Illegal Mexican migration to the U.S. appears to have increased substantially over the past fifteen years. Most illegal Mexican aliens migrate with the aim of obtaining better employment opportunities and higher earnings in the U.S. than are available in Mexico. The potential impacts of this migration on various U.S. interests, however, are not agreed upon by scholars in the field. In fact, little empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. have been collected, especially with regard to the economic incentives for their migration. This study is an attempt to obtain empirical data on illegal Mexican aliens who are employed in the U.S. The principle aim of this research is to describe a random sample of illegal Mexican aliens surveyed at Hood River, Oregon, where they were employed in agricultural harvest activities. Specific attention is placed on the earnings differential for illegal Mexican aliens in the U.S. and foregone earnings in Mexico as a measure of the economic incentive for illegal migration. The study finds that illegal Mexican aliens interviewed at Hood River generally conform to the demographic profile described in previous studies. but that the data on their earnings and expenditures are considerably different. Both wage earnings and living costs in the U.S. appear to be considerably higher for most illegal Mexican aliens than indicated by previous studies, and their differential between potential U.S. and Mexican earnings is substantial. Illegal Mexican aliens at Hood River had gross earnings of approximately six-times their foregone Mexican earnings by working in the U.S. for roughly the same period of time. By accounting for expenses that the illegal aliens face in the U.S., this amount is reduced to four-times their foregone earnings. The study concludes that considerable illegal Mexican migration will likely continue in the near future and that further research on other aspects of the phenomenon and in other geographic regions would be useful. Several specific suggestions for future research are also outlined. / Graduation date: 1980

In his book, Robin Hood: An Historical Enquiry, John Bellamy asserts that the lack of a study of the relationship between Robin Hood and the sheriff stems from very little evidence in the ballads and external sources. However, the Robin Hood ballads originate in the fourteenth century when tales of justice and chivalry experienced widespread appeal alongside complaint literature addressing social upheaval bubbling to the surface of English life; why would an audience celebrate an outlaw during this time and long after Gawain and Arthur fade in popularity in the ensuing centuries? There must be more to the relationship between Robin Hood and the sheriff of Nottingham. In order to find a deeper relationship between the outlaw and lawman, the estates model should be used as a framework from which to begin the study of Robin Hood and his shrieval desires and not as a specific exercise of explication and application. By doing so, one can see that Robin Hood does assume the role of the sheriff in the early ballads by assuming his duties of managing the forests, collecting money from individuals within the community, albeit mostly from dishonest clergy, maintaining an army for defense, and settling disputes between various parties within the shire. By examining the shrieval position Robin attempts to fill as imagined through the estates model and the period’s accepted role of sheriff, Robin Hood appears as the idealized form of the sheriff in a real-world environment that could not support the ideal.

Every year approximately 400 000 pedestrians are killed worldwide in road related injuries where children and elderly are the most exposed age groups. The design of the front-end of a vehicle and the structural stiffness have a significant influence on the kinematics and injury risks of the pedestrian body. To create a clearance between the rigid hood structure and the hood, the hood is lifted. A lifted hood does however not provide protection over the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. This study is performed at Autoliv Sverige AB and the purpose is to examine how fast the hood can be lifted 100 mm using a pedestrian protection airbag. The airbag give an extended protection while covering the cowl, windscreen and A-pillar areas. A concept generation session was performed where modifications of the current pedestrian protection airbag, for a faster hood lift, were proposed. The generated concepts proceeded to a concept screening session where the Autoliv evaluation matrix was used. The selected concepts went further to static testing where the performance of each concept was tested. The performance include the lift time of 100 mm for the most rearward section of the hood, positioning of the cushion and pressure distribution. The tests were carried out in a room temperature environment. To conclude the thesis work, one winning concept could not be obtained. Two concepts excelled themselves from all the concepts and a difference in the performances between these two concepts could not be found. In this thesis no calculations on costs such as material costs and manufacturing costs has been made. This can be the major aspect on choosing one winning concept but due to the fact that there is no time for a cost analysis in this thesis, the PPA development team will take over.

