Daily routines in the home are typically the most common interactions for children with their siblings and parents. When a child exhibits challenging behavior in these routines, it can cause a strain on the family as well as the child's ability to learn a more appropriate behavior. This study examined the feasibility and potential efficacy of an adapted version of the Prevent-Teach- Reinforce (PTR) intervention with three families of young children with developmental disabilities. The school-based PTR manual was adapted for treatment use in a family context. The study assessed the family adherence to the collaboratively developed PTR intervention, family use of the behavior rating scale, social validity, procedural integrity, and child behavior behaviors during the routines. A multiple-baseline design across children was used to examine the impact of the PTR intervention on child behavior within the routine. Results indicated that the PTR interventions were successful in demonstrating an increase in appropriate behaviors and a decrease in challenging behaviors across children. The results also indicated that parents were able to successfully use the behavior rating scale to measure each child's behavior.

This study seeks to investigate the challenges facing informal sector micro-enterprises in Newlands West, using the case study of female owned home-based dress making enterprises in the South West of Durban. The investigation, which aims at establishing the historical background to these micro-enterprises, their main activities and their viability, and the challenges they are facing, will be conducted in the context of the broader debate both in South Africa (SA) and globally about the informal sector, to which micro-enterprises would arguably belong. This study also aims to contribute towards research and future policy developments in the field of home-based enterprises. Many of these workers have set-up home-based micro-enterprises as a means of creating employment in order to sustain their livelihoods. The purpose of this study is thus to highlight the potential of these micro-enterprises to create employment and alleviate poverty. The qualitative research method is used in this study. In-depth, semi-structured interviews using purposive sampling were conducted with ten owner-managers. Data was analysed using the constant comparative method of analysis. The conclusion drawn from this study was that these micro-enterprises received hardly any support from the local municipality or provincial government to grow their businesses. The study also found that there is potential for these owner-managers, with appropriate state support, to grow their businesses, make greater profits and create jobs. Some of the recommendations offered in this study include: a system of mentorship should be established to assist informal micro-enterprise owners improve their business acumen. They should be given enterprise support as none of the dressmakers underwent any form of business training. There should be development of the following skills: Financial management, production management, technical training, marketing and sales and understanding the regulatory environment. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

Efforts to keep children in their own homes when they are found to be at risk within the meaning of child protection legislation have resulted in the creation of family preservation programs. Typically, these services are crisis-oriented. Short-term, intensive work with families is offered with a goal of maintaining the child in his or her own home. A family support program which provides these services in the anglophone community of Montreal was examined. / The data for this qualitative study were obtained through indepth interviews with the program staff and through an examination of agency files. The findings suggest that service is limited to those families who are assessed to be motivated--that is compliant with the objectives of the program and accepting of the intensive nature of the service. The interventions focus on individual parenting, most often the mother's parenting. For the workers, the dual role of support and scrutiny is managed within a relationship of trust. / The findings further indicate that families who are experiencing severe problems, often related to alcoholism, family violence and extreme poverty are not served by this program.

<p>In many developing countries including South Africa, there is an overwhelming number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the hospitals, which the health care workers are unable to cope with. Therefore, an urgent need to develop alternative community based activities such as support groups, home based care programs and placement of&nbsp / orphans, for the provision of social health care services to the HIV client, arises. However, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing community organizations when&nbsp / providing home based care is crucial and necessary in order to formulate effective and relevant care services. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges faced by Umtha&nbsp / elanga Community Organization (UWCO) in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care. The objectives of the study were to assess the current home based care of the UWCO and to explore the challenges that community based organizations have to face when providing care services to people being infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The research design undertaken was the case study of UWCO. The qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with the&nbsp / management staff and home based caregivers was utilized. Data analysis began immediately after the interviews by transcribing and translating the audio-taped data. Thematic analysis was used in which data was coded and categorized. The findings of the research&nbsp / indicated that the home based care programme assists PLWHA clients in their natural home setting. All home based carers work voluntary and get supported by the organization as&nbsp / ell as by the department of social development and health such as the social workers. Finances appear to be, both for the organization and the home based carers, a huge&nbsp / hindrance. Research indicated that the organization experiences various challenges to provide the service to their community. It is recommended that Government must ensure that&nbsp / home based care workers get recognition, credit and support for their valuable contribution. Training for HBC employers needs to be extended to expose and add more skills. This&nbsp / will ensure that they are equipped for their tasks. Home based care workers must become registered and paid better salaries by the government.</p>

