In many hydroelectric projects there is a need to safely dissipate the energy associated with the elevation of the water surface. When the flow is not passing through the turbines, bypass valves are often used. A valve that is commonly used is the fixed-cone valve. Fixed-cone valves, also known as Howell-Bunger valves, are devices often used to safely reduce flow energy at dams with medium to high heads. The valve directs the outflow into a conical hollow jet, which requires a large area for energy dissipation. The flow is controlled by an adjustable sleeve, also known as the gate which surrounds the valve and requires minimal power for operation even for large valves. Depending on the installation, the conical jet may need to be controlled by installing a fixed stationary hood or other structure to contain and direct the conical jet. While the hood reduces the spray, the use of the hood causes the formation of a concentrated hollow jet having a high velocity. To eliminate the hollow jet and dissipate much of the associated energy, the hood can have interior baffles. If the hood is not precisely placed relative to the valve, a phenomenon, known as backsplash, will occur. Backsplash is when a significant amount of water exits the upstream end of the hood. Backsplash is a concern for operators because it can prevent access to the valve during operation and can flood valve vaults. Because the use of fixed-cone valves and baffled-hoods are becoming more popular, the need for guidelines to correctly position the hood relative to the valve will benefit both engineers and contractors. In some hydroelectric sites, submerging the fixed-cone valve is used to control the spray and dissipate energy. Submerging the valve can have can produce violent flow conditions which can cause damage to a structure or heavy erosion. The use of a submerged fixed-cone valve is rarely used, and a submerged valve used with a baffled-hood has never been constructed. The study performed shows that the use of a baffled hood with a fixed-cone valve in submerged conditions performs well. The results may lead the way for more submerged fixed-cone valves in the future.

The Fountain Landslide located along I-84, five kilometers east of Cascade Locks, Oregon has moved periodically for over thirty years. Aerial photographs taken prior to recorded movement of the landslide show the headscarp of a large preexisting landslide. In 1952 a cut was made into the toe of the landslide to straighten Highway 30. The recorded movement history begins at this time. Stabilization procedures in the late 1950's focused on dewatering the slide mass. Movement had nearly stopped by 1957. A deeper cut was made into the toe of the landslide in 1966 to widen the highway to the four-laned I-8ON (later renamed I-84). Accelerated movement resulted. The Oregon State Highway Division removed 264,000 cubic meters of material from the head of the movement zone. Accelerated movement continued. The Oregon State Highway Division then began intense research of the landslide. Research included core logs, slope inclinometers, and the ground water data. The western portion of the slide mass was unloaded more extensively in 1970 (1.2 million cubic meters). This later unloading slowed down the movement, but it continues periodically. The oldest unit found in the area is a volcaniclastic unit. It is found only in core logs in the SW portion of the slide. The basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group are found intact and as talus in the study area. Quartz diorite intrusives younger than the Columbia River Basalt Group is found at the surf ace and at depth along the entire length of the toe of the landslide. Wind River Lava crossed from Washington, dammed the Columbia River and was deposited within the study area. The slide mass consists primarily of Columbia River Basalt Group talus and Wind River Lava talus. The slip plane consists primarily of rocky mudstone. The ground water table is elevated over the intrusive at the toe of the landslide and over the volcaniclastic unit at the head. Surface cracks and scarps indicate that the slide mass moves northward, drops at the head and heaves at the toe. A slope stability analysis of the Fountain Landslide showed that the instability here is the result of elevated groundwater and the removal of material at the toe for highway construction. It also showed that the eastern portion is more stable than the western portion. The differences in the stability result of the addition of fill at the toe and a lower ground water table in the eastern portion. The development of the prehistoric slide resulted when the dam of Wind River Lava was removed and lateral support for the deposit was lost. This study shows that it is essential to have adequate geologic information prior to construction or remedial design for any preexisting landslide to avoid stability problems.