Magma recharge events and subsequent mixing processes are understood to precede volcanic eruptions. Textural evidence of intrusion of hot, mafic magma into a cooler, rheologically locked silicic magma is commonplace. Solidified "blobs" of injected magma, called enclaves, are evidence of magma mixing, but the petrological and mechanical conditions during their formation are debated. Mount Hood, Oregon consistently erupts andesite bearing compositionally similar enclaves. These enclaves are evidence of mingling and mixing of two magmas. However, due to the compositional similarity between enclave and host lava (e.g. ~1-5 wt.% difference in SiO2), it is unclear whether the preserved enclaves represent; 1) partially hybridized mafic melt remaining after mixing with significant crystal exchange with the host magma or 2) the preserved remnants of the intruding magma during recharge, with no homogenization or crystal exchange with the host magma. The aim of this study is to understand how and why enclaves form in compositionally similar host magmas, such as those at Mount Hood. Building off previous research, we utilize a combination of field observations, chemical analyses, and numerical modeling to constrain the rheology of the magmas prior to and during mixing. The degree of magma mixing is dependent on the viscosity contrast between the host and intruding magmas. Since these magmas are similar compositionally, variations in other magmatic properties such as crystallinity, and therefore temperature, and density may drive the viscosity differences between the host and intruding magmas needed for enclave formation. The enclaves at Mount Hood are vesicular (13-28%), coarse-grained; made up of mainly groundmass crystals (200-450 µm) with sparse microlites (< 200 µm), glass (450 µm) proportions, and rarely contain quenched margins. Additionally, crystals within the host magma show preferential alignment along the margins between host and enclave, suggesting a fluid behavior of the host magma during mixing. Based on textural and compositional evidence, we hypothesize that the intruding magma was buoyant, viscous, and crystalline, due to decompression-induced crystallization and exsolution of volatiles, during recharge and ascent to the shallow magma reservoir. Injection and underplating of the viscous crystalline intruding magma into a hot convecting host magma induces enclave formation. Crystallization temperatures differ by only 6-15 °C between host and enclave lavas, derived by the two pyroxene geothermometry method by Putrika (2008). These crystallization temperatures are consistent with crystallization in compositionally similar magmas. However, with such similar crystallization and liquidus temperatures, maintaining a viscosity contrast between the mixing magmas for enclave survival after formation suggests other properties, apart from temperature, must explain the viscosity contrast needed for enclave survival after enclave dispersal and thermal equilibration occurs. The presence of bubbles, from exsolution during crystallization, within the enclave magma increases the viscosity while simultaneously decreasing the density. Therefore, the presence of bubbles increases the viscosity of the intruding magma and maintains the viscosity contrast during the mixing process after thermal equilibration occurs. Additionally, if degassing occurs, rapid crystallization maintains the high viscosity of the enclaves. The enclaves observed at Mount Hood represent the solidified remnants of the last recharge event prior to eruption. The presence of compositionally similar enclaves and host lavas suggest a transient precursor event just prior to eruption at Mount Hood and can be applied to other recharge-driven arc volcanic systems.

Over a span of six days from November 2-7, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006. The Eliot Branch lahar was embedded within the larger regional flood that was occurring in the Hood River Basin and traveled a total of 48 km from the initiation points on the north flank of Mount Hood to the Hood Rivers confluence with the Columbia River. The initiating landslides abruptly transformed into a debris flow upon mixing with flood waters of the Eliot Branch. The debris flow traveled a distance of ~28 km at which point it was transformed first to a hyperconcentrated flow and then to water flow via selective deposition of coarse sediment and progressive dilution by channel flow waters from the East and West Fork Hood Rivers. The transformation from debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow was recorded by a thickening wedge of hyperconcentrated streamflow sediments found above and below progressively fining debris flow sediments over a reach of 22 km. Finally, the hyperconcentrated-flow phase of the lahar transformed to water flow and then traveled an additional 20 km to the Hood River delta. Upon reaching the apex of the Hood River delta, depositing sediments led to an expansion of the delta. Debris-flow sediments were predominantly gravel (36.0-69.7% by wt.) with sand (22.1-55.9% by wt.) and fines (4.7-7.8% by wt.). Hyperconcentrated flow deposits contained a larger sand fraction of (66.8-99.2% by wt.) with few gravel clasts (0-26.0% by wt.) and fines (0-8.8% by wt.). Water flow deposits averaged 90.5% (wt.) sand with 6.0% (wt.) gravel and 3.0% (wt.) fines. Sorting was a key factor in flow identification and showed progressive improvement downstream from the initiation point. Sorting values for the flow types are as follows: debris flow deposits ranged from 3.3Φ (very poorly sorted) to 1.8Φ (poorly sorted), hyperconcentrated flow deposits ranged from 2.4Φ (very poorly sorted) to 0.8Φ (moderately sorted), and water flood deposits ranged between 1.4Φ (poorly sorted) to 0.6Φ (moderately sorted).

Film is a tool frequently used by teachers, but it is often limited to showing students how historical time periods looked like, or as a way for students to search for historical inaccuracies. The aim of this essay is to study whether it is possible to use two films based on the legend of Robin Hood as a way to teach students how to contextualize gender history.   Through the use of film analysis and gender analysis of two different versions of Robin Hood, The adventures of Robin Hood and Robin Hood: Prince of thieves were analyzed. The study has shown that it is indeed possible to use film as a source material for the study of gender history, and that film can tell us a lot about the contemporary view of gender, masculinity and femininity. The didactical analysis concluded that there was no theoretical objection of using film as a source material; however, there are some things that a teacher should be aware of. Although film may be a good way to create a varied study environment and benefit students with reading- and writing disabilities, there is a risk that time-constraints and lack of knowledge of film and its methodology on, behalf of both teachers and students, may make it hard to implement. Although, with a lot of preparation, training and cooperation among teachers these obstacles can be overcome and thus a better educational environment achieved.

This thesis uses the concept of righteous justice found within The Water Margin and the legends of Robin Hood to analyze conflicts of differing ideologies of justice and morality between the ruling class and that of the common people. From these conflicts this thesis further expounds the idea of righteous justice on three points: 1) Examines political themes and portrayals of righteous justice within the content of The Water Margin and the legends of Robin Hood; 2) Performs a character analysis on how characters identify with the authority systems of both natural law and king¡¦s law based upon the western and Chinese ideals of righteous and public justice; 3) Uses the Marxist theory of history to discuss the formation of ideologies of the common people and how they identify with the concept of righteous justice. Further, this thesis examines the way in which the heroes of Mt. Liang and those of Greenwood forest are viewed by the different classes, and from this examination the manner in which the phenomenon of righteous justice becomes viewed as a legitimate form of justice representing the common people. From these points, this thesis discusses the ways in which righteous justice found among both western and Chinese legends creates moral exceptions within a society.

Inaug.-diss. - Freiburg I.B.

Inaug.-diss. - Freiburg I.B.

Inaug.-Diss.--Strassburg.