Objective of the work was to identify with using pollen analysis botanical origin of bee-colected pollens collected from beehive station Lískovec near the town Volary in the Protected Landscape Area of Šumava. Bee-collected pollens were collected once a week from one honey bee colony with using of a pollen trap. The time of collection was summer and late summer period from 22 June to 11 September 2010. Bee-collected pollens were dried, categorized by color, weighed and observed using the microscope. Pollen grains were determined by the number and type of apertures, shape, sculpture and size. Size of pollen grains was measured on at least 50 pollen grains of one type. In each microscopic slide were counted at least 500 pollen grains. The proportion of plant species in the sample was expressed as a percentage and the importace of plant species was evaluated in the diet of honey bees in the area of interest. Selected samples of bee-collected pollens from beehive station Lískovec and also from beehive station Dobčice were investigated for protein content and amino acid composition. Pollen belonging to Polemonium coeruleum, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens was evaluated as an important source of protein and amino acids for honey bees. The concentration of essential amino acids expressed as percentages of total amount of amino acids did not differ significantly between samples of bee-collected pollen. Another objective of the work was to compare the results from the area of interest with the results processed in the similar study from beehive station Dobčice in the northern area of the landscape Blanský les. The work also includes statistical evaluation of dominance, frequency, Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and variability between samples and species. The work is complemented by photographs of selected pollen grains.

Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that are important for genome stability and integrity. They are shortened with each cell cycle and during organismal aging. Although the most common telomere length compensation mechanism is the activity of a special reverse transcriptase, telomerase, in Drosophila telomeres are maintained by the retrotransposition of telomeric elements. In mammals, telomere length and telomerase activity can be influenced by lifestyle and the environmental conditions. This thesis is focused on activity of telomere length maintenance mechanism in insects in relation to aging and stress response.

Objective of the work was to identify with using pollen analysis botanical origin of bee pollens. Pollen analysis consisted in the distribution of samples to individual sub-samples . Samples were weighed and a part of them was dissolved in a solution of glycerin and water. Dissolved samples were viewed under a microscope. Pollen was removed by the beekeeper Mgr .Milan Trhlín with using a device called pollen catcher. The samples were collected in the year 2011 in the spring and early summer period from beehive location on the hill Lískovec, of the protected landscape Šumava 1,8 km west of city Volary, at a time of 25. march to 24. june. Another objective of the work was with using phytocenology study, in the distance 1,5 km from the beehive habitat, evaluate the structure of plant association from the point of nutrition honeybees. The work also includes evaluation preference bees for individual plant species. There were detected, that bees prefer the plants that provide the best digest pollen and the plants which grows up to 1,5 km from beehive habitat. There were distinguised 32 types of pollen grains.

abstract: The ability to detect and appropriately respond to chemical stimuli is important for many organisms, ranging from bacteria to multicellular animals. Responses to these stimuli can be plastic over multiple time scales. In the short-term, the synaptic strengths of neurons embedded in neural circuits can be modified and result in various forms of learning. In the long-term, the overall developmental trajectory of the olfactory network can be altered and synaptic strengths can be modified on a broad scale as a direct result of long-term (chronic) stimulus experience. Over evolutionary time the olfactory system can impose selection pressures that affect the odorants used in communication networks. On short time scales, I measured the effects of repeated alarm pheromone exposure on the colony-level defense behaviors in a social bee. I found that the responses to the alarm pheromone were plastic. This suggests that there may be mechanisms that affect individual plasticity to pheromones and regulate how these individuals act in groups to coordinate nest defense. On longer time scales, I measured the behavioral and neural affects of bees given a single chronic odor experience versus bees that had a natural, more diverse olfactory experience. The central brains of bees with a deprived odor experience responded more similarly to odorants in imaging studies, and did not develop a fully mature olfactory network. Additionally, these immature networks showed behavioral deficits when recalling odor mixture components. Over evolutionary time, signals need to engage the attention of and be easily recognized by bees. I measured responses of bees to a floral mixture and its constituent monomolecular components. I found that natural floral mixtures engage the orientation of bees’ antennae more strongly than single-component odorants and also provide more consistent central brain responses between stimulations. Together, these studies highlight the importance of olfactory experience on different scales and how the nervous system might impose pressures to select the stimuli used as signals in communication networks. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2018

