct Codes established by the regulatory entities, the next step was the elaboration of a comparative study of the obtained results during the investigations mentioned above, containing the data of a previous research, conducted in a period in which the professional category was still under the regulation of the past Code of Ethics, under the CONFEA/CREA System.

Com o estabelecimento do Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil (CAU/BR), no final de 2011, a categoria profissional dos Arquitetos e Urbanistas conquistou a formação de seu órgão regulador, voltado somente a esse profissional. Diante de tal fato, a necessidade de formulação e implantação de um novo Código de Ética e Disciplina para a profissão, junto com seus procedimentos disciplinares tornou-se evidente. Com isso, a tese buscou, primeiramente, acompanhar e registrar o processo de elaboração do Código, ressaltando a metodologia utilizada e destacando as principais discussões que envolveram a consolidação do texto final do primeiro Código de Ética e Disciplina voltado somente aos profissionais de arquitetura e urbanismo no Brasil. Tal investigação não só possibilitou o levantamento das principais discussões voltadas à estrutura do texto do Código, como também, as discussões que envolveram os conflitos predominantes que ocorriam na prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista naquele momento. Em seguida a tese se concentrou na demonstração do levantamento e classificação das decisões publicadas pelos CAU/UF da Região Sudeste referente às sanções aplicadas às infrações ocorridas às regras do Código a partir de sua implementação no início de 2014 até o final de 2017, procurando destacar quais infrações se apresentarem recorrentes. Ainda, com a intenção de fornecer uma descrição do processo histórico do desenvolvimento da profissão do arquiteto e urbanista no Brasil, enfocado na evolução de seu comportamento profissional baseado nos códigos de conduta estabelecidos pelos órgãos reguladores, seguiu-se a elaboração de um estudo comparativo dos resultados alcançados no decorrer das investigações colocadas acima, com os resultados obtidos em pesquisa anterior, no período em que a classe profissional se encontrava sob vigência do então Código de Ética do Sistema CONFEA/CREA. / With the establishment of the Architecture and Urban Design Council of Brazil (CAU/BR), by the end of 2011, the professional category of architects and urban designers attained the formation of its regulatory entity, exclusively dedicated to its professionals. Therefore, the need to formulate and implement a new Code of Ethics and Discipline for the profession, along with its disciplinary procedures became evident. With that in mind, the thesis aimed, in the first place, to follow and record the elaboration process of the Code, explaining its methodology and highlighting the main discussions that took place to achieve the consolidation of its final draft, with the first Code of Ethics dedicated solely to the field of Architecture and Urban Design in Brazil. The research made possible the survey of the main topics regarding the Code contents structure, and also, discussions that encompassed the predominant conflicts that occurred within the professional practice of Architecture and Urban Design at that time. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the demonstration of the survey and classification of the decisions published by CAU/UF1, from the southeast region, concerning the applied sanctions regarding infractions committed against the Code after its implementation in the beginning of 2014, until the end of 2017, seeking to highlight the more recurrent ones. With the intention to provide a description of the historical process of the development of the profession of Architect and Urban Designer in Brazil, focused on the evolution of its professional behavior, based on the Conduct Codes established by the regulatory entities, the next step was the elaboration of a comparative study of the obtained results during the investigations mentioned above, containing the data of a previous research, conducted in a period in which the professional category was still under the regulation of the past Code of Ethics, under the CONFEA/CREA System.

Provincial town clerks and scriveners have hitherto been a neglected subject in the historiography of the legal profession, yet as this thesis demonstrates, they contributed significantly to medieval England’s legal and scribal culture. Arguing for a new definition of scriveners based on their legal and linguistic literacy, this fresh interpretation differentiates between scriveners, notaries, generic clerks and lawyers and modifies the existing tendency towards classifying scriveners purely on the basis of the work they did and the legal instruments they produced. The study not only rectifies a gap in our knowledge, but reconceptualises our understanding of the lower echelons of the legal profession by examining the work that scriveners did and the role that they played in the local legal administration of medieval England, and by extension, the ways in which they facilitated access to justice on several levels. Focussing primarily on Exeter, Bristol, Bridgwater and Southampton, this research for the first time reveals the identities of some of the many scriveners who worked outside of London and evaluates their activities in provincial England. In order to achieve this, the thesis considers the extent to which scriveners were an integral part of an urban legal service as members of the provincial secretariat. Underpinning the theoretical framework of this thesis are themes such as literacy, clerical identity and professionalization – all of which are examined through the prism of law, languages and access to justice. Grounded in a palaeographic and diplomatic approach to the manuscript sources, this research has yielded some surprising results regarding the essential role of provincial scriveners within the legal, political and administrative landscape of medieval England. Fundamentally, this thesis offers a new vision of provincial English scriveners and the influence of their work. Set against the backdrop of an increasingly ‘professional’ legal profession, the importance of provincial scriveners as the keepers and creators of legal memory is highlighted along with the impact that this had on the wider legal community of medieval England.

