Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert E. Lyons, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-287). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-287). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Red colour development on bi-coloured apples and pears ensures better prices for producers. The use of postharvest irradiation to improve colour has been successful on apples, and the objectives of this thesis were to optimise conditions during irradiation for apples and to evaluate the effects of irradiation on pears. 'Cripp's Pink' apples responded to postharvest irradiation with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights by developing a red blush, whereas the response to irradiation with UV 8 plus incandescent lights was less effective. '8raeburn' apples held at -0.5°C for 4 or 8 weeks prior to irradiation showed a decrease in hue angle and an increase in anthocyanin concentration after 72 hours of irradiation with HPS lamps. In 'Forelle' pears treated in the same way, neither colour development nor anthocyanin synthesis was affected by irradiation. '8raeburn' and 'Cripp's Pink' apples picked weekly for 5 weeks until the optimum harvest date were irradiated with HPS lights. A significant increase in fruit colour was only measured in mature fruit of both cultivars. 'Cripp's Pink' apples were harvested from two production areas with different microclimates, namely, Ceres and Grabouw, and stored for 0, 2 or 5 days at -0.5 °C before irradiation for 120 hours at either 6°C or 20°C. Fruit from Ceres that were irradiated immediately after harvest developed better colour at 6 °C than at 20°C. The differences between fruit irradiated at the two temperatures were no longer significant after 5 days of cold storage prior to irradiation. Fruit from Grabouw consistently developed better colour when irradiated at 6°C than at 20°C. Colour development slightly after 5 days of cold storage prior to irradiation. In another experiment, fruit from both areas were stored at -0.5°C for 20 days before irradiation at either 6°C or 6/20°C. The fluctuating temperature regime resulted in decreases in hue angle of 70° and 65° for the fruit from Grabouw and Ceres, respectively. The decreases were smaller (±200) when fruit were irradiated at 6°C. The hue angle value of well-coloured 'Cripp's Pink' apples held at 3rC under HPS lights for 144 hours increased from 29.3° to 48.3°, and anthocyanin concentration decreased from 739.9 IJg·g·1to 283.6 IJg·g·1. Control fruit held at the same temperature in the dark did not show any change in hue angle value or anthocyanin concentration. 'Bon Rouge' and 'Red d' Anjou', two full red pear cultivars, irradiated with HPS lights for 72 hours, showed no significant changes in hue angle. 'Forelle' pears, harvested with or without attached leaves, were irradiated with HPS at two temperature regimes, 20°C and 200/6°C. The resulting decreases in hue angle were attributed to yellowing and not red colour formation. In conclusion, the response of apples to postharvest irradiation was affected by maturity and temperature, while pears failed to respond at all. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rooikleurontwikkeling van twee-kleur appels en pere verseker beter pryse vir die produsente. Na-oesbestraling om kleur te verbeter is al suksesvol uitgevoer op appels, en die doelwit van hierdie tesis was om die kondisies vir appels gedurende bestraling te optimaliseer en om die effek van bestraling op pere te evalueer. 'Cripp's Pink' appels het reageer op na-oesbestraling met hoëdruk-natriumligte (HDN) deur 'n rooi blos te ontwikkel, terwyl die reaksie op bestraling met UV-B plus gloeilamplig minder effektief was. 'Braebum' appels opgeberg by -O.5aC vir 4 of 8 weke voor bestraling het 'n afname in die kleurskakeringswaarde getoon, asook 'n toename in antosianienkonsentrasie na 72 uur se bestraling met HDN ligte. 'Forelle' pere wat dieselfde behandeling ontvang het, het geen kleurontwikkeling en geen antosianienontwikkeling getoon na bestraling nie. 'Braebum' en 'Cripp's Pink' appels wat weekliks geoes is vir 5 weke tot die optimum oesdatum is bestraal met HDN ligte. Slegs die volwasse vrugte van beide kultivars het 'n betekenisvolle toename in kleur getoon. 