abstract: Amongst the most studied of the social insects, the honey bee has a prominent place due to its economic importance and influence on human societies. Honey bee colonies can have over 50,000 individuals, whose activities are coordinated by chemical signals called pheromones. Because these pheromones are secreted from various exocrine glands, the proper development and function of these glands are vital to colony dynamics. In this thesis, I present a study of the developmental ontogeny of the exocrine glands found in the head of the honey bee. In Chapter 2, I elucidate how the larval salivary gland transitions to an adult salivary gland through apoptosis and cell growth, differentiation and migration. I also explain the development of the hypopharyngeal and the mandibular gland using apoptotic markers and cytoskeletal markers like tubulin and actin. I explain the fundamental developmental plan for the formation of the glands and show that apoptosis plays an important role in the transformation toward an adult gland. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2018

abstract: How a colony regulates the division of labor to forage for nutritional resources while accommodating for changes in colony demography is a fundamental question in the sociobiology of social insects. In honey bee, Apis mellifera, brood composition impacts the division of labor, but it is unknown if colonies adjust the allocation of foragers to carbohydrate and protein resources based on changes in the age demography of larvae and the pheromones they produce. Young and old larvae produce pheromones that differ in composition and volatility. In turn, nurses differentially provision larvae, feeding developing young worker larvae a surplus diet that is more queen-like in protein composition and food availability, while old larvae receive a diet that mimics the sugar composition of the queen larval diet but is restrictively fed instead of provided ad lib. This research investigated how larval age and the larval pheromone e-β ocimene (eβ) impact foraging activity and foraging load. Additional cage studies were conducted to determine if eβ interacts synergistically with queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) to suppress ovary activation and prime worker physiology for nursing behavior. Lastly, the priming effects of larval age and eβ on worker physiology and the transition from in-hive nursing tasks to outside foraging were examined. Results indicate that workers differentially respond to larvae of different ages, likely by detecting changes in the composition of the pheromones they emit. This resulted in adjustments to the foraging division of labor (pollen vs. nectar) to ensure that the nutritional needs of the colony's brood were met. For younger larvae and eβ, this resulted in a bias favoring pollen collection. The cage studies reveal that both eβ and QMP suppressed ovary activation, but the larval pheromone was more effective. Maturing in an environment of young or old larvae primed bees for nursing and impacted important endocrine titers involved in the transition to foraging, so bees maturing in the presence of larvae foraged earlier than control bees reared with no brood. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biology 2014

Pollination necessary for the agricultural crop production affects the functions of the ecosystems on earth. In landscapes where wild pollinators are decreasing, honey bees promote the maintenance of plant species, therefore honey bee losses are of great concern. Current honey bee colony losses (Apis mellifera) worldwide are caused by Colony collapse disorder, the mite Varroa destructor and pesticides. This results in the honey bees weakened immune defenses making them susceptible to different diseases. Studies show that long-term natural selection for coexistence, or resistance to Varroa mites by honey bees is possible, but further developments are needed for this application in managed beekeeping. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria found in honey bees can play a crucial role by improving its immune response. At places where apicultural practices have led to decreased amounts of lactic acid bacteria in the bees, supplementary feeding is a possible treatment solution. The beekeepers' observations of mite reproduction dynamics and the overwintering of strong and healthy honey bees are needed to decrease Varroa treatment with synthetic chemicals. Based on this knowledge, a small survey of beekeepers in Örebro County, Sweden, was conducted in an attempt to determine the status of their bees during the last 5 years. The largest colony loss over the past 5 winters was predominantly in 2012-2013. Varroa mite infestations with disease symptoms were primarily found in the central region. Since the survey was small and time was limited it was only possible to make general conclusions. Deeper understanding of lactic acid bacteria in honey bee societies and their inhibition of different diseases are important for future research.

