A novel optical calorimetry approach is proposed for the dosimetry of therapeutic radiation, based on the optical technique of Digital Holographic Interferometry (DHI). This detector determines the radiation absorbed dose to water by measurement of the refractive index variations arising from radiation induced temperature increases. The output consists of a time series of high resolution, two dimensional images of the spatial distribution of the projected dose map across the water sample. This absorbed dose to water is measured directly, independently of radiation type, dose rate and energy, and without perturbation of the beam. These are key features which make DHI a promising technique for radiation dosimetry. A prototype DHI detector was developed, with the aim of providing proof-of-principle of the approach. The detector consists of an optical laser interferometer based on a lensless Fourier transform digital holography (LFTDH) system, and the associated mathematical reconstruction of the absorbed dose. The conceptual basis was introduced, and a full framework was established for the measurement and analysis of the results. Methods were developed for mathematical correction of the distortions introduced by heat di usion within the system. Pilot studies of the dosimetry of a high dose rate Ir-192 brachytherapy source and a small eld proton beam were conducted in order to investigate the dosimetric potential of the technique. Results were validated against independent models of the expected radiation dose distributions. Initial measurements of absorbed dose demonstrated the ability of the DHI detector to resolve the minuscule temperature changes produced by radiation in water to within experimental uncertainty. Spatial resolution of approximately 0.03 mm/pixel was achieved, and the dose distribution around the brachytherapy source was accurately measured for short irradiation times, to within the experimental uncertainty. The experimental noise for the prototype detector was relatively large and combined with the occurrence of heat di usion, means that the method is predominantly suitable for high dose rate applications. The initial proof-of-principle results con rm that DHI dosimetry is a promising technique, with a range of potential bene ts. Further development of the technique is warranted, to improve on the limitations of the current prototype. A comprehensive analysis of the system was conducted to determine key requirements for future development of the DHI detector to be a useful contribution to the dosimetric toolbox of a range of current and emerging applications. The sources of measurement uncertainty are considered, and methods suggested to mitigate these. Improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio, and further development of the heat transport corrections for high dose gradient regions are key areas of focus highlighted for future development.

No description available.

Optical testing often requires a measurement of the phase difference between light from two different optical systems. One system is a master or reference system, and the other is a sample or test system. In the optical shop, the reference may be a precision optical surface and the test system may be a newly fabricated surface. A computer generated hologram is a geometric pattern that can be used as a precise reference in an optical test. Computer-generated holograms can be used to make reference systems that would be very difficult to make by other methods. Various encoding methods for making computer-generated holograms are discussed, and a new method is presented that can easily be used on image recorders intended for image processing applications. This general encoding method has many characteristics in common with earlier computer-generated holograms. Examples are given to demonstrate the properties of synthetic holograms and the differences among different encoding techniques. Geometric ray tracing is an essential part of the process of developing holograms for optical systems. A computer ray-trace code was developed to model the optical performance of equipment used in optical testing. This program was used to obtain numeric coefficients that describe the optical properties (optical path) needed to define a reference wavefront. A review of interferometer design leads to a discussion of how the hologram functions as a part of the interferometer and of the limitations to the computer-generated hologram. The diffraction pattern from the hologram, observed in the focal plane of a lens, is the key to understanding the use and limitations of the hologram in an interferometer. A detailed prescription is given for making a computer-generated hologram for a commercial interferometer designed for use with holograms. Problems of finding the proper focal point, the correct hologram size, and preparation of the final hologram image are discussed. An example of an actual test is included. Finally, an analysis of various errors encountered and the limitations of the methods used is presented. Within these limitations, computer-generated holograms can easily and routinely be used to test aspheric optical components.