This thesis describes and analyses in three substudies how home-based measures for children are expanding and why an open care idea are established as part of the Swedish child welfare. The first substudy describes the national increment of what today can be considered as a treatment policy – non-institutional care in child welfare. The results are analysed with Kingdon's agenda setting theory and shows that the factors of what Kingdon describes as problems-, politics- and policyflow influenced the national increment. Significant mechanisms have primarily been, the profession, the society's concerns for socially disadvantaged children, negative experiences of institutionalisation and a political position to deinstitutionalise all care. The second substudy focuses on how knowledge and research contributes to ideological, professional, and organizational change in child welfare by analysis of Research &amp; Developments reports and articles from the professional journal Socionomen. Based on the neo-institutional concepts of organisational fields and isoformism the study's results shows that a consequence of adaptation strategies and "rationalized myths" are a number of similarities in how home-based measures are organized and which measures that are used. The third substudy, a case study, analyses how we can understand a local development of ideas in social services for children with concepts from neo institutional theory. Interviews and municipal documents are analysed and shows that the local translation of an open care idea is characterized by discretion, personal preferences and action and affects the choice of method and organization. The study also shows a political mistrust of institutional care while there is at the same time political confidence in the individual social worker's ability to find solutions that allow non-institutional measures to be an alternative to institutional care. An overall conclusion of the thesis is that there is now a treatment policy in social services for the children, which involves extensive efforts at home and it has led to that more children receive support from social services. One result of non-institutional care increment is that it led to increased costs for municipalities for intervention for children and young people when out-of-home care has not decreased. Another general conclusion is that translation and adaptation of ideas to local contexts is something that generally fits street-level bureaucrats need for discretion.

<p>The Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) that leads to Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is considered to be spreading at a high rate in South Africa. Research indicates that this disease is highly prevalent among people 15 and 49. It is estimated that one in five adults in South Africa is HIV positive. Community or home-based care nurses manage the treatment of sufferers at their homes while under the care of their family members, friends, spouses and significant others. The present study explored the experiences and coping strategies of HIV/AIDS primary caregivers.</p>

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Families with serious and/or chronic child protection risks often have complex personal and social issues. Statutory child protection services must manage escalating child protection reports with limited resources. Addressing families at immediate risk often takes precedence over comprehensive family assessment and planned intervention, so the child protection issues in the lower priority families persist, and child protection reports continue. The Montrose Home-Based Family Assessment Program assesses Department of Community Services registered families who are at risk of child removal because of chronic and/or severe child protection issues. Using an ecological perspective, the Montrose team conducts a five day comprehensive assessment in the family's home and community, and develops a caseplan to address child protection risks and family support needs. The assessment is voluntary, and the family is encouraged to participate in identifying the child protection issues and developing solutions. The primary goal of this study is to compare child protection outcomes, three years after referral, for 100 families who participated in a Montrose Assessment, and 100 Comparison Group families. The research questions also explore the relationship between demographic, family, parent, child and child protection service factors and child protection outcome. Outcome is measured by Family Outcome, Children's Outcome, Legal Status, Children's Placement, subsequent Child Protection Reports and Substantiated Child Protection Reports, and Type of Abuse. The results suggest that home-based family assessment is a cost-effective model that can measurably reduce the likelihood of further abuse, court intervention and out of home care even for complex, high risk families. The study also identifies specific child, parent and child protection service related variables that are significantly associated with child protection outcome. These findings have major relevance for current child protection policy and practice, and also for broader social policy that impacts on high risk families.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Issues relating to self-employment and the development of the so-called New Economy gained not only new founded momentum, but also more all round interest over the last two decades, especially from academic researchers. During this time, new emphasis was placed on the importance and significance of location. Consequently, urban areas were finally regarded as instrumental within providing the central backdrop for the competing nature of the global economy. Due to this fact, the emphasis again shifted from competition to the stimulation of investment. Local Economic Development (LED) was the South African method of doing so. Entrepreneurship became a major driving force of the South African market. Within the same past two decades substantial growth took place within Home-based Work, especially within Home-based Enterprise (HBE) activities. This can be attributed to the flexible organization of production that a home-based work (HBW) lifestyle can provide. Within the South-African context there does exists some empirical observations relating to HBW and TBE activities, but these studies have mostly focused on informal neighborhoods and other less affluent areas. This study however places the emphasis on the existence of HBW, selfemployment and HBE’s within all the income-group neighbourhoods in George. The existence of the traditional Spazashops and Shebeens is included, because these examples are extremely relevant within the South African context, but other specialized careers such as medical practitioners, childcare professionals, consultants, and producers of various products are also examined. The study wants to contribute to the discussion of urban sustainable development through the inclusion of HBW and HBE’s as potential strategies to reach sustainability within communities. Because of this, the primary aims and objectives of this study include the nature and extent of HBE activities throughout various neighbourhoods located on the periphery of the urban centre in George. A deeper understanding regarding the reasons behind the locational decision process (thus why participating home- businesses chose George as the location for their Small, Medium or Micro Enterprises (SMME’s) and the consequential location movement of these businesses was also examined. The spatial and structural relationships that exist between the growth and/or movement of formal businesses in the study area was further observed by the creation of a database stretching from 1995 to 2005 that lists and map these locational changes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwessies wat verband hou met selfwerksaamheid en die ontwikkeling van die sogenaamde Nuwe Ekonomie het oor die afgelope twee dekades reeds heelwat aandag vanaf navorsers geniet. Hernieude klem is geplaas op die belangrikheid van ligging, en stede word deesdae beleef as instrumenteel om ’n sentrale en mededingende rol te speel binne die globale ekonomie. As gevolg van hierdie stedelike mededingendheid het die fokus verskuif na die bevordering van investering. Gevolglik het Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling (PEO) in Suid-Afrika toenemende verandering na markgedrewe entrepreneurskap veroorsaak. Daar het ook tydens die afgelope twee dekades ’n aansienlike groei in Tuisgebaseerde Werk (TGW), veral onder Tuisgebaseerde Besigheid (TGB) aktiwiteite plaasgevind. Hierdie fenomeen kan toegeskryf word aan faktore soos die buigbare organisasie van produksie wat met ʼn TGW lewenswyse kan voorsien. Daar bestaan wel ’n aantal empiriese waarnemings rakende TGW en TGB aktiwiteite in Suid-Afrika maar hierdie studies is meestal gemik op informelenedersettings en mindergegoede areas. Hierdie studie plaas dus groter klem op die bestaan van TGW, selfwerksaamheid en TGB’e binne al die inkomste woonbuurte in George. Die bestaan van TGB’e in die minder-gegoede areas vorm ook deel van hierdie studie (byvoorbeeld die tradisionele Spaza of Huiswinkel en Smokkelhuis/ "Shebeen“ aangesien dit onmisbaar is binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, maar ander gespesialiseerde beroepe wat ook in ’n woonbuurt kan voorkom (byvoorbeeld mediese praktisyns, kinderbewaarskole, konsultante en vervaardigers van allerlei) word ook ondersoek. Hierdie studie will graag bydra tot die bespreking van stedelike volhoubare ontwikkeling deur TGB’e te oorweeg as potensiële strategie om hierdie volhoubaarheid te bereik in gemeenskappe. Daarom is die primêre doelstellings van hierdie studie om die aard en omvang van TGB aktiwiteite tussen verskillende woonbuurte op die stedelikehinderland (in die omtrek van die stedelike kern) in George te ondersoek, ’n diepere begrip te bereik rakende die redes vir die besluite van hierdie deelnemende tuisondernemings (Klein-, Medium- en Mikro-ondernemings) om spesifiek George as vestiging te kies en laastens, die ruimtelike en strukturele verhoudinge wat duidelik is vanuit die formele groei (formele besighede se uitbreiding en/of verskuiwing) in George sedert 1995.

