Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina.pdf: 2220515 bytes, checksum: f56d7f999123342fb6d89e6c2060d0a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concernment in technical and economic information from some countries grows with the increasing demand for fruits in the world trading. The horticulture, in Paraná state, is an agricultural alternative with a great potential for success. Among the fruits from mild weather, pear (pyrus communis) is the third most consumed and most imported by Brazil. The current consumption is nearly 150 thousand tons per year and production does not reach 10% of total consumption. The extent of the internal market encourages some efforts to increase the national production of fruit, emphasizing, however, technological and economic restrictions to the achievement of such goal. Among the technologies that aim at adding value to the product, IFP (Integrated Fruit Production) and PA (Precision Agriculture) can be highlighted. The association of these techniques can allow a qualitative increase in Brazilian fruits production. In recent years, researches in precision agriculture have been focused on other cultures, besides the cereals that have already been studied, there can be found Precision Horticulture. Thus, this trial aimed at studying spatial and temporal variability of yield as well as physical and chemical properties of soil, plant and physicochemical characteristics of fruits in a pear orchard. The experimental area has 1.24 ha, at coordinates 25° 23' 22" S; 52° 34' 15" W, with an average altitude of 750 m, in Nova Laranjeiras - PR. In the plot, 146 pear trees of Pera D água variety were cropped. The yield variability in the orchard was considered as very high, being characterized as a great heterogeneity. On the other hand, there is a very weak and weak linear correlation with all physical and chemical properties of soil and the chemical characteristics of plants as well as a moderate linear and non-linear correlation with the fruit size. All the studied variables presented structure of spatial dependence, except macroporosity, total porosity (0-20 cm) and fruit density, which allows a site-specific fertilization. The methodology for generation of management zones (MZ) using standard yield was the best one since it has provided the most suitable distribution of MZ in relation to the area management / O interesse por informações técnicas e econômicas dos países com potencial para a produção cresce com o aumento da demanda por frutas no mercado mundial. A fruticultura é, no Estado do Paraná, alternativa agrícola de potencial sucesso. Dentre as frutas de clima temperado, a pera (pyrus communis) é a terceira mais consumida e a mais importada pelo Brasil. O consumo atual é da ordem de 150 mil toneladas ao ano e a produção não atinge 10% do total consumido. A dimensão do mercado interno favorece iniciativas de aumento da produção nacional da fruta, ressaltando-se, contudo, limitações tecnológicas e econômicas para que se atinja tal objetivo. Dentre as tecnologias que visam agregar valor ao produto, destacam-se a PIF (Produção Integrada de Frutas) e a AP (Agricultura de Precisão). Essas técnicas em conjunto podem possibilitar um salto de qualidade na produção brasileira de frutas. Nos últimos anos, as pesquisas em agricultura de precisão têm focado em outras culturas, além dos cereais comumente pesquisados, dentre elas está a fruticultura de precisão. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade, dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, da planta e as características físicoquímicas de frutos em pomares de peras. A área experimental corresponde a 1,24 ha, localizada nas coordenadas geográficas 25°23 22 S, 52°34 15 O, com altitude média de 750 m, localizada no município de Nova Laranjeiras PR. No talhão, foram cultivadas 146 pereiras da variedade Pera D água. A variabilidade da produtividade dentro do pomar foi considerada muito alta, logo, caracteriza-se como uma grande heterogeneidade, mas há uma correlação linear muito fraca e fraca com todos os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e químicos da planta, e correlação linear e não linear moderada com o comprimento do fruto. Todas as variáveis estudadas apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial, com exceção da macroporosidade, porosidade total (0-20 cm) e densidade do fruto, o que permite a aplicação localizada de fertilizantes. A metodologia de geração de unidade de manejo (UM) com produtividade normalizada foi a mais adequada por proporcionar distribuição mais apropriada das UMs quanto ao manejo da área

