Orientador: José Carlos Peraçoli / Banca: José Carlos Peraçoli / Banca: Vera Therezinha Medeiros Borges / Banca: Marcos Roberto Ymayo / Banca: Maria Luiza Gonzáles Riesco / Banca: Ana Maria de Almeida / Resumo: A restrição hospitalar de alimentação e fluido oral para parturientes é uma tradição obstétrica fortemente organizada, justificada pelo risco de regurgitação e aspiração do conteúdo gástrico durante a anestesia. Estudos demonstram que independente do tempo da última refeição, o estômago nunca está completamente vazio, pois o jejum não elimina o conteúdo estomacal; pelo contrário, aumenta a concentração de ácido clorídrico, podendo o jejum prolongado causar aumento do volume gástrico e da acidez. Embora a infusão intravenosa seja necessária, em muitas circunstâncias obstétricas, para administração de medicamentos ou anestesia, o emprego de fluidos intravenosos de rotina não pode ser considerada um substituto completamente seguro de alimento e líquidos no trabalho de parto. Estudos comparam o esforço do trabalho de parto com o desempenho atlético como correr uma maratona, porém há carência de informação das necessidades nutricionais da parturiente e seu feto A normatização das práticas durante a assistência ao parto normal reflete a promoção do parto e nascimento saudáveis, porém observam-se ainda atitudes desvinculadas dos últimos achados científicos. / Abstract: Oral fluid and dietary restriction for parturients in hospital settings is a highly organized obstetric tradition aimed at preventing regurgitation and aspiration of gastric matter from taking place during anesthesia. Studies have shown that, independently from the time of the last meal, the stomach is never completely empty because fasting does not eliminate stomach contents. Quite the contrary, there is an increase in chloridric acid. Besides, prolonged fasting may raise the level of gastric volume and acidity. Intravenous infusion is necessary, but when it comes to medication or anesthesia management, routine intravenous fluids may not work as well as food and liquids during obstetric labor. Some studies show that giving birth takes as much effort as running a marathon. Nevertheless, information about the nutritional needs of parturient and fetus is scarce. Although less scientific forms of labor management can still be found, concrete measures towards promoting a healthier labor can be taken by the standardization of the assistance to the mother in normal labor. / Doutor

Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian, has been given much attention in recent years as it has been linked with Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which leads to the sudden deaths of honey bee colonies. It has been described that many pathogenic organisms secrete virulence factors in order to hijack its host`s cellular functions, but in most cases the underlying mechanisms of this process still remains to be deciphered. Cornman et al. (2009) have identified in N. ceranae a list of putative effector proteins (called secretome) destined to be secreted into the host, and I have taken this list for further investigation using a bioinformatical and experimental approaches. The principal aim of this project was to generate a N. ceranae ORFeome for genes predicted to be secreted, elucidate the function of effector candidates important for N. ceranae biology and/or pathogenicity, as well as to investigate any interactions between N. ceranae proteins and its host utilising two eukaryotic model organisms, budding yeast, S. cerevisiae, and fruit fly, D. melanogaster. A library of S. cerevisiae strains expressing N. ceranae proteins was generated utilising the Gateway® technology, and phenotypic and localisation screens were undertaken to investigate the N. ceranae secretome. Two N. ceranae ORFs, NcORF-15 (NcORF-02039) and NcORF-16 (NcORF-01159) encoding a putative thioredoxin and a hexokinase, respectively, were subjected to yeast complementation assays in order to assess their catalytic activity. NcORF-15, the putative thioredoxin, was able to rescue the sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae Δtrx2 under oxidative stress, whereas NcORF-16, the putative hexokinase, did not complement YSH7.4-3C, a triple knockout lacking hexokinase activity. A third N. ceranae effector candidate NcORF-4 (NcORF-00654), a putative proteasome subunit, was investigated for its nuclear localisation and protein interactions in both S. cerevisiae and D. melanogaster.