Bakgrund: Venösa bensår är ingen sjukdom utan ett symtom som orsakas av bakomliggande faktorer. Det är framförallt äldre personer som har en ökad risk för sårbildning. Sjuksköterskan är ansvarig för att utföra en bedömning av såret inför val av behandling. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors bedömning av venösa bensår hos patienter inom hemsjukvården. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Data samlades in genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: Sjuksköterskans tillvägagångssätt vid bedömning, sjuksköterskan och patienten tillsammans i en bedömning, sjuksköterskans behov av erfarenhet, stöd och utveckling i bedömning. Sårets egenskaper och fastställande av bakomliggande orsak var av stor betydelse. Likaså poängterades vikten av att göra en helhetsbedömning av patienten, vilket visade sig både ha positiva och negativa sidor relaterat till patientens hemmiljö. Kontinuerlig utbildning och stöd från kollegor ansågs vara till stor hjälp vid bedömning av patienter med venösa bensår. Slutsats: Det konstaterades att bedömningen av venösa bensår upplevs svår, innehåller flera moment samt att praktiken inte alltid stämmer överens med teorin. För att försäkra att patienten får de bästa förutsättningarna till en god sårläkning bör sjuksköterskan se till hela människan och varje patients enskilda behov. / Titel: Nurse's assessment of venous leg ulcers in home based care Background: Venous leg ulcers is not an illness, but a symptom caused by underlying factors. It is mostly elderly people which have an increased risk for ulceration. The nurse is responsible for making the assessment of the ulcer, before choice of treatment. Aim: To describe nurse's assessment of venous leg ulcers in patients within home based care. Method: The study is qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. Data was collected through six semi- structured interviews. The material was analysed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three categories: Nurses approach to assessment, the nurse and the patient together in an assessment, nurses needs for experience, support and development in assessment. The ulcer's characteristics and determination of underlying cause were of great importance. Similarly, the importance of making a comprehensive assessment of the patient was emphasized, which proved to have both positive and negative sides related to the patient's home environment. Continuous education and support from colleagues were of great help in assessing patients with venous ulcers. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the assessment of venous leg ulcers is experienced complex, containing several moments, and that practice and theory are not always consistent. To ensure that the patient gets the best prerequisites for good wound healing, the nurse should look after the entire person and patient's individual needs.