<p>The aim of this study was to examine how Tanzanian HIV-positive women experience their socioeconomic situation. Semistructured interviews were carried out and the number of interviewees was 15. Collected data was analysed according to a qualitative content analysis and resulted in an overarching theme; Struggle for survival and tolerable life. Important in the lives of the informants was the access to economic and social resources. The informants described access to economic resources as important because of the possibilty to support oneself and the possibility of a lower level of physical strain. Social resources gave the informants knowledge for a healthy lifestyle and mental support for inner strength. Further research is ought to examine how economic and social support is being comprehend and used, and with a particular weight on the social support because of lack of knowledge in this field. Research which is considering the men´s view of their situation is also important, since a change of the men´s situation could involve a change of the women´s situation.</p>

<p>HIV har sedan dess upptäckt i början av 1980-talet utvecklats till den största världsomspännande epidemin som drabbat mänskligheten i modern historia. I Sverige lever omkring 4500 personer med smittan och antalet nyrapporterade fall stiger. HIV bryter ner kroppens immunförsvar och till slut utvecklas AIDS. Viruset finns i infekterade individers kroppsvätskor och överförs främst via blod och sexuell kontakt. Trots att smittvägarna är kända förekommer osäkerhet och motstånd mot att vårda denna patientgrupp och risk för stigmatiserande behandling föreligger. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva HIV- och AIDS-patienters upplevelser i mötet med sjukvårdspersonal. Resultatet, som baserats på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar, visade att patienterna både hade positiva och negativa upplevelser. Förtroendeingivande personal som inte var rädd på grund av diagnosen, som accepterade patienterna och som lät dem vara delaktiga i vården fick dem att känna sig integrerade. Stigmatiserande behandling från sjukvårdspersonal med nedlåtande attityder, kunskapsbrist och/eller smitträdsla bidrog istället till upplevelser av segregering. Eftersom antalet HIV-smittade ökar och allt fler kommer uppsöka vård krävs utbildning på alla vårdnivåer samt inom alla vårdrelaterade yrkesutbildningar. Mer forskning ur patientperspektivet behövs för att ge personalen kännedom om hur de ska möta denna patientgrupp på ett terapeutiskt sätt.</p>

<p>This study is about how Tanzanian primary schools teachers look on HIV/AIDS related issues</p><p>in relation to education, and how the teachers use their education to prevent the spread of</p><p>HIV/AIDS.</p><p>The data to this study has been collected over a period of eight weeks. Fifteen randomly</p><p>selected Tanzanian teachers from three different primary schools in the Dodoma region have</p><p>been interviewed, where five of the interviewed teachers have been working in an urban</p><p>school, another five in a semiurban school, and further, five of the teachers in a rural school.</p><p>The theoretical foundation of this study is pedagogical. We have in our study emanated from</p><p>the African pedagogue Julius Nyerere´s and the Latin American pedagogue Paolo Feriere´s</p><p>thoughts around education as liberalization, when we asked teachers about how they educate</p><p>around questions concerning HIV/AIDS.</p><p>Our conclusion from this study is that the Tanzanian teachers have a substantial knowledge</p><p>about HIV/AIDS, and that all of the teachers are teaching their students in questions around</p><p>HIV/AIDS. Further, all of the teachers are using innovative ways to transmit knowledge</p><p>around HIV/AIDS to their students, though there is a difference between pedagogical methods</p><p>in the three different schools. Moreover, all of the teachers think that teachers have a</p><p>responsibility to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS, and that education can prevent the spread</p><p>of the disease. Concerning sexual interactions in school environment, the teachers in the urban</p><p>school did not consider pregnancy among school girls as a problem, comparative to the</p><p>teachers in the semiurban and rural school, who considered this to be a problem in their</p><p>schools.</p><p>The teachers direct or indirect stressed the importance of education for all people to prevent</p><p>the spread of HIV/AIDS. The knowledge about the disease could be transmitted through</p><p>different kinds of ways, where some teachers mentioned public meetings, massmedia,</p><p>counselling from parents and spiritual/religious education.</p>

<p>Sjuksköterskor spelar en central roll i patienters vård, följaktligen också i vården av HIV- och AIDS-patienter. Antalet HIV-smittade i världen uppskattas år 2007 till ca 40 miljoner människor. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS i västvärlden. Metoden för studien är en litteraturstudie som följer Polit och Becks åtta steg. Databassökning gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och Medline samt genom manuell sökning. 12 vetenskapliga artiklar, tre kvalitativa och nio kvantitativa, publicerade mellan år 2000 och 2005 ligger till grund för resultatet. Huvudresultaten som framkom var att majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna har en positiv inställning till HIV- och AIDS-patienter. Negativa inställningar mot att vårda dessa patienter existerar dock. Sjuksköterskor känner rädsla mot HIV/AIDS som ofta grundar sig i risken för att själva bli smittade. Rädsla och negativa inställningar kan påverka omvårdnaden och skapa en ovilja att vårda patientgruppen. Detta strider mot International Council of Nurses (ICN: s) etiska kod för sjuksköterskor som menar att sjuksköterskor ska bedriva omvårdnad till alla som är i behov av vård samt att respektera alla människors lika värde. Fortsatt forskning med ett patientperspektiv och fokus på HIV- och AIDS-patienters uppfattning av sjuksköterskors inställning skulle kunna bidra till utvecklingen av omvårdnaden av dessa patienter.</p>