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia Marassi.pdf: 1189673 bytes, checksum: d5199b9ad94e14063b041f6503d502f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Honey is a food produced by bees from the nectar of flowers collected and processed by the digestive enzymes of insects, stored in combs in their hives to serve them food. The Brazilian apiculture (branch of agriculture that studies of honey bees) has suffered high losses of honey bees, due to a number of diseases that affect the hives, putting them at risk. Many species of yeasts and molds can grow in the hive using honey as a substrate, such as the genus Aspergillus, which is important because it contains species that produce mycotoxins and / or pathogenic to bees. The Brazilian sac brood disease (BSB) is a disease with high mortality, characterized by death in the pre-pupa or pupa and that have occurred in southeastern Brazil, with substantial losses to beekeeping. However, its etiology is unknown in the region, which were dismissed any similarity to the European Creates bagged caused by Sac Brood Virus (SBV), and the Stryphnodendron polyphyllum (Fabaceae, Mimosoidea), the common name barbatim?o. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the fungal contamination in honey bee brood and thus determining influence on the occurrence of BSB in the environment of the hive, in Rio de Janeiro, 2) enumerate the fungal propagules in samples of honey in the comb, and the young (pre-pupae and pupae) from apiaries located in regions affected by BSB, 3) determine the frequency and identify the mycoflora total, 4) identify fungal species pathogenic to bees, 5) characterize toxigenic profile isolated species of the genus Aspergillus. A total of 43 honey samples and 43 samples of offspring (larvae and pupae) was purchased from apiaries that have already expressed the CEB, in the municipalities of Barra do Pira?, Mendes and Itaipava (endemic areas). Sampling occurred in the months corresponding to the period before, during and after - disease (based on data from recent outbreaks). Analysis of the mycoflora were performed by spread plate on the culture media dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar (DRBC) and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18). The total fungal counts were expressed as cfu g-1. We determined the number of samples and frequency of isolation (%) of fungal genera and the relative density of species. The determination of toxigenic fungi was done using the technique of thin layer chromatography (TLC). The values of total fungal counts were similar in both media DRBC and DG18 for the samples of offspring. The highest counts were observed in samples of honey in the comb, with 7,7 x 104 cfu g-1 on DRBC medium and 5.9 x 104 cfu g-1 in DG18 medium. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium were the most frequently isolated both in the honey comb, as in the offspring. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium citrinum showed the highest relative density in honey and brood. In the TLC analysis for the fungi isolated honey in the comb, were not observed for positive strains isolated species of the genus Aspergillus. Among the strains analyzed in the mycoflora of the larvae, there is presence of positive strains for toxigenic profile of A. flavus in samples from Barra do Pirai and Itaipava. For strains producing ochratoxins, the result was 100% negative for all sites studied. The fungi found in this study can be related to losses bee in Rio de Janeiro, but is not present apparent direct with BSB. However, more studies are needed to identify the mycoflora of honey and brood, correlating the possible species that produce mycotoxins with the mycoflora present in the substrate, promoting so help on the etiology of BSB in this state. Keywords: fungi, honey, brood, bees. / O mel ? um alimento produzido pelas abelhas a partir do n?ctar recolhido de flores e processado pelas enzimas digestivas desses insetos, sendo armazenado em favos em suas colm?ias para servir-lhes de alimento. A apicultura brasileira tem sofrido altas perdas de abelhas mel?feras, devido a uma s?rie de doen?as que afetam as colm?ias, colocando-as sob risco. Muitas esp?cies de leveduras e fungos podem desenvolver-se na colm?ia utilizando o mel como substrato, como por exemplo, o g?nero Aspergillus, importante por abranger esp?cies produtoras de micotoxinas e/ou patog?nicas para as abelhas. A Cria Ensacada Brasileira (CEB) ? uma doen?a com alto grau de mortalidade, caracterizada por morte na fase de pr?