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Orientadores: Edmundo da Silva Braga, Lucila Helena D. Cescato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:33:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_EdsonJosede_D.pdf: 5686598 bytes, checksum: e418bbf5ce5f022ecbe9cf631af20b3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida a técnica de Litografia Interferométrica para a gravação de nano-estruturas periódicas em relevo, uni e bidimensionais, sobre substratos de vidro e de silício. Em particular, o trabalho se concentrou em duas frentes: no estudo no perfil das estruturas gravadas em fotorresina, através da superposição de padrões interferométricos, e na integração desta técnica com as demais tecnologias usuais de processamento do Si para microeletrônica. A partir dos padrões luminosos, gerados pela superposição de franjas de interferência, o perfil em relevo das estruturas gravadas em fotorresina foi simulado para estudar a influência de alguns dos parâmetros do processo de exposição e revelação. Para a associação desta técnica de litografia interferométrica com as demais tecnologias de processamento de Si foi necessário desenvolver um processo para gravação sobre substratos de Si. Para isto foi preciso reduzir o efeito das ondas estacionárias na litografia. A solução encontrada foi crescer termicamente uma camada de SiO2, com espessura apropriada sobre o substrato de Si, antes da aplicação da fotorresina. Para demonstrar o potencial dos processos desenvolvidos para fabricação de componentes e dispositivos baseados em nano-estruturas, foram realizadas duas aplicações: gravação de arranjos de nano-ponteiras de Si e gravação de matrizes em relevo para moldagem de elementos difrativos de alta freqüência espacial. Utilizando a técnica de litografia interferométrica associada à corrosão por plasma RIE foram fabricados arranjos de alta densidade de nano-ponteiras de Si, com cerca de 106 pontas/mm2 e raio de curvatura da ordem de 20nm. O desempenho elétrico do arranjo de ponteiras fabricadas, como dispositivo de emissão de elétrons por efeito de campo, foi caracterizado através das medidas da curva I x V e da estabilidade temporal da corrente de elétrons emitidos. Por outro lado, foram fabricadas matrizes em relevo de elementos ópticos difrativos com propriedades de polarização. Estas estruturas foram utilizadas num processo de replicação que envolveu também etapas de moldagem por eletroformação de níquel e geração de réplicas por injeção de plástico. A caracterização óptica, tanto das matrizes quanto réplicas, foi realizada através da medida do espectro de difração para os estados ortogonais de polarização / Abstract: In this work the interferometric lithography technique was developed for recording periodic relief nano-structures, one and bi-dimensional, on silicon and glass substrates. In particular, the work is focused in two directions: the study of the profile of the structures recorded in photorresist, through the superimposition of interference light patterns, and the association of this technique with the usually microelectronics techniques for the silicon processing. Starting from the light patterns, generated by the superimposition of interference fringes, the photoresist relief profile was simulated in order to study the influence of some exposure and development parameters on it. For combining the interferometric lithography with the silicon technologies it was necessary to record the nano-structures on Si substrates. For this, it was necessary to deduct the Standing Wave effect in the lithography. The solution was to grow thermally a layer of SiO2, with a proper thickness, on the silicon substrate, before the application of the photorresist. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed processes for fabrication of components and devices based on nano-structures, two applications have been realized: the recording of arrays of silicon nano-tips and the recording of a master relief structure for molding a diffractive optical element of high spatial frequency. Using the interferometric lithography technique associated with the silicon corrosion for plasma RIE, high-density arrays of silicon nano-tips were fabricated, with about 106 tips/mm2 and ray of curvature of about 20nm. The electric performance of the nano-tips array as a Field Emission Device was characterized through the I x V curves measurement as well as the temporal stability of the emitted electron current. By the other side, a master of a Diffractive Optical Elements (DOE), with polarizing properties, was realized. This master structure was used in a replication process involving the nickel electroformed shim and the generation of the replicas by plastic injection molding. The optical characterization of both master and replicas were performed through the measurement of the diffraction spectrum for the two orthogonal polarization states / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Apesar dos pesquisadores afirmarem que os materiais odontológicos restauradores, devido às suas diferentes propriedades mecânicas, influenciam na transmissão da carga para os tecidos de suporte, não foi encontrada comprovação científica concludente. Os trabalhos de análise da distribuição da carga oclusal com diferentes materiais de reconstrução protética não são concordantes em seus resultados. Assim, diante da importância da seleção de materiais restauradores protéticos no prognóstico da reabilitação