The dissertation examines the central judicial institution of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the Supreme Tribunal and its functioning in the latter half of the 18th century. The choice of the investigated period was determined by the most significant judicial reforms carried out from 1764 to 1792 and in 1793. The present work, with reference to the concept of “efficient practice” and data of the research on modern legal theory and practice, adopts a comprehensive approach towards the administration of justice in the society of modern times. It analyses the most important factors determening the court’s activity: court’s competence, composition, judicial process and practical organization of its work. The compositional aspect of the court is analysed through the lenses of the formation of legal profession, therefore the aim was not only to evaluate all the normative acts defining responsibilities and functions of judges, chancellery clerks, advocates, procurators, court prosecutors but also to compile a comprehensive list of them. The dynamics of the court’s work was determined by calculating the number of lawsuits filed, number of cases that were solved and the ones left unsolved as well as the average time it took to settle lawsuits that were recorded in each register. At the end there are highlighted the problems encountered by the lower order courts that influenced the Tribunal’s workload. There is also given the analysis of some examples of how outsiders impacted the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje yra nagrinėjama centrinės LDK teismo institucijos – Vyriausiojo Tribunolo ir jo funkcionavimo XVIII a. II pusėje istorija. Tiriamą laikotarpį įrėmina svarbiausios teismo reformos, vykusios 1764 ir 1792 bei 1793 m. Darbe, remiantis ,,efektyvios teismų veiklos“ konceptu, šuolaikinės teisės teorijos ir praktikos tyrimų rezultatais, realizuojama kompleksiška prieiga prie teisingumo vykdymo naujųjų laikų visuomenėje tyrimo problematikos. Analizuojami svarbiausiais teismo veiklos determinantais laikomi faktoriai: teismo kompetencija, sudėtis, teismo procesas ir praktinis darbo organizavimas. Teismo sudėties aspektas analizuotas per teisininko profesijos formavimosi problemą, todėl siekta ne tik įvertinti teisėjų, kancelarijos darbuotojų, advokatų, agentų ir instigatorių pareigas bei funkcijas apibrėžusių normatyvinių aktų visumą, bet ir sudaryti šių asmenų sąrašus. Teismo darbo dinamika buvo nustatoma apskaičiuojant teismui teiktų ieškinių, teismo spręstų ir paliktų neišspręstų bylų skaičius bei vidutinį į kiekvieną registrų knygą įrašytų ieškinių išnagrinėjimo laiką. Pabaigoje dar buvo išryškintos pirmosios instancijos teismų veiklos problemos, dariusios įtaką Tribunolo darbo krūviui, taip pat analizuoti kai kurie pašalinių asmenų poveikio teismo priimamų sprendimų turiniui pavyzdžiai ir bajoriškosios sąmonės apraškas atskleidžiantys epizodai.