-pupa ou pupa e que v?m ocorrendo na Regi?o sudeste do Brasil. Sua etiologia ? desconhecida, j? que foi descartada qualquer semelhan?a com a Cria Ensacada Europ?ia causada pelo Sac Brood V?rus (SBV), e com a intoxica??o pelo p?len do Stryphnodendron polyphyllum, de nome vulgar barbatim?o. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar a contamina??o f?ngica em amostras de mel e crias de abelhas determinando assim rela??o com a ocorr?ncia da CEB no ambiente da colm?ia, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro; 2) enumerar os prop?gulos f?ngicos nas amostras de mel em favo, e de crias (pupas e pr?-pupas) provenientes de api?rios localizados em regi?es acometidas pela CEB; 3) determinar a frequ?ncia e identificar a micobiota total; 4) identificar esp?cies f?ngicas patog?nicas para as abelhas; 5) caracterizar o perfil tox?geno de esp?cies isoladas do g?nero Aspergillus. Um total de 43 amostras de mel e 43 amostras de crias (larvas e pupas) foi adquirido em api?rios localizados nos munic?pios de Barra do Pira?, Mendes e Itaipava (?reas end?micas). As coletas ocorreram nos meses correspondentes ao per?odo pr?, e trans - doen?a (baseado nos dados dos ?ltimos surtos). A an?lise da micobiota foi feita pelo m?todo de dilui??o em placa sobre os meios de cultivo dicloran rosa bengala cloranfenicol agar (DRBC) e dicloran glicerol 18% agar (DG18). As contagens f?ngicas totais foram expressas em ufc g-1. Foram determinadas o n?mero de amostras e a freq??ncia de isolamento (%) dos g?neros f?ngicos e a densidade relativa das esp?cies. A determina??o do perfil tox?geno dos fungos foi feita atrav?s da t?cnica de cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Os valores de contagens f?ngicas totais foram similares em ambos os meios DRBC e DG18, para as amostras de crias. As maiores contagens foram observadas em amostras de mel em favo, com 7,7 x 104 ufc g-1 em meio DRBC e 5,9 x 104 ufc g-1 em meio DG18. Aspergillus, Penicillium e Cladosporium foram os g?neros mais freq?entemente isolados tanto no mel em favo, quanto nas crias. Aspergillus niger, A. flavus e Penicillium citrinum apresentaram as maiores densidades relativas no mel e nas crias. Na an?lise em CCD para os fungos isolados no mel em favo, n?o foram observadas cepas positivas para as esp?cies isoladas do g?nero Aspergillus. Dentre as cepas analisadas na micobiota das larvas, h? presen?a de cepas positivas para o perfil tox?geno de A. flavus nas amostras de Barra do Pira? e Itaipava. Para as cepas produtoras de ocratoxinas, o resultado foi de 100% negativas para todos os locais estudados. Os fungos encontrados neste estudo podem estar relacionados ?s perdas ap?colas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, por?m n?o apresentam aparente rela??o direta com a CEB. Contudo, mais estudos s?o necess?rios para identifica??o da micobiota do mel e das crias, correlacionando ?s esp?cies poss?veis produtoras de micotoxinas com a micobiota presente nos substratos, promovendo assim o aux?lio acerca da etiologia da CEB neste estado.

It has been observed that returning honey bee foragers congregate with unemployed foragers and food receiver bees in a localized region of the hive known as the dance floor. Here, the returning foragers advertise food sources via the waggle dance. It was hypothesized that the close proximity of the dance floor to the hive entrance was related to foragers minimizing time and travel inside the hive. The hive entrance is conventionally located at the bottom of the hive. It was suggested that this location was ideal for easy removal of debris. This correlation between dance floor location and hive entrance location invokes further examination of the relationship. Is the hive entrance location used to establish dance floor location? Using scan sampling- the hive was visually scanned along rows in a descending fashion from the top right corner to hive entrance. The location of each observed waggle dance was recorded for 30 minutes. Observations were conducted for three consecutive days, then the hive entrance location was displaced. The observation hive was altered to contain three hive entrances located adjacent to the bottom first frame, adjacent to the center of the second frame, and adjacent to the middle of the third frame. Only one hive entrance was open at a given time. For the last three days of the experiment, the bottom hive entrance was made accessible again. Regardless of entrance position, the dance floor was seen to be established adjacent to the hive entrance.