The Miocene Rhododendron and Dalles Formations in the Mount Hood area are accumulations of chiefly pyroclastic andesitic material, largely confined to the Dalles-Mount Hood syncline. These very similar units are geographically separated by overlying andesites including the present Mount Hood cone, and past workers (Hodge 1938, Wise 1969) have suspected that they may share a common source. Prior to this study, few geochemical data were available for the Rhododendron and the Dalles Formations, compared to the well studied Columbia River basalts underlying them and the overlying Pliocene andesites. This geochemical study was designed to investigate certain aspects of the Rhododendron and Dalles Formations such as their possible common source, how they differ chemically from other andesites in the area, and how they fit into the chemical evolution of the Cascade Mountains.

A subsonic wind tunnel facility was built and tested as part of a base line test investigating flow within a diffuser-collector. Facility controls allowed the quarter scale model to match both Reynolds number and Mach number. Mass averaged conditions at the diffuser inlet during testing were determined as 1.939 ? 106 for Reynolds number based upon diffuser inlet hydraulic diameter, and 0.418 for Mach number. A flow conditioning section prior to test section contained several interchangeable sections. Flow conditioning components were used to create flow characteristic of that leaving the last stage of a land-based gas turbine. The diffuser-collector subsystem was evaluated through the use of wall static pressure measurements, a variety of probe traverse measurements, and Stereo-PIV. Flow within the collector and diffuser were determined to be heavily dependent upon the collector geometry. PIV measurements showed the development of two large counter rotating vortices within the collector. Each symmetric vortex grew and shifted according to the collector geometry while creating complex regions of flow. Pressure recovery within the diffuser was in range of 0.47 to 0.78, and would drop to 0.52 at the collector exit. The drop in pressure recovery was presumed to be a combination of inefficient diffusion in the collector and losses due to the vortices. The baseline test was found to be successful in terms of facility design, and determining the critical flow phenomena. Further testing and experimentation are necessary to evaluate specific details of the collector geometry's effect upon the pressure recovery and flow development. / Master of Science

The objective of this study was to determine whether improvements could be made to increase the capture distance of traditional local exhaust ventilation (LEV) hoods by designing a circular slotted-hood. The criterion of success for this study was to achieve increases in capture velocity at an upstream distance equal to the diameter of the hood (11 inches). By increasing capture velocity further from the face, contaminant capture could take place at distances more convenient to the circular slotted-hood operator while maintaining adequate suction. This was to be achieved by the addition of two slots and a flange to a traditional conical hood opening. Three plates were designed to change the geometry of a plain conical hood (slot area: 0.1334, 0.0963 and 0.0694 ft2). They were tested at different airflow rates (243, 347, 467, 647, 897 cubic feet per minute) for a set number of distances from the hood face using a thermal anemometer. Three-dimensional maps of performance were created for visual comparisons, and t-tests were conducted to analyze performance by comparison of velocity at any point upstream of the hood. Velocity contours illustrated that two of the three designs had greater capture velocities compared to the standalone conical hood, and paired t-tests confirmed the significance (p<0.05). Each of the new designs failed to significantly increase capture distance further than 11 inches from the hood. However, increased velocities occurred near the hood opening (within 5 inches). These modest improvements for the largest slot design increases operating pressures by approximately 0.1" wg @ 250 cfm but 1.1" wg @ 650 cfm. Implementing these new designs would increase capture velocities close to the hood, although this advantage is offset by the cost it would require to compensate for the pressure loss incurred.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yussef_Daibert_Salomao_Campos_Dissertacao.pdf: 900902 bytes, checksum: 6053b26f2b46b9e7c4ff775aa0e41679 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-15 / The dissertation studies the relationship between social identity and cultural property, especially the intangible heritage one. This is carried out through the study of specific legislation, focusing on the Robin Hood Act, Minas Gerais, which deals with the transfer of state tax to municipalities that provide attention to their cultural property. The main objective of this study is highlight the social identity as a legitimizing protection of cultural heritage in all its categories and demonstrate that we should not build a pyramid hierarchy between the categories of cultural heritage, and more: that national identity is formed by a myriad of local identities, understood as concepts constructed from conflicts and disputes between these identities, which result in certain political practices. In addition, the study analyses how the law acts constructs imagined communities. This can be seen from the analysis of relevant legislation, as well as in comparison to Brazilian legislation, in particular the mining and the law of "Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires", Argentina. Through this study will be seen that cultural heritage is a field of conflict between identities, and that the public practice in this area are a reflection of this standoff / Essa dissertação estuda a relação entre identidade social e patrimônio cultural, em especial o imaterial, tomando como objeto de estudo a legislação específica, com enfoque na Lei Robin Hood, de Minas Gerais, que trata do repasse de tributo do Estado aos municípios que conferem atenção aos seus bens culturais. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é apontar a identidade social como legitimadora da proteção do patrimônio cultural, em todas suas categorias e demonstrar que não se deve montar uma pirâmide hierárquica entre as categorias do patrimônio cultural; e mais: que a identidade nacional é formada por uma miríade de identidades locais, entendidas como conceitos construídos a partir de conflitos e disputas entre tais identidades, que resultam em determinadas práticas políticas. Além disto, buscará mostrar como a lei age como instrumento construtor de comunidades imaginadas. Isso poderá ser observado a partir da análise da legislação pertinente, assim como na comparação entre a legislação brasileira, em especial a mineira, e a lei da Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires , Argentina. Através dessa investigação será visto que o patrimônio cultural é um campo de conflito entre identidades, e que as práticas públicas nessa área são reflexo de tal embate