Disertacijoje yra nagrinėjama centrinės LDK teismo institucijos – Vyriausiojo Tribunolo ir jo funkcionavimo XVIII a. II pusėje istorija. Tiriamą laikotarpį įrėmina svarbiausios teismo reformos, vykusios 1764 ir 1792 bei 1793 m. Darbe, remiantis ,,efektyvios teismų veiklos“ konceptu, šuolaikinės teisės teorijos ir praktikos tyrimų rezultatais, realizuojama kompleksiška prieiga prie teisingumo vykdymo naujųjų laikų visuomenėje tyrimo problematikos. Analizuojami svarbiausiais teismo veiklos determinantais laikomi faktoriai: teismo kompetencija, sudėtis, teismo procesas ir praktinis darbo organizavimas. Teismo sudėties aspektas analizuotas per teisininko profesijos formavimosi problemą, todėl siekta ne tik įvertinti teisėjų, kancelarijos darbuotojų, advokatų, agentų ir instigatorių pareigas bei funkcijas apibrėžusių normatyvinių aktų visumą, bet ir sudaryti šių asmenų sąrašus. Teismo darbo dinamika buvo nustatoma apskaičiuojant teismui teiktų ieškinių, teismo spręstų ir paliktų neišspręstų bylų skaičius bei vidutinį į kiekvieną registrų knygą įrašytų ieškinių išnagrinėjimo laiką. Pabaigoje dar buvo išryškintos pirmosios instancijos teismų veiklos problemos, dariusios įtaką Tribunolo darbo krūviui, taip pat analizuoti kai kurie pašalinių asmenų poveikio teismo priimamų sprendimų turiniui pavyzdžiai ir bajoriškosios sąmonės apraškas atskleidžiantys epizodai. / The dissertation examines the central judicial institution of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the Supreme Tribunal and its functioning in the latter half of the 18th century. The choice of the investigated period was determined by the most significant judicial reforms carried out from 1764 to 1792 and in 1793. The present work, with reference to the concept of “efficient practice” and data of the research on modern legal theory and practice, adopts a comprehensive approach towards the administration of justice in the society of modern times. It analyses the most important factors determening the court’s activity: court’s competence, composition, judicial process and practical organization of its work. The compositional aspect of the court is analysed through the lenses of the formation of legal profession, therefore the aim was not only to evaluate all the normative acts defining responsibilities and functions of judges, chancellery clerks, advocates, procurators, court prosecutors but also to compile a comprehensive list of them. The dynamics of the court’s work was determined by calculating the number of lawsuits filed, number of cases that were solved and the ones left unsolved as well as the average time it took to settle lawsuits that were recorded in each register. At the end there are highlighted the problems encountered by the lower order courts that influenced the Tribunal’s workload. There is also given the analysis of some examples of how outsiders impacted the... [to full text]

Notre étude s’intéresse à l’agence André entre 1929 et 1973, période d’activité des frères Jacques et Michel André, architecte et ingénieur. Nous interrogeons leur production dans son contexte spatial et historique, à la lumière des notions de filiations et de réseaux. Issus d’une importante dynastie d’architectes en Lorraine, ils bénéficient d’un héritage à la fois matériel et intellectuel. Cet ancrage, soutenu par la foisonnante École de Nancy du début du siècle, favorise les réseaux de proximité comme les échanges culturels internationaux. Les frères André prolongent ce dynamisme critique en s’impliquant dans le Comité Nancy-Paris,l’Union des artistes modernes et la revue L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui. Dans l’Entre-deux guerres,ils sont les premiers architectes à collaborer durablement avec Jean Prouvé, avant d’associer à l’agence Claude, le fils de ce dernier, dans les années 1960. Proche des entrepreneurs locaux, les deux frères questionnent la valeur constructive de l’architecture :ils s’attachent à atteindre la perfection technique et expérimentent les matériaux. Cette recherche traverse leur production, depuis leur première grande réalisation, l’Institut de zoologie, inspiré par les procédés de Frank Lloyd Wright, jusqu’au musée de l’Histoire du fer,symbole de gloire industrielle régionale. Tandis que les années 1930 constituent une période d’intense créativité, l’agence développe après-guerre les outils nécessaires pour faire face à une commande massive, notamment postale, et se met en quête de productivité. L’agence des frères André constitue ainsi un témoin privilégié des bouleversements de la production architecturale au cours du XXème siècle. / Our study focuses on the André agency between 1929 and 1973, period of activity of thebrothers Jacques and Michel André, architect and engineer. We question their production inits spatial and historical context, in the light of the notions of filiation and networks. Comingfrom a large dynasty of architects in Lorraine, they benefit from both material and intellectuallegacy. This rooting, supported by the teeming École de Nancy in the early century,promotes close networks as well as international cultural exchanges. The André brothersextend this critical dynamic by getting involved in the Comité Nancy-Paris, the Union desartistes modernes (UAM) and the L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui magazine. During the Interwarperiod, they were the first architects to work sustainably with Jean Prouvé, before associatingClaude, the son of the later, to the agency in the 1960s. Close to local building contractors,the two brothers question the constructive value of architecture: they focus on reaching ontechnical perfection and experimentation on materials. This research goes through theirproduction, since their first major achievement, the Institute of Zoology, inspired by FrankLloyd Wright’s processes, to the museum of iron history, symbol of the region's industrialglory. While the 1930s are a period of creativity, the agency develops postwar the toolsneeded to face intense order, in particular postal, and shifts toward a quest for productivity.The André agency thus constitutes a privileged witness to the upheavals of architecturalproduction during the 20th century.