Pesticides, poor nutrition, parasites and diseases work synergistically to contribute to the decline of the honey bee. Heritable sub-lethal behavior/immune effects may also contribute to the decline. Maternal stress is a common source of heritable immune/behavior deficits in many species. A stressed honey bee queen has the potential to pass such deficits on to worker bees. Using a repeated measures design, this study will determine whether the health of worker bee is reduced by a cold stress on the queen by analyzing egg hatch rate and protein content, emergence rate, and adult aggression and immune function for offspring laid before and after the stressor. Results show that queen stress influences egg hatching rate and emergence rate but does not impact egg protein content, adult offspring immune function or aggressive behavior.

The inadvertent spread of exotic pests and pathogens has resulted in devastating losses for bees. The vast majority of bee disease research has focused on a single species of managed bee, the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). More recently, pathogen spillover from managed bees is implicated in the decline of several bumble bee species (Bombus spp.) demonstrating a need to better understand the mechanisms driving disease prevalence in bees, transmission routes, and spillover events. RNA viruses, once considered specific to honey bees, are suspected of spilling over from managed honey bees into wild bumble bee populations. To test this, I collected bees and flowers in the field from areas with and without honey bee apiaries nearby. Prevalence of deformed wing virus (DWV) and black queen cell virus (BQCV) as well as replicating DWV infections in Bombus vagans and B. bimaculatus were highest in bumble bees collected near honey bee apiaries (χ 12 < 6.531, P < 0.05). My results suggest that honey bees are significant contributors of viruses to bumble bees. Flowers have been suspected as bridges in virus transmission among bees. I detected bee viruses on 18% of the flowers collected within honey bee apiaries and detected no virus on flowers in areas without apiaries, thus providing evidence that viruses are transmitted at flowers from infected honey bees. In controlled experiments using captive colonies in flight cages, I found that honey bees leave viruses on flowers but not equally across plant species. My results suggest that there are differences in virus ecology mediated by floral morphology and/or pollinator behavior. No bumble bees became infected in controlled experiments, indicating that virus transmission through plants is a rare event that is likely to require repeated exposure. The few studies examining viruses in bumble bees are generally limited to virus detection, resulting in little understanding of the conditions affecting virus titers. In honeybees, infections may remain latent, capable of replicating under certain conditions, such as immunosuppression induced by pesticide exposure. I tested whether exposure to imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, affects virus titers in bumble bees. In previous honey bee studies, imidacloprid exposure increased virus titers. In contrast, I found that bumble bee exposure to imidacloprid decreased BQCV and DWV titers (χ42 < 20.873, p < 0.02). My findings suggest that virus-pesticide interactions are species-specific and results from honey bee studies should not be generalized across other bee species. Having found that honey bees are significant contributors of viruses to wild bees and flowers, I investigated how honey bee management practices affect disease spread and developed recommendations and tools to lesson the risk of spillover events. Honey bee disease may be exacerbated by migratory beekeeping which increases stress and opportunities for disease transmission. I experimentally tested whether migratory conditions contribute to disease spread in honey bees and found negative yet varying effects on bees suggesting that the effects of migratory practices may be ameliorated with rest time between pollination events. State apiary inspection programs are critical to controlling disease spread and reducing the risk of spillover. However, these programs are often resource constrained. I developed and deployed a toolkit that enables state programs to prioritize inspections and provide a platform for beekeeper education. Using novel data collected in Vermont, I discovered several promising avenues for future research and provided realistic recommendations to improve bee health.

Unlike other rosaceous fruit crops such as apple and cherry, commercial raspberry cultivars are largely self-fertile and can set fruit in the absence of pollinators. However, their floral morphology often prevents complete self-pollaintion. Incomplete pollination yields unmarketable small or crumbly fruits. Insect visitation is therefore essential to maximizing raspberry yield. Honey bees are typically used to pollinate commercial raspberry; however, escalating prices for hive rentals coupled with increasing acreage encourage evaluation of other manageable pollinators. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and several mason bees (Osmia spp.) are promising raspberry pollinators. Five bee species were evaluated and compared for their single-visit pollination efficacies on raspberry. From this a pollinator effectiveness index was created and an estimation of the minimum number of visits required to maximize fruit set was calculated. This estimation was then experimentally verified. Finally, in an attempt to synchronize their brief activity period with raspberry bloom, winter management options aimed at delaying the emergence of the mason bee, O. lignaria, were investigated. All five bee species proved excellent pollinators of raspberry. None of the alternative manageable species greatly outperformed honey bees. For this reason honey bees remain the most economical and practical option for open-field raspberry pollination. The adoption of alternative manageable bees could still be justified in other production systems, such as high-tunnel or greenhouse grown raspberry, which hamper honey bees’ ability to forage effectively. The pollinator effectiveness score for honey bees suggested that as few as two visits can achieve maximum fruit set. This estimate was confirmed through experimentation on three different red raspberry cultivars. For two of these cultivars, just one visit yielded drupelet counts similar to openly-pollinated flowers. This information can be used to help refine stocking density estimates for honey bees on raspberry. Wintering bees at 0° or -3° C rather than 4° C effectively delayed emergence of O. lignaria by more than a month without any impact on post-winter performance. These results suggest winter storage at near freezing temperatures is a viable management option for the use of O. lignaria with later-blooming crops.