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina Siqueira Konopatzki .pdf: 620578 bytes, checksum: 20ae9d64264d71847a884412570fa23f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the last few years, the precision agriculture has turned itself to other crops besides cereals, which are already well-known studied. Among them, there is the precision horticulture. Pear is from mild weather and it is very appreciate by brazilian people, although its greatest consumed percentile is imported. Thus, this trial aimed at mapping spatial variability of chemical attributes from soil (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C and base saturation), of the plant (fruit length and diameter) as well as the pear trees yield in a commercial pear plants area. The experimental field had 146 pear plants, var. Pêra d água , distributed on a 1.24 ha area. Four harvest procedures were performed according to fruit maturation. In each harvest, the weight of all mature fruits per plant was computed, while the total yield was obtained by the sum of each crop. Hence, the soil attributes analyzed were: P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, CaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and base saturation, while the plants attributes were: length, diameter and yield. The pear yield had low correlation with soil attributes. Levels of spatial dependence were found to be very low (fruit length), low (P, fruit diameter), medium (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), high (Ca, K, bases saturation and yield), and very high (Mn and C), according to the spatial variability index (SVI, %), as it is proposed in this study. / Nos últimos anos, as pesquisas em agricultura de precisão têm focado outras culturas, além dos cereais comumente pesquisados. Dentre elas está a fruticultura de precisão. A pêra é uma das frutas de clima temperado mais preferidas pelos brasileiros, contudo a maior parte consumida é importada. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear a variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do solo (P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, pH, C e saturação por bases), da planta (comprimento e diâmetro do fruto) e da produtividade de pereiras em uma área comercial produtora de pêras. A área experimental contou com 146 pereiras, da variedade Pêra D água, distribuídas em uma área de 1,24 ha. Foram realizadas quatro colheitas, em função da maturação dos frutos. Em cada colheita, foi realizada a pesagem de todos os frutos obtidos e a produtividade total foi obtida pela soma das colheitas individuais. Os atributos do solo analisados foram: P, K, Ca, Mg, pHCaCl2, C, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e saturação de bases, e os das plantas foram: comprimento, diâmetro e produtividade. A produtividade das pereiras apresentou baixa correlação com os atributos analisados. Foram encontrados níveis muito baixos de dependência espacial (comprimento do fruto), baixo (P, diâmetro do fruto), médio (Mg, pH, Cu, Zn, Fe), alto (Ca, K, saturação de bases e produtividade) e muito alto (Mn e C), segundo o índice de variabilidade espacial (IVE, %), proposto neste trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Regina.pdf: 2220515 bytes, checksum: f56d7f999123342fb6d89e6c2060d0a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concernment in technical and economic information from some countries grows with the increasing demand for fruits in the world trading. The horticulture, in Paraná state, is an agricultural alternative with a great potential for success. Among the fruits from mild weather, pear (pyrus communis) is the third most consumed and most imported by Brazil. The current consumption is nearly 150 thousand tons per year and production does not reach 10% of total consumption. The extent of the internal market encourages some efforts to increase the national production of fruit, emphasizing, however, technological and economic restrictions to the achievement of such goal. Among the technologies that aim at adding value to the product, IFP (Integrated Fruit Production) and PA (Precision Agriculture) can be highlighted. The association of these techniques can allow a qualitative increase in Brazilian fruits production. In recent years, researches in precision agriculture have been focused on other cultures, besides the cereals that have already been studied, there can be found Precision Horticulture. Thus, this trial aimed at studying spatial and temporal variability of yield as well as physical and chemical properties of soil, plant and physicochemical characteristics of fruits in a pear orchard. The experimental area has 1.24 ha, at coordinates 25° 23' 22" S; 52° 34' 15" W, with an average altitude of 750 m, in Nova Laranjeiras - PR. In the plot, 146 pear trees of Pera D água variety were cropped. The yield variability in the orchard was considered as very high, being characterized as a great heterogeneity. On the other hand, there is a very weak and weak linear correlation with all physical and chemical properties of soil and the chemical characteristics of plants as well as a moderate linear and non-linear correlation with the fruit size. All the studied variables presented structure of spatial dependence, except macroporosity, total porosity (0-20 cm) and fruit density, which allows a site-specific fertilization. The methodology for generation of management zones (MZ) using standard yield was the best one since it has provided the most suitable distribution of MZ in relation to the area management / O interesse por informações técnicas e econômicas dos países com potencial para a produção cresce com o aumento da demanda por frutas no mercado mundial. A fruticultura é, no Estado do Paraná, alternativa agrícola de potencial sucesso. Dentre as frutas de clima temperado, a pera (pyrus communis) é a terceira mais consumida e a mais importada pelo Brasil. O consumo atual é da ordem de 150 mil toneladas ao ano e a produção não atinge 10% do total consumido. A dimensão do mercado interno favorece iniciativas de aumento da produção nacional da fruta, ressaltando-se, contudo, limitações tecnológicas e econômicas para que se atinja tal objetivo. Dentre as tecnologias que visam agregar valor ao produto, destacam-se a PIF (Produção Integrada de Frutas) e a AP (Agricultura de Precisão). Essas técnicas em conjunto podem possibilitar um salto de qualidade na produção brasileira de frutas. Nos últimos anos, as pesquisas em agricultura de precisão têm focado em outras culturas, além dos cereais comumente pesquisados, dentre elas está a fruticultura de precisão. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade, dos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, da planta e as características físicoquímicas de frutos em pomares de peras. A área experimental corresponde a 1,24 ha, localizada nas coordenadas geográficas 25°23 22 S, 52°34 15 O, com altitude média de 750 m, localizada no município de Nova Laranjeiras PR. No talhão, foram cultivadas 146 pereiras da variedade Pera D água. A variabilidade da produtividade dentro do pomar foi considerada muito alta, logo, caracteriza-se como uma grande heterogeneidade, mas há uma correlação linear muito fraca e fraca com todos os atributos físicos e químicos do solo e químicos da planta, e correlação linear e não linear moderada com o comprimento do fruto. Todas as variáveis estudadas apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial, com exceção da macroporosidade, porosidade total (0-20 cm) e densidade do fruto, o que permite a aplicação localizada de fertilizantes. A metodologia de geração de unidade de manejo (UM) com produtividade normalizada foi a mais adequada por proporcionar distribuição mais apropriada das UMs quanto ao manejo da área

Numerous wild bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) specimens in northern Utah have potential for use in landscapes, but improvements in selection and propagation need to be developed before these specimens can be introduced to the green industry. Criteria-based evaluations centered on aesthetics, function, and fall color were performed to objectively select superior bigtooth maple specimens. Out of 56 trees initially selected for red fall color, six were selected for propagation based on all three criteria. Five of the six selected trees yielded viable bud take via chip budding. Optimum time for chip budding propagation was determined by four experiments. Coppiced seedling rootstocks were used with the "return budding" of excised buds as scions to parent stock (2006) and grafting buds from wild trees as scions (2007 and 2009). A fourth experiment examined chip budding of wild scions on 2-year-old, containerized, seedling rootstocks. The general time period identified as the optimum time for budding bigtooth maple was July through mid-August. Propagation by cuttings was also explored as an alternative production method among bigtooth maple selections. Softwood cuttings were taken from six selections of wild bigtooth maples grafted on seedling rootstocks growing in a coppiced stool bed environment. Open-ended, black, velour, drawstring bags were placed over the end of pruned shoots at bud swell to initiate etiolation of the cuttings. The bags were left in place during shoot elongation to insure etiolation of the shoot base. Cuttings were harvested after 3 to 4 weeks, wounded, dipped in auxin, and placed on heating mats under an intermittent mist system. Rooting was evaluated on the cuttings after four weeks. Results showed the effects of etiolation to significantly increase the percentage of rooted cuttings and the number of roots per cutting.

Peppers (Capsicum) are a valuable commodity throughout the world. They provide food, coloring additives, vitamins, and ornamental aesthetics. Peppers can be grown in many different areas of the world and their success is based on variety selection. Breeding cultivars for superior performance is critical to success. Recent consumer desire for less chemical use throughout the growing process has resulted in new cultivar developments.. The objective of this research was to investigate how cultivar and type affect the yield and weight of field grown peppers. This study provides valuable information for growers in determining which cultivars are suitable for production in Kentucky. The research was conducted at the Western Kentucky University Agriculture Research and Education Complex in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 2016. Plants were provided by Ball Horticultural and Pan American Seed, Elburn, Illinois. The experimental design was a random design, with a 12 plant experimental unit consisting of four three plant rows. Thirty-six cultivars were divided into groups based on the type of pepper produced. Harvest occurred approximately every 7 days and were grouped into 3 periods. Data were obtained on yield, weight, and mean weight. Individual group selection is determined by the producers and their goals for production. There were wide differences in the types of peppers, including size, shape, and color. When comparing all groups, two of the thirty six cultivars, Cultivar 23 (Tapered) and Cultivar 34 (Chili) performed best for both yield and mean weight.