Numerous moraines front the Coe Glacier on the north side of Mount Hood, Oregon. These moraines were identified and dated using a multiple methodology approach in order to establish a chronology for the advances and stillstands of the Cae Glacier. This chronology was compared to chronologies established for other glaciers on Mount Hood, North Sister, Mount Rainier and Mount Baker as well as glaciers in Scandinavia. The chronology was also compared to a long term temperature record from Longmire, Washington. The maximum identified extent of the pre-Little Ice Age Coe Glacier was indicated by moraines located at an elevation of about 1530 m and about 2 km downvalley of the present terminus. A general period of shrinkage of the pre-Little Ice Age Coe Glacier followed resulting in the deposition of moraines upvalley of the older pre-Little Ice Age moraines. The Little Ice Age Coe Glacier reached its maximum downvalley extent of about 1650 m elevation prior to 1731 AD. An earlier advance (1607 AD) was more extensive laterally than the 1731 AD advance. The Coe Glacier has been in a general state of recession since the mid to late 1700's. The prominent lateral moraines formed prior to 1882 AD. Four low moraines located within the Coe Glacier trough formed before 1901. Historical records indicate that the Coe Glacier has generally continued to recede since then. A comparison of the moraine ages and the historical activity of the Coe Glacier to other glaciers on Mount Hood as well as others in the Pacific Northwest and Scandinavia reveals that fluctuations of the glacier termini are generally synchronous. This similarity, combined with the similarity of the ages of Coe Glacier moraines to cool periods in a long term temperature record, indicates that hemispheric climatic patterns have played a major role in the past fluctuations of the Coe Glacier.

Nutritional quality and availability is thought to regulate geographic patterns of variability in animal body size due to phenotypic plasticity. The purpose of this study is to determine how vegetation quality, abundance and population density influence white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) body size on a subregional spatial scale at Fort Hood, Texas. Harvest and census records are used to test the hypothesis that white-tailed deer exhibit phenotypic plasticity (e.g. larger body size) in response to differences in vegetation quality and availability. Results from these analyses suggest that forage quality and abundance alone is not a main driver of white-tailed deer body size. Analysis of deer population density (generally) resulted in an inverse relationship with body size. Areas with high quality forage and low population density support larger deer while areas with low quality forage and high density support smaller than average deer. The few exceptions occur in areas exhibiting poor quality forage and low population density or high forage quality and high density. Results from this study suggest that continued overcrowding of deer within isolated areas may eventually lead to efficiency phenotypic conditions producing smaller sized deer. These results could prove useful in interpreting deer population responses to harvest management. For successful local management of deer, studies examining the combined influence of habitat variables (such as forage quality, abundance and population density) on deer health offer managers valuable information needed to establish annual harvest goals and understand deer-habitat relationships relative to carrying capacity.