'Cripp's Pink' appels is geoes in twee produksie areas met verskillende mikroklimate, naamlik Ceres en Grabouw. Vrugte is opgeberg vir 0, 2 of 5 dae by -O.5aC voor bestraling vir 120 uur by of 6aC of 20aC. Vrugte van Ceres wat onmiddellik na oes bestraal is het beter kleur ontwikkel by 6aC as by 20aC. Kleurontwikkeling by vrugte bestraal by 6 of 20aC het nie verskil wanneer vrugte vooraf opgeberg was by -~5ac vir 5 dae nie. Vrugte van Grabouw het konstant beter kleur pntwikkel wanneer bestraling by 6°C eerder as 20°C plaasgevind het. In die volgende eksperiment, was beide die vrugte van Ceres en Grabouw vir 20 dae opgeberg by -o.soC voor bestraling by 6°C of 6°/20°C. Die flukturerende temperatuur regime het afnames van 70° en 65° in kleurskakeringswaarde getoon vir die vrugte van Grabouw en Ceres, respektiewelik. Die afname was kleiner (±200)wanneer vrugte by 6°C bestraal is. 'Cripp's Pink' appels wat goed gekleur was en opgeberg is by 3rC terwyl dit blootgestel is aan HDN ligte vir 144 uur, het 'n toename van 29.30 tot 48.3° getoon vir die kleurskakeringswaarde, en antosianienkonsentrasie het afgeneem van 739 I'g.g-1 tot 283.6 I1g.g-1. Die kontrole vrugte opgeberg by dieselfde temperatuur in die donker het geen verandering in beide die kleurskakeringswaarde of die antosianienkonsentrasie getoon nie. 'Bon Rouge' en 'Red d' Anjou', twee volrooi peerkultivars, is bestraal met HDN ligte vir 72 uur en het geen betekenisvolle verandering in kleur getoon nie. 'Forelle' pere, geoes met of sonder 'n aangehegte stingelsegment, is bestraal met HDN ligte by twee verskillende temperatuur regimes, nl. 20°C of 20/6°C. Die afname in kleurskakeringswaarde is aan vergeling toegeskryf eerder as aan rooikleurontwikkeling. Ter opsomming, die reaksie van appels op na-oes bestraling is beïnvloed deur rypheid en temperatuur, terwyl pere geen reaksie getoon het nie.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sunburn is a major problem in the apple industry worldwide. A kaolin product, M-97- 009 (100% kaolin), originally developed for insect control, was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling sunburn on pome fruit. Trials were conducted over two seasons in two different areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. During the first season, 'Royal Gala', 'Fuji' and 'Granny Smith' apples were evaluated in the Koue Bokkeveld. The kaolin was mixed with water and applied to the trees by means of a hand-gun regularly throughout the season. In addition to the effect on sunburn, effects on yield, colour development, snout beetle damage and other defects were determined. Sunburn was reduced on all the cultivars tested, although not significantly on 'Granny Smith'. Inconsistent effects on yield parameters were observed. The applications significantly reduced red colour on 'Fuji', but this problem was rectified by an improved application technique the following season. During the second season, additional apple cultivars and 'Rosemarie' pears were included in the trials. The apple trials were conducted in the Elgin area, and the 'Rosemarie' trial in the Koue Bokkeveld. Surround™ (95% kaolin) was applied to the trees by means of a commercial "blower". The effects on sunburn, yield, colour development and fruit maturity were determined. In contrast to the previous season, sunburn was not reduced on any of the cultivars examined. Yield parameters were not affected except in the case of 'Royal Gala' where the number of fruit was increased, and 'Cripps' Pink' where the number of fruit was reduced. Fruit colour was not affected in the apple cultivars, but chroma of 'Rosemarie' pears was reduced, indicating a less intense colour. The kaolin applications had a variable effect on fruit maturity. The effect of the foliar applications on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate was determined. In addition to these spot measurements, photosynthetic light response curves were determined. Measurements were taken on both the inner and outer canopies The applications significantly reduced photosynthetic rates in the inner canopy and reduced the apparent quantum efficiency of leaves on the outer canopy. No significant effect on PPFD was found. It appears that the white coating reflects light and allows less light to penetrate the leaf, thus reducing photosynthesis. Surround™ treatments could not counteract the damaging effects of the high temperatures experienced in the Western Cape during this season and was not effective as a control measure for sunburn. This does not appear to be a commercially viable solution for the sunburn problem and it would be worthwhile to investigate the use of alternative options, such as evaporative cooling. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonbrand is een van die grootste probleme wat wêreldwyd in die appelbedryf ondervind word. 'n Nuwe produk, M-97-009 (100% kaolien), is oorspronklik ontwikkel vir insekbeheer in geïntegreerde plaagbeheer, maar daar is beweer dat dit moontlik sonbrand op kemvrugte kan verminder. Proewe is oor twee seisoene uitgevoer in die Koue Bokkeveld en ook in die Grabouw-omgewing in die Wes-Kaap. Tydens die eerste seisoen is die effek van M-97-009 op 'Royal Gala', 'Fuji' en 'Granny Smith' appels beoordeel. Die kaolien is met water gemeng en deur die loop van die seisoen met 'n handspuit op die bome gespuit. Die effek van die produk op sonbrand, oesgrootte, vruggrootte, kleurontwikkeling, kalanderskade en ander defekte is bepaal. Sonbrand is op alle kultivars verminder, alhoewel nie betekenisvolop 'Granny Smith' nie. Die effek van kaolien op oesparameters was rue konsekwent nie. kleurontwikkeling op 'Fuji' benadeel, heel moontlik Die toedienings het as gevolg van die toedieningstegniek. Met verbeterde toedieningsmetodes die volgende seisoen, is kleurontwikkeling van 'Fuji' nie benadeel nie. Tydens die tweede seisoen is die effek van kaolien op nog appelkultivars en 'Rosemarie' pere ge-evalueer. Die appelproewe is in Elgin uitgevoer, terwyl die 'Rosemarie'-proefin die Koue Bokkeveld uitgelê is. Surround™ (95% kaolien) is met kommersiële spuitpompe toegedien. Weereens is die effek van die produk op sonbrand, oesgrootte, vruggrootte, kleurontwikkeling en vrugrypheid bepaal. Sonbrand is nie verminder nie. Vruglading tydens oes is nie betekenisvol beïnvloed nie, behalwe in die geval van 'Royal Gala' waar die vruglading verhoog is, en 'Cripps' Pink' waar daar minder vrugte op die gespuite bome was. Die Surround™ toedienings het geen uitwerking op kleur van appels gehad nie, maar het die chromawaarde van 'Rosemarie' pere verlaag, d.w.s die vrugkleur was minder intens. Die kaolienspuite het 'n uiteenlopende effek op vrugrypheid gehad. Fotosintetiese foton vloeddigtheid (FFV), fotosintesetempo, huidmondjieweerstand en transpirasietempo is gemeet en ligreponskurwes van beide die buitenste en binneste blaardak is bepaal. Die Surround™ toedienings het fotosintese van blare ill die binneste gedeelte van die blaardak verminder en die kwantumdoeltreffendheid van blare op die buitenste deel van die blaardak verminder. Geen betekenisvolle effek is op FFV gekry nie. Dit wil voorkom asof die wit laag kaolien op die bome lig weerkaats en veroorsaak dat minder lig na die blaar deurdring. Dit verminder dan die fotsintesetempo. Met die baie warm weer wat in die Wes-Kaap gedurende die tweede seisoen ervaar is, kon die SUITound™behandelings nie sonbrand verhoed nie. Dit wil voorkom asof Surround™ nie 'n baie doeltreffende oplossing in kommersiële boorde sal wees nie. Alternatiewe oplossings, soos byvoorbeeld evaporatiewe verkoeling, saloorweeg moet word.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Protea cut flowers are exported worldwide but the vase life of some species and cultivars is considerably shortened by post-harvest leaf blackening. Research has established carbohydrate depletion to be positively correlated with this disorder. Consequently, a study had been made of the carbohydrate status of various species and cultivars, as well as the effect of supplemental glucose (pre and post-storage) on leaf blackening. Glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch concentrations of various Protea species and cultivars held in water were measured at harvest, and again at leaf blackening initiation. All measured carbohydrates declined significantly in 'Carnival', 'Pink Ice' and 'Sheila'. In 'Cardinal' all carbohydrate concentrations decreased significantly, except the sucrose concentration in the inflorescence. 