To get the best prices, sweet cherry growers must supply blemish-free fruit. Unfortunately, mature cherries have a fragile composition, rendering them susceptible to damage from heat, wind, birds, and rain. Rain is particularly devastating, because cherries split when they absorb too much water. Since rainstorms are common in the otherwise arid regions where most cherries are grown, growers must have a system for quickly deploying rain removal methods. The current industry solution relies on human observation and implementation, which is error-prone and costly. This project proposes an automated cherry wetness system using a Decagon Devices leaf wetness sensor (LWS) and a wireless sensor network (WSN). The research consists of analyzing industry and literature for uses of WSNs and LWSs in orchards and testing a LWS in a prototype WSN. The system will be evaluated for its potential to provide a precision-agriculture solution to the problem of remote cherry wetness detection.

The need for a technician training program in Ornamental Horticulture was studied in Davis, Salt Lake and Utah counties utilizing interviews and mailed survey instruments. The greatest job increase during the next five years is anticipated for nursery workers, landscape helpers and greenhouse workers. The smallest anticipated increase is for florists, floor foreman and nursery technicians. Skills requiring the highest degree of competency for workers in ornamental horticulture, according to employers, are retail salesmanship, plant identification and disease and insect control. Courses receiving the highest rating in an ornamental horticulture technician curriculum, as given by owners and managers and by educators, were botany, ornamental deciduous woody plants, soils and fertilizers, gardening techniques, and plant propagation. Courses receiving the lowest rating were three months or more on-the-job training, professional ethics and law, and economic entomology.

In Cambodia, sun drying of rice has always been of great importance for preserving rice. The main goal of this study was to find the conditions for sun drying that maximise the throughput while minimising quality loss. A whole-bed approach was taken to investigate the conditions of the grain and the air at different layers during the drying process. Seven sets of sun-drying experiments were conducted in Cambodia using a range of methods practiced by rice farmers. These methods included drying with different bed depths (2 to 6 cm), with the bed on different pads (water-proof tarpaulin, mat, net, polystyrene or rice husk), and with different bed tempering methods (stirring regularly or shading and/or covering the bed around midday) for four Cambodian rice varieties (Pka Knhey, CAR11, Masary and IR66). The grain temperature was found to be more affected by the solar intensity than the temperature of the ambient air. Fastest drying was achieved when the bed was thin, less compacted, stirred regularly but not shaded or covered around midday, dried on a pad which allows some air and moisture movement and with high or strong solar intensity. Only the mechanical impact (MI) and milling tests of the rice quality provided useful results. Higher quality was found for grain that was dried in thin beds, stirred regularly, shaded with or without covering around midday and dried on pads with less air circulation. Among the methods used to determine the glass transition temperature of the grain, only the Differential Scanning Calorimetry method gave meaningful results. The glass transition temperature data were highly variable but generally decreased with increasing moisture content and compared quite well with the published glass transition temperatures for other varieties of rice. To provide additional detail on the local conditions within the bed, to better understand the drying process and the interactions between variables and to predict alternative parameters that might be used to correlate with the head rice yields (HRYs), a mathematical model for heat and moisture transport within the bed was developed. The model covered all the drying methods/conditions studied experimentally. A lumped parameter approach to energy and mass transfer in individual kernels was used in the bed model. The model was validated against experimental data. The predicted drying time, temperatures, moisture contents and water activities (relative humidity of the air within the bed) were found to compare very well with the experimental data except when a polystyrene pad was used. The model proved to be a very good mechanistic tool with advantages of simplicity and practical accuracy in the design and management of the sun drying system. A number of parameters related to postulated grain damage mechanisms were derived from the predicted conditions within the bed during drying. The best predictors of the grain quality were found to be rewetting the kernels when the grain is bulked (especially when the kernels are partly below and partly above critical moisture content) grain temperature and distance from the glass transition temperature line. It was concluded that in order to get the fastest drying conditions rice should be sun dried with thin bed, stirring, not shaded or covered around midday and dried on a pad with air circulation. For the highest quality grain, that is grain which would have the least breakage during milling, rice should be sun dried with a thin bed, stirring, shaded or covered around midday and dried on a pad with less air circulation. The optimal drying conditions to get the best quality combined with the fastest practical drying rate, the drying conditions should be drying with 2 cm bed depth, stirring the grain bed every hour, shading or covering the bed around midday and using a tarpaulin or net pad placed directly on the ground.