This study was conducted to comparatively examine child specific expulsion rates and parent satisfaction of children who received early childhood mental health consultation (ECMHC) services delivered in 2 states for the 2012 program year: Maryland (unlicensed) and Delaware (licensed) . This current study examined secondary data to determine whether unlicensed (Maryland) ECMHC professionals are equally or more effective than licensed (Delaware) ECMHC professionals. Of the total number of child specific consultations or cases referred for services in Maryland (unlicensed), N = 370, n = 266 children avoided expulsion and were able to remain at their childcare placements while n = 17 children were expulsed. Of the total number of child specific consultations or cases referred for services in Delaware (licensed), N = 135, n = 119 children were able to remain in their childcare placements while n = 3 children were expulsed. The results of this study revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in expulsion rates between Unlicensed (Maryland) professionals and Licensed (Delaware) professionals. Results suggest that licensure status of ECMHC professionals has no affect on expulsion rate outcomes and should receive further examination. Additionally, results could support policy changes that could lead to a national credentialing process that would address the current gap in ECMHC services due to the shortage of qualified ECMHC professionals. This study was unable to determine the outcome of parent satisfaction due to missing data. Future direction should include replication using a mixed longitudinal study.

Regarding the great importance of a good working environment, in this research, ventilation systems installed in kitchens of restaurants were studied in order to avoid problems and to understand the key factors that can influence on the performance of the system. The results obtained were taken into account to provide some recommendations to a real ventilation system of a restaurant called Pastaria in Gävle (Sweden). This concrete ventilation system was not performing good, and some calculations based on the kitchen design were made trying to offset the problem. A large number of scientific studies related to restaurant kitchen hoods and ventilation systems were used to get the findings. These articles were obtained from scholar web databases. The main problem found in kitchen hoods is the inadequate exhaust airflow. The minimum required airflow varies depending on the size and shape of the hood. Keil et al. (2004) found in their research that only 39% and 24% of the studied hoods met the minimum recommended airflow from ACGIH and ASHRAE guidelines, respectively. Other key factors found are related to the kitchen design. The kitchen hood is recommended to have incorporated a capture hood covering all the burners. Side panels can be employed to increase the capture and containment. High efficiency filters and rigid ducts are also recommended. The cleaning of the ventilation ducts is also an important factor, they are recommended to be cleaned between 1 to 9 years depending on the activity of the kitchen. Thus, key factors such as disturbing airflows and the presence/movement of the cooks can disturb the kitchen hood performance. A very effective solution, isolating the fumes below the hood, that is getting developed is the installation of an inclined air curtain from the cooking surface. Related to the kitchen hood and the ventilation system of the Pastaria restaurant. Some measurements and information were obtained in a visit to the restaurant. After calculations, it was obtained based on the kitchen design that is required a minimum airflow of 4 140 m3/hour. In order to do that, the heat exchanger Swegon Silver C RX, installed in the system, requires a minimum size of 11/12. The distribution of the kitchen appliances in this restaurant seems to be correct. However, a future study in order to see if there are disturbing airflows affecting the kitchen hood performance must be carried out. If after checking all recommendations the performance of the kitchen hood is not good enough yet, an inclined air curtain may be installed due to their great effectiveness against problems of hoods. In conclusion, it was clearly obtained that a correct kitchen distribution design and calculations must be done for each restaurant in order to install the most adequate kitchen hood with the best characteristics. This way, fumes, odors, moisture and particles will be easily exhausted allowing a better environment out of risks to the establishment and customers health.