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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Quantiative biological microsocopy by digital holography

Mann, Christopher J 01 June 2006 (has links)
In this dissertation, improved techniques in digital holography, that have produced high-resolution, high-fidelity images, are discussed. In particular, the angular spectrum method of calculating holographic optical field is noted to have several advantages over the more commonly used Fresnel transformation or Huygens convolution method. It is observed that spurious noise and interference components can be tightly controlled through the analysis and filtering of the angular spectrum. In the angular spectrum method, the reconstruction distance does not have a lower limit, and the off-axis angle between the object and reference waves can be lower than that of the Fresnel requirement, while still allowing the zero-order background to be cleanly separated. Holographic phase images are largely immune from the coherent noise commonly found in amplitude images. With the use of a miniature pulsed laser, the resulting images have 0.5um diffraction-limited lateral resolution and the phase profile is accurate to about several nanometers of optical path length. Samples such as ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3) and mouse-embryo fibroblast cells have been imaged. These images display intra-cellular and intra-nuclear organelles with clarity and quantitative accuracy. This technique clearly exceeds currently available methods in phase-contrast opticalmicroscopy in both resolution and detail and provides a new modality for imaging morphology of cellular and intracellular structures that is not currently available. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that phase imaging digital holographic movies provide a novel method of non-invasive quantitative viewing of living cells and other objects. This technique is shown to have significant advantages over conventional microscopy.
2

Tomografia de escoamentos multifásicos por sensoriamento elétrico - desenvolvimento de algoritmos genéticos paralelos para a solução do problema inverso / Multiphase flow tomography by electrical sensing - development of parallel genetic algorithms for the solution of the inverse problem

Carosio, Grazieli Luiza Costa 15 December 2008 (has links)
A tomografia por sensoriamento elétrico representa uma técnica de grande potencial para a otimização de processos normalmente associados às indústrias do petróleo e química. Entretanto, o emprego de técnicas tomográficas em processos industriais envolvendo fluidos multifásicos ainda carece de métodos robustos e computacionalmente eficientes. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos para a solução do problema tomográfico com base em algoritmos genéticos específicos para a fenomenologia do problema abordado (interação do campo elétrico com o campo hidrodinâmico), bem como a adaptação do algoritmo para processamento em paralelo. A idéia básica consiste em partir de imagens qualitativas, fornecidas por uma sonda de visualização direta, para formar um modelo da distribuição interna do contraste elétrico e refiná-lo iterativamente até que variáveis de controle resultantes do modelo numérico se igualem às suas homólogas, determinadas experimentalmente. Isso pode ser feito usando um funcional de erro, que quantifique a diferença entre as medidas externas não intrusivas (fluxo de corrente elétrica real) e as medidas calculadas no modelo numérico (fluxo de corrente elétrica aproximado). De acordo com a abordagem funcional adotada, pode-se modelar a reconstrução numérica do contraste elétrico como um problema de minimização global, cuja função objetivo corresponde ao funcional de erro convenientemente definido e o mínimo global representa a imagem procurada. A grande dificuldade está no fato do problema ser não linear e mal-posto, o que reflete na topologia da superfície de minimização, demandando um método especializado de otimização para escapar de mínimos locais, pontos de sela, mínimos de fronteira e regiões praticamente planas. Métodos de otimização poderosos, como os algoritmos genéticos, embora apresentem elevado esforço computacional na obtenção da imagem procurada, são melhor adaptáveis ao problema em questão. Desse modo, optou-se pelo uso de algoritmos genéticos paralelos nas arquiteturas mestre-escravo, ilha, celular e híbrida (combinando ilha e celular). O desempenho computacional dos algoritmos desenvolvidos foi testado em um problema de reconstrução da imagem tomográfica de um escoamento vertical a bolhas. De acordo com os resultados, a arquitetura híbrida é capaz de obter a imagem desejada com um desempenho computacional melhor, quando comparado ao desempenho das arquiteturas mestre-escravo, ilha e celular. Além disso, estratégias para melhorar a eficiência do algoritmo foram propostas, como a introdução de informações a priori, derivadas de conhecimento físico do problema tomográfico (fração de vazio e coeficiente de simetria do escoamento), a inserção de uma tabela hash para evitar o cálculo de soluções já encontradas, o uso de operadores de predação e de busca local. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que a arquitetura híbrida é um método apropriado para solução do problema de tomografia por impedância elétrica de escoamentos multifásicos. / Tomography by electrical sensing represents a technique of great potential for the optimization of processes usually associated with petroleum and chemical industries. However, the employment of tomographic techniques in industrial processes involving multiphase flows still lacks robust and computationally efficient methods. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of solution methods based on specific genetic algorithms for the phenomenology of the tomographic problem (interaction between electric and hydrodynamic fields), as well as the adaptation of the algorithm to parallel processing. From qualitative images provided by a direct imaging probe, the basic idea is to generate a model of electric contrast internal distribution and refine it repeatedly until control variables resulting from the numerical model equalize their counterparts, determined experimentally. It can be performed by using an error functional to quantify the difference between non-intrusive external measurements (actual electric current flow) and measurements calculated in a numerical model (approximate electric current flow). According to the functional approach, the numerical reconstruction of the electrical contrast can be treated as a global minimization problem in which the fitness function is an error functional conveniently defined and the global minimum corresponds to the sought image. The major difficulty lies in the nonlinear and ill-posed nature of the problem, which reflects on the topology of the minimization surface, demanding a specialized optimization method to escape from local minima, saddle points, boundary minima and almost plane regions. Although powerful optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms, require high computational effort to obtain the sought image, they are best adapted to the problem in question, therefore parallel genetic algorithms were employed in master-slave, island, cellular and hybrid models (combining island and cellular). The computational performance of the developed algorithms was tested in a tomographic image reconstruction problem of vertical bubble flow. According to the results, the hybrid model can obtain the sought image with a better computational performance, when compared with the other models. Besides, strategies to improve the algorithm efficiency, such as the introduction of a priori information derived from the physical knowledge of the tomographic problem (void fraction and symmetry coefficient of the flow), the insertion of a hash table to avoid the calculation of solutions already found, the use of predation and local search operators were proposed. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that the hybrid model is an appropriate method for solving the electrical impedance tomography problem of multiphase flows.
3