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites related to fungi, possessing greatly reduced genomic and cellular components. The microsporidian Nosema ceranae threatens honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations. Nosemosis has a complex epidemiology affected by host, pathogen and environmental factors. Although a draft of the N. ceranae genome has been published, the molecular basis underpinning pathogenicity is not known. The lack of established culturing techniques and a tractable genetic system necessitates use of model systems for both host and parasite such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I hypothesise effectors essential to disease progression exist amongst N. ceranae secretome genes. In this study I have started characterising these genes using a combination of established and novel techniques for studying microsporidia proteins including bioinformatics, heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae, and the genome-wide analysis platform of Synthetic Genetic Arrays. This effort has yielded new insights into N. ceranae secreted proteins which lack similarity to known sequences. I identified N. ceranae protein NcS77 as a candidate effector implicated in targeting host nuclear pores. NcS50 and NcS85 co-localise with ERG6 a marker for lipid droplets (an organelle known to be targeted by another obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis) when expressed in S. cerevisiae. N. ceranae polar tube proteins (PTP) induce filament formation when expressed in S. cerevisiae and PTP2 co-localises with the cell wall. Interestingly this phenotype is replicated by another secreted protein which may infer a common function. Together these data contribute to knowledge on N. ceranae pathology bringing us closer to understanding the disease and ultimately lead the way to mitigation.

<p>Medonosna pčela (Apis mellifera&nbsp; Linnaeus, 1758) je &scaron;iroko rasprostranjena vrsta iz grupe socijalnih insekata, glavni opra&scaron;ivač mnogih divljih biljaka i poljoprivrednih kultura. Pored njene primarne uloge u opra&scaron;ivanju, koristi se i za dobijanje pčelinjih proizvoda, pre svega meda, voska&nbsp; i propolisa,&nbsp; čime se dodatno nagla&scaron;ava njen privredni značaj. Uzimajući u obzir značaj medonosne pčele, a sa druge strane aktuelan problem pada broja kolonija, postoji potreba za razumevanje uzroka&nbsp; i&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; rizika koji leže u osnovi ovog kompleksnog problema. Stoga, istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji obuhvataju praćenje biohemijskih i fiziolo&scaron;kih parametara kod medonosne pčele kao pokazatelja stanja pčelinjih zajednica tokom letnjeg i zimskog perioda&nbsp; na stani&scaron;tima sa različitim antropogenim uticajem.&nbsp; U prvoj fazi istraživanja su izvedeni akutni laboratorijski testovi izlaganja&nbsp; medonosne pčele&nbsp; subletalnim dozama pesticida, tiakloprida i klotianidina, a dobijeni rezultati su&nbsp; ukazali&nbsp; na naru&scaron;enu neurotransmisiju, na izmene u aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima i redoks statusa u ćeliji, kao i na imunosupresiju.&nbsp; U drugoj fazi istraživanja su analizirane kolonije&nbsp; medonosne pčele sa različitih lokaliteta&nbsp; na području AP Vojvodine, sa primenom stacionarnog i migratornog tipa pčelarenja, tokom letnjeg i zimskog perioda, a dobijeni rezultati su ukazali&nbsp; na značajne razlike&nbsp; u biohemijskom odgovoru medonosne pčele u zavisnosti od starosti pčela, sezone godine i tipa pčelinjaka. Na osnovu rezultata prethodne dve faze istraživanja, izvr&scaron;en&nbsp; je&nbsp; odabir uzoraka, kao i izbor parametara za&nbsp; treću fazu&nbsp; istraživanja,&nbsp; gde&nbsp; je praćeno stanje medonosne pčele&nbsp; iz stacionalnih pčelinjih zajednica, tokom letnjeg&nbsp; aktivnog perioda, kao i početkom&nbsp; i&nbsp; krajem&nbsp; zimskog perioda&nbsp; mirovanja pčela, sa tri lokaliteta u Republici Srbiji sa različitim stepenom urbanizacije i industrijalizacije: Beograd kao urbano, Susek kao ruralno i Zajača kao industrijsko područje. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali na&nbsp; značajne razlike u zavisnosti od sezone&nbsp; godine, kao i&nbsp; lokaliteta sa različitim antropogenim uticajem.&nbsp; Zimske pčele, krajem perioda mirovanja&nbsp; u odnosu na početak mirovanja,&nbsp; karakteri&scaron;e vi&scaron;i&nbsp; nivo antioksidativne za&scaron;tite, udružen sa&nbsp; visokim&nbsp; stepenom&nbsp; oksidativnih o&scaron;tećenja, zatim&nbsp; bolja imunokompetencija, kao i niske energetske rezerve u masnom telu.&nbsp; Sezonskim povećanjem temperatura tokom godine povećava se sadržaj zasićenih, dok se smanjuje udeo nezasićenih masnih kiselina, gde se oleinska 18:1(9) kiselina izdvaja kao dominantna komponenta u ukupnom sadržaju masnih kiselina masnog tela&nbsp; pčela&nbsp; sa sve tri lokacije, tokom sva tri perioda.&nbsp; Niži nivo ukupnih ugljovodonika je jo&scaron; jedna fiziolo&scaron;ka karakteristika zimskih pčela. Takođe, zapažene su promene&nbsp; i&nbsp; u neurotransmisiji holinergičkog tipa tokom sezone, sa vi&scaron;im aktivnostima acetilholinesteraze kod pčela krajem zime i tokom leta.&nbsp; Metabolomičkom analizom hemolimfe pčela je&nbsp; identifikovano&nbsp; 125 metabolita, uključenih u 36 metaboličkih puteva, gde se kao biomarkeri od značaja za razlikovanje letnjih i zimskih pčela izdvajaju&nbsp; metaboliti u metabolizmu glicerolipida i aminokiseline glicin, cistein, glutamin, fenilalanin, prolin i lizin.&nbsp; Poređenjem dobijenih rezultata između različitih lokaliteta,&nbsp; pčele iz Beograda se izdvajaju sa nižim nivoom oksidativnog stresa,&nbsp; nižim aktivnostimaacetilholinesteraze, kao i fenol oksidaze i glukoza oksidaze, ključnih enzima u imunom odgovoru pčela. Pčele iz Suseka su se izdvojile sa najvećom masom masnog tela, &scaron;to ukazuje na dobre nutritivne i energetske rezerve u pčelama tokom zime i leta, dok se Beograd izdvaja sa značajno vi&scaron;im udelom nezasićenih masnih kiselina&nbsp; u masnom telu pčela.&nbsp; Takođe su zabeležene razlike u relativnoj zastupljenosti&nbsp; n-alkana u pčelama sa različitih lokaliteta, te je u Beogradu najzastupljeniji nonakozan&nbsp; (C29), dok je heptakozan (C27) najzastupljeniji u uzorcima pčela iz Suseka i Zajače.&nbsp; Analizom sadržaja metala u pčelama, pergi i medu, zapažamo da svaku sredinu karakteri&scaron;e specifičan profil zagađenja,&nbsp; kao i da je u medu znatno niža koncentracija svih analiziranih metala.&nbsp; Dobijeni rezultati pružaju dobru osnovu za dalja ispitivanja biolo&scaron;kog odgovora medonosne pčele, u pogledu uticaja faktora okruženja, a time i dalje definisanje odgovarajućih mera za&scaron;tite pčelinjih zajednica.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; (Apis&nbsp; mellifera&nbsp; Linnaeus,&nbsp; 1758)&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&sbquo;widespread&nbsp; social&nbsp; insect&nbsp; species&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; main pollinator of various wild plants and agricultural crops.In addition to its primary role in pollination, the honey bee&nbsp; is&nbsp; also&nbsp; used&nbsp; for&nbsp; obtaining&nbsp; honeybee&nbsp; products, mostly honey, wax, and propolis, with a significant role in&nbsp; the&nbsp; economy.&nbsp; Number&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; is declining,&nbsp; thus&nbsp; necessitating&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of underlying&nbsp; reasons&nbsp; and&nbsp; risks.