The diethyl ether-extracted organic compounds of 155 samples of unifloral grade New Zealand kamahi and honeydew honeys, and New Zealand and Norwegian erica honeys, together with a series of active and inactive manuka honeys were analysed using combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that Kamahi honey is characterized by the presence of 2,6-dimethylocta-3,7-diene-2,6-diol, meliracemoic acid, and kamahines A-C and these compounds were typically present at average levels of 31, 14, and 73 mg/kg of honey, respectively. 2,6-Dimethylocta-3,7-diene-2,6-diol was isolated and the structure of this compound was defined using one- and two-dimensional NMR analyses. The only recognizably distinct peak present in the honeydew honey profile was indole acetic acid. In this honey, a relatively low to moderate level of indole acetic acid, ranging from 0.9 to 9.1 mg/kg honey was detected. In the New Zealand erica honey samples, ericinic acid, isoericinic acid isomers (average levels 363 and 34 mg/kg respectively), trans,cis and trans,trans-abscisic acid isomers (average levels 302 and 224 mg/kg respectively) and benzoic acid (average level 6950 mg/kg) were identified as floral marker compounds. Ericinic acid was isolated and the structure of this acid was defined using one-and two-dimensional NMR analyses. Low levels of ericinic and isoericinic acids (average levels of 1.1 and 0.32 mg/kg respectively) were detected in the Norwegian erica-rich honeys. The results presented here indicate that ericinic and isoericinic acids are likely to be universally present in erica honeys at levels which may range from as low as 1 mg/kg or less, as found in some Norwegian samples, to more than 100 mg/kg in some New Zealand samples. Two groups, namely a fingerprint pattern which characterized active manuka honeys, and a fingerprint pattern that characterized inactive manuka honeys were identified. Some substances contributing to the GCMS profile were found as marker compounds for the presence of unidentified substances responsible for the UMF activity. A statistically significant correlation was found between a small set of marker compounds (i.e. phenylacetic acid, 2-methoxyacetophenone, 2-methoxybenzoic, phenyllactic, octanedioic, cis-cinnamic, trans-cinnamic, nonanedioic, 4-methoxyphenyllactic and decanedioic acids and methyl syringate) and UMF activity of manuka honey. The best-fit marker compound regression equation (R = 0.92) was obtained for a set of pooled 30 moderate to high activity (UMF gt 14.1) samples. It was shown that the marker compound regression equation is capable of predicting the approximate UMF activity in both active and inactive manuka and kanuka honey samples. The leaf oil profiles of manuka (L. scoparium) plants that yielded active and inactive manuka honeys were characterized using an adaption of the micro-scale extraction and GC/FID or GC/MS, technique developed by Brophy et al. (1989). Six major groups of volatile (steam distillable) compounds (monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes [excluding eudesmols], eudesmols, triketones, and nor-triketones) and 3 groups of non-volatile or semi-volatile compounds (flavonoids, grandiflorone and nor-grandiflorone) were recognized in the leaf oil components. The active manuka honeys do not appear to be derived uniquely, or predominantly, from a single leaf oil chemotype.

