1. Whole-cell patch recordings were made from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in transverse lumbar spinal cord slices of 15- to 30-day-old rats. 2. Endomorphin 1 (EM-1) or EM-2 (≤ 10 μM) hyperpolarized or induced an outward current in 26 of the 66 SG neurons. The I-V relationship showed that the peptide activates an inwardly rectifying K + current. 3. EM-1 or EM-2 (0.3-10 μM) suppressed short-latency excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and long-latency inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in nearly all SG neurons tested or short-latency IPSCs in six of the 10 SG neurons. [Met 5] enkephalin or [D-Ala 2, N-Me-Phe 4, Gly 5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) (1-10 μM) depressed EPSCs and IPSCs. EM-1 or EM-2 depressed synaptic responses without causing a significant change in holding currents or inward currents induced by glutamate. 4. Glutamate also evoked a short-latency outward current in five SG neurons or a biphasic current in two neurons; the outward current was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX, 0.3 μM) or bicuculline (10 μM). EM-1 or DAMGO (1 or 5 μM) attenuated the glutamate-evoked outward or biphasic currents in four of the seven SG neurons. 5. EM-1 (1 μM) reduced the frequency, but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs or miniature IPSCs. 6. Naloxone (1 μM) or the selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA, 25 μM) antagonized the action of EM; EM-induced hyperpolarizations persisted in the presence of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist (nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride, 1 μM) and/or σ-opioid receptor antagonist (naltrindole hydrochloride, 1 μM). 7. It may be concluded that EM acting on μ-opioid receptors hyperpolarizes a population of SG neurons by activating an inwardly rectifying K + current, and attenuates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents evoked in a population of SG neurons, probably by a presynaptic site of action.

No description available.

A study of Richard Strauss' two concertos for horn.

No / Radiation efficiency of antennas is shown to be measurable by a modified radiometric technique where the antenna's physical temperature is varied, rather than the noise temperature of its surroundings. The method is accurate, flexible and much more convenient for routine use. A means of avoiding errors caused by temperature-dependent antenna impedance is described. The accuracy of the method is verified by measuring the radiation efficiency of a horn antenna with a 3 dB attenuator to simulate a 50% efficient antenna, and by using microstrip patch antennas, whose measured efficiencies compared well with values computed from a transmission-line model.

It is the purpose of this study to aide in the understanding of the Horn Trio through a biographical sketch of Brahms, a discussion of his use and characterization of the instruments, and the thematic, harmonic, and structural organization of the trio.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.