oral, este trabalho se propôs a estudar a influência de coroas protéticas metalo-cerâmica e de resina, cimentadas no canino, na transmissão de tensões para o tecido ósseo em mandíbulas frescas de cães, utilizando o método de interferometria holográfica de dupla exposição. Seis hemi-mandíbulas frescas de cães da espécie Canis familiares foram fixadas em um dispositivo para garantir a invariabilidade da força aplicada durante o experimento. Uma carga de 0,98 N foi aplicada sobre as coroas, seguindo o longo eixo do dente. Pelo método de interferometria holográfica, foram obtidos 12 hologramas, 6 para cada grupo de amostras. As coroas metalo-cerâmicas apresentaram maior deslocamento, com movimento de intrusão no alvéolo, em relação às de resina. Os microdeslocamentos resultantes nas hemimandíbulas demonstraram comportamentos semelhantes de deflexão, porém, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes na distribuição das tensões ao osso, com relação aos dois tipos de coroas consideradas, demonstrando a influência da presença do ligamento periodontal. / Although researches assert that restoring dental material, due to their different mechanical properties, influences at load transmission to support tissues, it was not find any conclusive scientific evidence. Researches with finite element, implants and different prosthetic reconstruction material do not have an agreement in terms of results. So, considering the importance of prosthetic restoring material selection on oral rehabilitate prognosis, this assignment studied the influence of metaloceramic and resin prosthetics crowns, cemented on canine, during stress transmission to bony tissue of post-mortem dog mandibles, using double exposure holographic interferometry method. Three fresh mandibles were split into 6 hemi-mandibles, which were fixed in a proper device in order to assure the same applied force during the whole experiment. A 0,98 N load was applied to the crowns, following the long axis of the tooth. It was collect 12 holograms, 6 for each sample group. Metaloceramic crowns presented larger intrusion micromovement in the alveolus, comparing that of resin ones. The resulting micromovings in the hemimandibles presented similar deflecting behaviour. However, significant statistical differences on bone tension distribution have not been found, concerning the two types of previously referred crowns, demonstrating the influence of periodontal ligament.

A interferometria holográfica é um poderoso método óptico para observação de fenômenos perturbativos e na análise de superfícies, sendo extremamente útil em aplicações em pesquisa básica, biomédicas e tecnológicas. Os cristais fotorefrativos se apresentam como um meio atrativo para registro de hologramas. O fenômeno que caracteriza esses cristais é o efeito fotorrefrativo. Tal efeito consiste na modulação do índice de refração através de fotoindução e efeito eletro-óptico linear (Efeito Pockels), o que permite o registro de hologramas de fase em volume. Entre as características que recomendam os cristais fotorrefrativos para interferometria holográfica podemos citar: o processo de registro e leitura ocorre de maneira dinâmica através da técnica de mistura de duas ondas; o fato de serem meios revers´?veis dispensando processamento químico e a boa resolução implicando imagens holográficas de boa qualidade. Analisamos as diversas tensões que ocorrem no processo mastigatório, estudando principalmente a concentração de cargas e as dissipações nesse processo, utilizando a técnica holográfica de dupla exposição e o cristal fotorrefrativo Bi12SiO20 (BSO), da família das Silenitas, como meio de registro. O estudo em crânio seco e a simulação dos principais feixes dos músculos da mastigação permitem realizar a contração dos mesmos, com aproximação melhor que os métodos de elementos finitos e resinas fotoelásticas, em estruturas anisotrópicas como o crânio. / The holographic interferometry is a powerful optical method for observation of the disturbance phenomena and in the analysis of surface, being extremely useful in application in basic research, biomedical and technological. The photorefractive crystals present as an attractive holographic recording medium. The phenomenon that characterize these crystals is the photorefractive effect. Such effect consistis of the index of refraction modulation grating via the linear eletro-optic effect (the Pockels effect) and photoindution, that it allow phase holographic recording in volume. Among the characteristics that admit the photorefractive crystals for holographic interferometry we can cite: recording and reading tecniques to occur in dynamics way through the tecnique of two-wave mixing, it is reversible medium resulting holographic images of good quality. We analyze the varied strains that occur in the masticatory process, mainly studying the load concentration and the dissipation in this process, using the double-exposure holographic technique and the photorefractive crystals Bi12SiO20 (BSO), of the sillenite family, as holographic recording medium. The study in dry skull and the simulation of main beams of the mastication muscles allow to realize the concentration of the same ones, with better approach than the methods of finite elements and photoelastics resins, in anisotropic structures as the skull.