<p>This thesis studies the impact from HIV/AIDS on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. This is an important region for investigation since HIV/AIDS is more common in poor countries where economic growth levels are initially low.</p><p>The theoretical framework for the analysis is the Solow Growth Model. The analysis also considers the impact on changes to human capital and adds this factor to the Solow equation.</p><p>The analysis concludes that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has negative effects on per capita GDP growth through the parameters of the Solow Growth Model, including human capital. The thesis also deduces that the pandemic enhances income and gender inequality.</p><p> </p>

This study confirmed whether children on the current treatment of choice for HIV infection, Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART), exhibit better immune functioning than children on earlier forms of treatment, including sole exposure to Monotherapy/Combination Therapy (Mono-Combo) and "upgrading" from Mono-Combo to HAART (Conversion). It explored whether HAART protects areas of neuropsychological functioning previously found to be compromised in children perinatally infected with HIV more effectively than these earlier treatments. This study includes a unique population (i.e., predominantly minority, low SES status, and largely bilingual), and controls for a number of treatment variables that have not been previously considered. Using the Neurodevelopmental Model and the literature, it was hypothesized that more global functions (i.e., IQ indices besides processing speed) and functions developing earlier in life (i.e., language) would be less affected than more specific functions developing later in life (i.e., visual-motor integration and processing speed). Treatment groups included Mono-Combo, Converters, and HAART. Participants (N=161, 3 to 20 years) were assessed in language, visual-motor integration, processing speed, and IQ using standardized measures and procedures. Three MANCOVAS and an ANCOVA compared groups on immune and neuropsychological measures using age antiretroviral medications were started and years on antiretroviral medications as covariates. Results showed children on HAART have significantly better immune functioning than the Mono-Combo and Converter groups. Consistent with other studies that have controlled for demographic factors, language functioning was not affected by treatment type. Contrary to expectations, visual-motor integration was also not affected by treatment type. Interestingly, Converters were found to perform worse on processing speed than children only exposed to Mono-Combo or HAART. Consistent with expectations, the other IQ indices (i.e., VCI, POI, and FDI) were not affected by treatment type. Findings support the use of HAART globally to improve immune functioning. However, they also provide evidence that HAART does not more effectively protect areas of neuropsychological functioning previously found to be compromised than these former treatments, even when controlling for agents that cross the blood brain barrier, age medications were started, and years on medications. They also bring into question the possible effect of frequency and timing of regimen changes.

<p>The aim of this study was to develop guidelines for an HIV/AIDS support programme for teachers. In order to achieve this goal, Intervention Research: Design and Development model by Rothman and Thomas (1994) was adopted to guide the research process. Intervention research is a form of applied qualitative research utilized by researchers to design and develop interventions to ameliorate social problems. Intervention research: design and development model has six phases and unique operational steps to follow in each phase. The researcher adopted the first three phases to facilitate the design of the guidelines to assist with development of a programme to support teachers. Problem analysis and project planning is the first phase. In this phase, the aim was to understand the experiences of HIV/AIDS among teachers and in schools. Information was gathered from HIV/AIDS co-ordinators, principals, teachers living with HIV.</p>

This thesis studies the impact from HIV/AIDS on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. This is an important region for investigation since HIV/AIDS is more common in poor countries where economic growth levels are initially low. The theoretical framework for the analysis is the Solow Growth Model. The analysis also considers the impact on changes to human capital and adds this factor to the Solow equation. The analysis concludes that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has negative effects on per capita GDP growth through the parameters of the Solow Growth Model, including human capital. The thesis also deduces that the pandemic enhances income and gender inequality.

Sjuksköterskor spelar en central roll i patienters vård, följaktligen också i vården av HIV- och AIDS-patienter. Antalet HIV-smittade i världen uppskattas år 2007 till ca 40 miljoner människor. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda patienter med HIV/AIDS i västvärlden. Metoden för studien är en litteraturstudie som följer Polit och Becks åtta steg. Databassökning gjordes i databaserna CINAHL och Medline samt genom manuell sökning. 12 vetenskapliga artiklar, tre kvalitativa och nio kvantitativa, publicerade mellan år 2000 och 2005 ligger till grund för resultatet. Huvudresultaten som framkom var att majoriteten av sjuksköterskorna har en positiv inställning till HIV- och AIDS-patienter. Negativa inställningar mot att vårda dessa patienter existerar dock. Sjuksköterskor känner rädsla mot HIV/AIDS som ofta grundar sig i risken för att själva bli smittade. Rädsla och negativa inställningar kan påverka omvårdnaden och skapa en ovilja att vårda patientgruppen. Detta strider mot International Council of Nurses (ICN: s) etiska kod för sjuksköterskor som menar att sjuksköterskor ska bedriva omvårdnad till alla som är i behov av vård samt att respektera alla människors lika värde. Fortsatt forskning med ett patientperspektiv och fokus på HIV- och AIDS-patienters uppfattning av sjuksköterskors inställning skulle kunna bidra till utvecklingen av omvårdnaden av dessa patienter.

The aim of this study was to examine how Tanzanian HIV-positive women experience their socioeconomic situation. Semistructured interviews were carried out and the number of interviewees was 15. Collected data was analysed according to a qualitative content analysis and resulted in an overarching theme; Struggle for survival and tolerable life. Important in the lives of the informants was the access to economic and social resources. The informants described access to economic resources as important because of the possibilty to support oneself and the possibility of a lower level of physical strain. Social resources gave the informants knowledge for a healthy lifestyle and mental support for inner strength. Further research is ought to examine how economic and social support is being comprehend and used, and with a particular weight on the social support because of lack of knowledge in this field. Research which is considering the men´s view of their situation is also important, since a change of the men´s situation could involve a change of the women´s situation.