Mesure d’un champ de masse volumique par Background Oriented Schlieren 3D. Étude d’un dispositif expérimental et des méthodes de traitement pour la résolution du problème inverse / Density field maasurements using bos 3D : study od an experimental setup and inverse problem resolution

Todoroff, Violaine 09 December 2013 (has links)
Ces travaux consistent à mettre en place un dispositif expérimental BOS3D permettant la reconstruction du champ de masse volumique instantané d'un écoulement ainsi qu'à développer un algorithme de reconstruction permettant une mise à disposition rapide des résultats ainsi qu'une robustesse liée à un nombre faible de points de vue. La démarche a consisté dans un premier temps à développer un algorithme de reconstruction BOS3D applicable à toutes les configurations expérimentales. Pour cela, le problème direct a été reformulé sous forme algébrique et un critère a été défini. Cette formulation ainsi que les équations issues des méthodes d'optimisation nécessaires à la minimisation du critère ont été parallélisés pour permettre une implémentation sur GPU. Cet algorithme a ensuite été testé sur des cas de références issus de calcul numérique afin de vérifier si le champ reconstruit par l'algorithme était en accord avec celui fourni. Dans ce cadre, nous avons développé un outil permettant de simuler numériquement une BOS3D afin d'obtenir les champs de déviation associées aux écoulements numériques. Ces champs de déviation ont ensuite été fournis comme entrée au code et nous ont permis d'étudier la sensibilité de notre algorithme à de nombreux paramètres tels que le bruit sur les données, les erreurs de calibration, la discrétisation du maillage... Ensuite, afin de tester notre code sur des données réelles nous avons mis en place un banc expérimental BOS3D pour la reconstruction du champ de masse volumique instantané. Cela a nécessité l'étude d'un nouveau moyen de mesure, faisant appel à des techniques de calibrage multi-caméras et de nouvelles stratégies d'illumination su fond. Finalement les données issues de l'expérimentation ont été utilisées comme entrée de notre algorithme afin de valider son comportement sur données réelles. / This thesis consists in implementing a scientific experimental apparatus BOS3D (Background Oriented Schlieren 3D) at ONERA for the reconstruction of the density field of instantaneous flow and to develop a robust reconstruction algorithm allowing rapid provision of results considering a small number of views . First, we have developed a reconstruction algorithm BOS3D applicable to all experimental configurations . To do so, the direct problem, that is to say, the equation of the light deflection through a medium of inhomogeneous optical index was reformulated in algebraic form. experiment is then defined. This formulation and the equations resulting from optimization methods necessary for the minimization of the criterion have been parallelized to allow implementation on GPU. This algorithm was then tested with reference cases from numerical calculation to check whether the reconstructed field was consistent with the one provided. In this context, we developed a tool for simulating a virtual BOS3D to obtain the deflection fields associated with numerical flows. These deflection fields were then provided as input to the code of reconstruction and allowed us to study the sensitivity of our algorithm to many parameters such as noise on the data, mesh discretization, the type of regularization and positioning of the cameras. In parallel with the study of the reconstruction method by simulation, we have gained experience in the effective implementation of the BOS technique in experimental facilities, participating in several test campaigns . This has enabled us to contribute to the design and implementation of experimental apparatus dedicated to the BOS technique. The main result of this work is the realization of the experimental apparatus BOS3D in DMAE, which is designed to reconstruct instantaneous density fields. These experimental developments ultimately allow us to obtain 3D reconstructions of instantaneous and mean density fields from experimental data. In addition , analysis of the behavior of the BOS3D numerical method is proposed according to the nature of the observed flows and the acquisition configuration
4