My thesis research concerns Thomas Charles George Weston (1866-1935). Its principal focus is his landscape vision for Australia's national capital in its founding days and his innovative horticultural and arboricultural work in that vision's execution. Between 1913 and 1926 his work involved reversing, by afforestation planting and conservation measures, the existing process of degradation of the site's landscape. He also achieved for the new city a densely planted landscape using indigenous and exotic trees and shrubs. Weston's pioneering work made a significant contribution to Canberra's contemporary 'city in the landscape' image. Part of my research is about understanding the context of Weston's earlier professional experiences in Britain and New South Wales in the period 1878 to 1912. A brief insight into his personal life and career shows how the people he worked for, the skills he acquired, and the type of landscapes he worked in shaped his approach to his landscape activity at Canberra. Of particular note are the valuable influences of David Thomson and Joseph Maiden, respected figures in botany and horticulture in Britain and Australia respectively. My research on Weston's achievements in Canberra demonstrates his technical and professional thoroughness. I have documented all his work on a project-by-project basis to provide accurate reference material for on-going professional practice and research. His afforestation and conservation work from 1913 onwards and his urban planting in the crucial 1921 to 1926 period reflects the depth of his training and skills and understanding of landscape. Analyses of disputes between Weston and others including Walter Burley Griffin demonstrate the soundness of his professional judgment. I have concluded that Charles Weston had a clear vision of what he wanted to achieve, the necessary skills and experience to achieve that vision and a thorough understanding of the national capital site. He also possessed the necessary personal qualities to achieve his vision which responded sensitively to the aspirations of Australians for their national capital. Largely because of Weston Canberra will remain a highly significant step in the development of Australian landscape architecture.

Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and hybrid bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] are some of the most common turfgrasses used on athletic fields. Subsequently, the traffic tolerance of commercially available cultivars and the effects of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on bermudagrass athletic fields with or without perennial ryegrass are often limited. A two year study at the University of Tennessee was conducted under simulated athletic field traffic to evaluate the performance of bermudagrass cultivars as affected by TE and overseeding. Bermudagrass cultivars evaluated were Tifway, Riviera, Patriot, and Celebration. TE treatments consisted of an untreated control, TE at 76.3 g a.i. ha-1 every 14 days until 14 days prior to trafficking (TE A), and TE at 76.3 g a.i. ha-1 every 14 days until 14 days after trafficking (TE B). Overseeding treatments consisted of no overseeding and overseeding at 670 kg ha-1 of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plots were rated for percent green cover using digital image analysis after every 5 traffic events. Soil physical characteristic measurements were performed after every traffic season. Morphological data was determined by measuring number of leaves, internode lengths, leaf angle, and leaf width of the bermudagrass. Cultivar was significant for percent green cover for both years of this study with Tifway and Celebration having the highest ratings and Patriot having the lowest rating. TE was also significant for percent green cover for the first 10 traffic events with TE treatment B having lower percent cover values. Morphological characteristic was significant for leaf angle for both years of the study. A more vertical leaf angle to the shoot occurred in the more traffic resistant cultivars Tifway and Celebration. Finally, both TE treatments yielded higher percent green cover values in 2008 when morphological characteristic data was collected and a more vertical leaf angle to the shoot occurred compared to the untreated control. Tifway, Celebration, and Riviera when applied with trinexapac-ethyl before the traffic season and overseeded with perennial ryegrass would be beneficial for athletic field managers.