Brown and Penicillium rot (blue and green mould) are the most common postharvest diseases in New Zealand, causing significant postharvest fruit losses. Current practice uses fungicides to control the postharvest diseases; however there are perceived health risks associated with the use of such chemicals. Recently, there has been substantial interest in chemicals that are considered Generally Regarded as Safe or GRAS and natural products as alternative postharvest treatments to replace currently used fungicides. In this study, ethanol (GRAS chemical) and the natural products honey, milk and essential oils (lemon, lemongrass, manuka and orange) were assessed as potential alternative treatments to replace the currently used fungicides on both peaches and oranges. In pilot studies ethanol was applied to the fruit by either vapour or dipping (30 seconds or 1.5 minutes). Honey, milk and essential oils were applied by dipping at 30 seconds. Essential oils were also tested using a microtiter assay. Exposing fruit to ethanol vapour proved effective at inhibiting fungal growth, but impacted negatively on fruit quality. Peaches that were exposed to 70% to 100% ethanol vapour were protected against fungal infection for up to 30 days when stored at either 4ºC or room temperature. This is compared to two days for untreated peaches and three days for fungicide -treated peaches. However, the ethanol-treated peaches suffered from severe browning. In contrast, 20% ethanol protected peaches for ten days when stored at 4ºC and two days at room temperature. The fruit that were exposed to 20% ethanol did not brown as a result of the treatment. Oranges that were exposed to 20%, 50%, 70% and 100% ethanol vapour were protected from fungal inhibition for 30 days at both 4ºC and room temperature, but they too suffered from severe browning. Dipping was not as effective as vapour at protecting against fungal infection, but had a little effect on fruit quality. Peaches dipped in 20% to 100% ethanol were completely rotten by ten days when stored at room temperature, but the peaches experienced little to no browning. Untreated and fungicide-treated fruit were protected for one day and two days, respectively. Milk and honey do not appear to have potential as postharvest treatments. Peaches that were treated with 20%, 50% and 100% whole milk and 50% manuka honey showed greater degree of fungal infection compared to untreated peaches after both room temperature and 4ºC storage. At room temperature, peaches that were exposed to 20%, 50% and 100% milk were completely rotten at eight days, compared with ten days for untreated peaches. In contrast, at 4ºC, peaches that were treated with 100% milk were completely rotten at 30 days, while only a slight fungal infection observed on untreated fruit. Similar to milk, honey-treated peaches were also completely rotten at 30 days at 4ºC storage.In vitro (microtiter) assay of the essential oils showed that orange and manuka oils appeared to be effective only at high concentrations. In contrast, lemongrass and lemon oils appeared to be effective even at low concentrations. Of the essential oils tested in the in vivo assay, lemongrass and lemon oils have the greatest potential. Oranges that were exposed to 0.05% lemongrass oil, 0.25% and 0.5% lemon oil were protected for 30 days when stored at 4ºC or room temperature. They provided the best antifungal activity compared to the other concentrations of all four essential oils tested as well as fungicide treatment for 30 days. Of all the treatment tested, 0.05% lemongrass oil, 0.25% and 0.5% lemon oil appeared to be the most promising treatments. However, these treatments need to be tested for antifungal effects, fruit quality, flavour and nutritional effects in large scale experiments before they can be applied as replacements to currently used fungicides. Also, essential oils are complex compounds; therefore it would be of interest to determine the active compound(s) of the lemongrass and lemon oils.

In the honey bee, responsiveness to sucrose correlates with many behavioural parameters such as age of first foraging, foraging role and learning. Sucrose responsiveness can be measured using the proboscis extension response (PER) by applying sucrose solutions of increasing concentrations to the antenna of a bee. We tested whether the biogenic amines octopamine, tyramine and dopamine, and the dopamine receptor agonist 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (6,7-ADTN) can modulate sucrose responsiveness. The compounds were either injected into the thorax or fed in sucrose solution to compare different methods of application. Injection and feeding of tyramine or octopamine significantly increased sucrose responsiveness. Dopamine decreased sucrose responsiveness when injected into the thorax. Feeding of dopamine had no effect. Injection of 6,7-ADTN into the thorax and feeding of 6,7-ADTN reduced sucrose responsiveness significantly. These data demonstrate that sucrose responsiveness in honey bees can be modulated by biogenic amines, which has far reaching consequences for other types of behaviour in this insect. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.