Tomografia de escoamentos multifásicos por sensoriamento elétrico - desenvolvimento de algoritmos genéticos paralelos para a solução do problema inverso / Multiphase flow tomography by electrical sensing - development of parallel genetic algorithms for the solution of the inverse problem

Grazieli Luiza Costa Carosio 15 December 2008 (has links)
A tomografia por sensoriamento elétrico representa uma técnica de grande potencial para a otimização de processos normalmente associados às indústrias do petróleo e química. Entretanto, o emprego de técnicas tomográficas em processos industriais envolvendo fluidos multifásicos ainda carece de métodos robustos e computacionalmente eficientes. Nesse contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos para a solução do problema tomográfico com base em algoritmos genéticos específicos para a fenomenologia do problema abordado (interação do campo elétrico com o campo hidrodinâmico), bem como a adaptação do algoritmo para processamento em paralelo. A idéia básica consiste em partir de imagens qualitativas, fornecidas por uma sonda de visualização direta, para formar um modelo da distribuição interna do contraste elétrico e refiná-lo iterativamente até que variáveis de controle resultantes do modelo numérico se igualem às suas homólogas, determinadas experimentalmente. Isso pode ser feito usando um funcional de erro, que quantifique a diferença entre as medidas externas não intrusivas (fluxo de corrente elétrica real) e as medidas calculadas no modelo numérico (fluxo de corrente elétrica aproximado). De acordo com a abordagem funcional adotada, pode-se modelar a reconstrução numérica do contraste elétrico como um problema de minimização global, cuja função objetivo corresponde ao funcional de erro convenientemente definido e o mínimo global representa a imagem procurada. A grande dificuldade está no fato do problema ser não linear e mal-posto, o que reflete na topologia da superfície de minimização, demandando um método especializado de otimização para escapar de mínimos locais, pontos de sela, mínimos de fronteira e regiões praticamente planas. Métodos de otimização poderosos, como os algoritmos genéticos, embora apresentem elevado esforço computacional na obtenção da imagem procurada, são melhor adaptáveis ao problema em questão. Desse modo, optou-se pelo uso de algoritmos genéticos paralelos nas arquiteturas mestre-escravo, ilha, celular e híbrida (combinando ilha e celular). O desempenho computacional dos algoritmos desenvolvidos foi testado em um problema de reconstrução da imagem tomográfica de um escoamento vertical a bolhas. De acordo com os resultados, a arquitetura híbrida é capaz de obter a imagem desejada com um desempenho computacional melhor, quando comparado ao desempenho das arquiteturas mestre-escravo, ilha e celular. Além disso, estratégias para melhorar a eficiência do algoritmo foram propostas, como a introdução de informações a priori, derivadas de conhecimento físico do problema tomográfico (fração de vazio e coeficiente de simetria do escoamento), a inserção de uma tabela hash para evitar o cálculo de soluções já encontradas, o uso de operadores de predação e de busca local. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que a arquitetura híbrida é um método apropriado para solução do problema de tomografia por impedância elétrica de escoamentos multifásicos. / Tomography by electrical sensing represents a technique of great potential for the optimization of processes usually associated with petroleum and chemical industries. However, the employment of tomographic techniques in industrial processes involving multiphase flows still lacks robust and computationally efficient methods. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of solution methods based on specific genetic algorithms for the phenomenology of the tomographic problem (interaction between electric and hydrodynamic fields), as well as the adaptation of the algorithm to parallel processing. From qualitative images provided by a direct imaging probe, the basic idea is to generate a model of electric contrast internal distribution and refine it repeatedly until control variables resulting from the numerical model equalize their counterparts, determined experimentally. It can be performed by using an error functional to quantify the difference between non-intrusive external measurements (actual electric current flow) and measurements calculated in a numerical model (approximate electric current flow). According to the functional approach, the numerical reconstruction of the electrical contrast can be treated as a global minimization problem in which the fitness function is an error functional conveniently defined and the global minimum corresponds to the sought image. The major difficulty lies in the nonlinear and ill-posed nature of the problem, which reflects on the topology of the minimization surface, demanding a specialized optimization method to escape from local minima, saddle points, boundary minima and almost plane regions. Although powerful optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms, require high computational effort to obtain the sought image, they are best adapted to the problem in question, therefore parallel genetic algorithms were employed in master-slave, island, cellular and hybrid models (combining island and cellular). The computational performance of the developed algorithms was tested in a tomographic image reconstruction problem of vertical bubble flow. According to the results, the hybrid model can obtain the sought image with a better computational performance, when compared with the other models. Besides, strategies to improve the algorithm efficiency, such as the introduction of a priori information derived from the physical knowledge of the tomographic problem (void fraction and symmetry coefficient of the flow), the insertion of a hash table to avoid the calculation of solutions already found, the use of predation and local search operators were proposed. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that the hybrid model is an appropriate method for solving the electrical impedance tomography problem of multiphase flows.

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