In this dissertation, improved techniques in digital holography, that have produced high-resolution, high-fidelity images, are discussed. In particular, the angular spectrum method of calculating holographic optical field is noted to have several advantages over the more commonly used Fresnel transformation or Huygens convolution method. It is observed that spurious noise and interference components can be tightly controlled through the analysis and filtering of the angular spectrum. In the angular spectrum method, the reconstruction distance does not have a lower limit, and the off-axis angle between the object and reference waves can be lower than that of the Fresnel requirement, while still allowing the zero-order background to be cleanly separated. Holographic phase images are largely immune from the coherent noise commonly found in amplitude images. With the use of a miniature pulsed laser, the resulting images have 0.5um diffraction-limited lateral resolution and the phase profile is accurate to about several nanometers of optical path length. Samples such as ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3) and mouse-embryo fibroblast cells have been imaged. These images display intra-cellular and intra-nuclear organelles with clarity and quantitative accuracy. This technique clearly exceeds currently available methods in phase-contrast opticalmicroscopy in both resolution and detail and provides a new modality for imaging morphology of cellular and intracellular structures that is not currently available. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that phase imaging digital holographic movies provide a novel method of non-invasive quantitative viewing of living cells and other objects. This technique is shown to have significant advantages over conventional microscopy.

Optical Confocal Holography is a combination of two well known concepts: confocal microscopy and optical (laser) holography. Confocal microscopy places an aperture at a conjugate focus to the specimen focus. This filters any rays that are not on the focus plane, allowing a 3-dimensional image of the specimen to be built up over a set of planes. Holography is the measurement of both the amplitude and phase characteristics of light. Typically most methods only measure the amplitude of the image. The phenomenon of interference allows the determination of the phase shift for a coherent source as well. The phase information is directly related to the index of refraction of a material, which in turn is a function of the temperature and composition. As a technique, confocal holography holds promise to better characterize many physical processes in materials science, such as combustion and convection. It also may contribute to the biological sciences by imaging low-contrast, weak-phase objects. Thanks to the ongoing, continued improvement in computer processing speed, it has recently become practical to interpret data from confocal holography microscopy with a computer. The objective of the microscope is to non-invasively measure the three-dimensional, internal temperatures and compositions (e.g. solute/solvent gradient) of a specimen. My contributions over the course of two years to the project were: generation and optimization of an optical design with a software package known as Zemax; sourcing and purchasing all components; formation of a CAD model of the microscope; experiments to characterize building vibrations and air currents; and the development of software in Visual Basic to simulate holograms and execute reconstruction algorithms for the specific application of confocal holography.

One of two project reports. Part A can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/17932 / Time-averaged holographic interferometry is applied to the study of the resonance mode structures of an electromagnetic and a piezoelectric high frequency loud-speaker. Vibrational amplitude measurements were made using the simple concept of the holo-diagram. The vibrational amplitude sensitivity range was from 0.1 µm to 0.9 µm, which is an ideal range since the speaker vibrational amplitudes were always below 0.8 µm. Application of the technique to non-destructive speaker quality testing and optimum speaker design is also discussed in the report. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)