&nbsp; Therefore,&nbsp; in&nbsp; this doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; biochemical&nbsp; and&nbsp; physiological parameters&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; were&nbsp; monitored&nbsp; as indicators&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; colonies&rsquo;&nbsp; condition&nbsp; during&nbsp; the summer&nbsp; and&nbsp; winter&nbsp; period&nbsp; in&nbsp; habitats&nbsp; with&nbsp; different anthropogenic&nbsp; impacts.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; first&nbsp; phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; the research,&nbsp; acute laboratory tests of honey bee exposure to&nbsp; sublethal&nbsp; doses&nbsp; of&nbsp; pesticides&nbsp; (thiacloprid&nbsp; and clothianidin)&nbsp; were performed and the obtained results indicated&nbsp; impaired&nbsp; neurotransmission,&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in&nbsp; the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and redox status in the cell,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; immunosuppression.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; second phase&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; research,&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; colonies&nbsp; from different&nbsp; localities&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; area&nbsp; of&nbsp; AP&nbsp; Vojvodina&nbsp; were analyzed,&nbsp; using&nbsp; the&nbsp; stationary&nbsp; and&nbsp; migratory&nbsp; types&nbsp; of beekeeping, during the summer and winter period, and the obtained results indicated significant differences in the&nbsp; biochemical response of the honey bee depending on the age of the bees, the season of the year, and the type of apiary. Based on the results of the previous two phases&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; research,&nbsp; the&nbsp; selection&nbsp; of&nbsp; samples&nbsp; was performed,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; selection&nbsp; of&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; for analysis within the third phase of the research, where the&nbsp; condition&nbsp; of&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; stationary&nbsp; bee communities was monitored during the summer active period,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; beginning&nbsp; and&nbsp; end&nbsp; of&nbsp; winter dormancy of bees, from three localities in the Republic of&nbsp; Serbia&nbsp; with&nbsp; different&nbsp; degrees&nbsp; of&nbsp; urbanization&nbsp; and industrialization: Belgrade as urban, Susek as rural and<br />Zajaca&nbsp; as&nbsp; industrial&nbsp; area.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results indicated&nbsp; significant&nbsp; differences&nbsp; depending&nbsp; on&nbsp; the season&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; year,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; location&nbsp; with different&nbsp; anthropogenic&nbsp; influence.&nbsp; Older&nbsp; winter&nbsp; bees are&nbsp; characterized&nbsp; by&nbsp; a&nbsp; higher&nbsp; level&nbsp; of&nbsp; antioxidant protection,&nbsp; associated&nbsp; with&nbsp; a&nbsp; high&nbsp; degree&nbsp; of&nbsp; oxidative damage,&nbsp; better&nbsp; immunocompetence,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; lowenergy reserves in the fat body. The seasonal increase in&nbsp; the&nbsp; temperature&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; year&nbsp; increases&nbsp; the content&nbsp; of&nbsp; saturated&nbsp; while&nbsp; decreasing&nbsp; the&nbsp; ratio&nbsp; of unsaturated&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids,&nbsp; where&nbsp; oleic&nbsp; 18:1(9)&nbsp; acid stands&nbsp; out&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; dominant&nbsp; component&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; total fatty&nbsp; acid&nbsp; content&nbsp; of&nbsp; bee&nbsp; body&nbsp; fat&nbsp; from&nbsp; all&nbsp; three locations,&nbsp; during&nbsp; all&nbsp; three&nbsp; periods.&nbsp; The&nbsp; lower&nbsp; level&nbsp; of total&nbsp; hydrocarbons&nbsp; is&nbsp; another&nbsp; physiological characteristic&nbsp; of&nbsp; winter&nbsp; bees.&nbsp; Also,&nbsp; changes&nbsp; in cholinergic&nbsp; neurotransmission&nbsp; were&nbsp; observed&nbsp; during the&nbsp; season,&nbsp; with&nbsp; higher&nbsp; acetylcholinesterase&nbsp; activities in&nbsp; bees&nbsp; in&nbsp; late&nbsp; winter&nbsp; and&nbsp; summer.&nbsp; Metabolomic analysis of bee hemolymph identified 125 metabolites,included in 36 metabolic pathways, where metabolites in&nbsp; the&nbsp; metabolism&nbsp; of&nbsp; glycerolipids&nbsp; and&nbsp; amino&nbsp; acids glycine,&nbsp; cysteine,&nbsp; glutamine,&nbsp; phenylalanine,&nbsp; proline, and&nbsp; lysine&nbsp; stand&nbsp; out&nbsp; as&nbsp; biomarkers&nbsp; of&nbsp; importance&nbsp; for distinguishing summer and winter bees. By&nbsp; comparing the obtained results between different localities, honey bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Belgrade&nbsp; stand&nbsp; out&nbsp; with&nbsp; lower&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of oxidative&nbsp; stress,&nbsp; lower&nbsp; activities&nbsp; of acetylcholinesterase&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; phenoloxidase&nbsp; and glucose oxidase, key enzymes in the immune response of&nbsp; bees.&nbsp; The&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Susek&nbsp; had&nbsp; the&nbsp; largest mass of the fat body, which indicates good nutritional and&nbsp; energy&nbsp; reserves&nbsp; in&nbsp; bees&nbsp;&nbsp; during&nbsp; winter&nbsp; and summer,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; Belgrade&nbsp; were shown&nbsp; to&nbsp; have&nbsp; a&nbsp; significantly&nbsp; higher&nbsp; ratio&nbsp; of unsaturated&nbsp; fatty&nbsp; acids&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; fat&nbsp; body&nbsp; of&nbsp; bees&nbsp; during the&nbsp; year.&nbsp; There&nbsp; were&nbsp; also&nbsp; differences&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; relative prevalence&nbsp; of&nbsp; n-alkanes&nbsp; in&nbsp; honey&nbsp; bees&nbsp; from&nbsp; different localities, nonacosane (C29) being the most common in Belgrade, while heptacosane (C27) is most prevalent in honey&nbsp; bee&nbsp; samples&nbsp; from&nbsp; Susek&nbsp; and&nbsp; Zajaca.&nbsp; By analyzing the metal content in honey bees, perga, and honey,&nbsp; it&nbsp; was&nbsp; noted&nbsp; that&nbsp; each&nbsp; environment&nbsp; is characterized by a specific pollution profile, as well as that the concentration of all analyzed metals in honey is significantly lower compared to samples of bees and perga.&nbsp; The&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; provide&nbsp; a&nbsp; good&nbsp; basis&nbsp; for further studies of the biological response of&nbsp; the honey bee,&nbsp; in&nbsp; terms&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; influence&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; environmental factors,&nbsp; enabling&nbsp; further&nbsp; defining&nbsp; of&nbsp; appropriate measures for the protection of honey bee colonies.</p>

My study focuses on how the pollination frequence for wild insect pollinators was influenced by the presence of honey bees. Man made beehives, with their thousands of honey bees, can potentially affect wild insect pollinators within 3 km radius. Several studies indicate that this competition will be disadvantageous for wild insect pollinators. The study at hand was conducted in boreal areas of North Swedens southern coastal region. In each area studied, the frequency of pollinators, wild as well as domesticated, was counted in close proximity to beehives and at reference areas, distanced more than 3 kilometres from nearest hive. The reults are somewhat startling, but not statistically significant. In five of the six sites, the wild pollinators were more numerous with honey bees present.