'Susara' and 'Ivy' had very high initial carbohydrate concentrations in the leaves which decreased significantly. The very high initial carbohydrate concentrations in the inflorescence of 'Ivy' declined significantly. 'Brenda' differed from the other cultivars and species in that glucose concentrations increased over time. Carbohydrate concentrations of most of the tested proteas declined significantly from harvest to the initiation of leaf blackening. This highlighted the dependence of the leaves and inflorescence on the carbohydrate reserves, further substantiating the carbohydrate depletion theory. The inflorescences were characterized by high fructose and glucose concentrations and low sucrose concentrations when compared to the leaves. It was hypothesized that glucose pulsing and cold storage at 1°C for three weeks would significantly reduce leaf blackening. 'Brenda', 'Cardinal', 'Carnival', 'Pink Ice', 'Susara ' and 'Sylvia' had significantly less leaf blackening with glucose treatments of 4 and 10%. Leaf blackening of 'Sheila', P. cynaroides and P. grandiceps was not significantly reduced by glucose pulsing. P. magnifica showed a small, but significant, reduction in leaf blackening in response to the 3, 6 and 9% treatments after 10 days only, but despite this, leaf blackening was unacceptably high. 'Pink Ice' harvested at the soft tip stage had less leaf blackening than those harvested open or closed. Toxicity symptoms on the leaves, and in some instances flowers, were observed at higher glucose concentrations (8 and 10%) onP. grandiceps, P. cynaroides, 'Cardinal' and 'Sheila'. All glucose treatments resulted in toxicity symptoms on P. magnifica. A decrease in nonstructural carbohydrates post-harvest apparently occurs in all proteas but it appears that only members of the Ligulatae respond to glucose. Glucose pulsing followed by cold storage at 1°C for three weeks in combination with post-storage glucose vase solutions, significantly reduced leaf blackening of some Protea cultivars. Glucose (1 and 2%), with hypochlorite, significantly delayed leaf blackening in 'Cardinal' and 'Sylvia' after seven days. Leaf blackening of 'Brenda', 'Carnival', 'Pink Ice' and 'Susara' was not significantly reduced by the glucose vase solutions. Other disinfectants, in combination with the sugar treatments, need to be evaluated since the hypochlorite treatment had a dehydrating effect on all the cultivars and resulted in increased leaf blackening. Carbohydrate supplementation of protea flowers with glucose, pre and post-storage, will help meet the post-harvest carbohydrate requirements of certain Protea cultivars and species to an extent. Glucose treatments must be seen in conjunction with maintaining the cold chain and when combined with cold chain maintenance, can extend the storage and vase life. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Protea snyblomme word wêreldwyd uitgevoer alhoewel die vaasleeftyd van sommige spesies en kultivars beduidend verkort word deur na-oes loof verbruining. Navorsing het koolhidraatverbruik positief gekorreleer met hierdie probleem. Gevolglik is 'n studie gemaak van die koolhidraatstatus van verskeie spesies en kultivars asook die effek van addisionele glukose (voor en na opberging) op loofverbruining. Glukose, fruktose, sukrose en stysel konsentrasies van verskeie Protea spesies en kultivars wat in water gehou is, is bepaal met oes en weer met die eerste tekens van loofverbruining. Al die gemete koolhidraatkonsentrasies het beduidend afgeneem in 'Carnival', 'Pink Ice' en 'Sheila'. In 'Cardinal' het al die koolhidraatkonsentrasies beduidend afgeneem, behalwe vir die sukrosekonsentrasie in die blom. 'Susara' en 'Ivy' het baie hoë begin koolhidraatkonsentrasies in die blare wat beduidend afneem. Die baie hoë inisiële koolhidraatkonsentrasies in die blom van 'Ivy' neem beduidend af met tyd. 'Brenda' verskil van die ander kultivars en spesies deurdat die glukosekonsentrasies toeneem met tyd. Koolhidraatkonsentrasies van die meeste getoetste proteas neem beduidend af vanaf oes totdat die eerste tekens van loofverbruining verskyn. Dit het die afhanklikheid van die blare en blom op die koolhidraatreserwes beklemtoon en daardeur verder die koolhidraatteorie ondersteun. Die blomme is gekarakteriseer deur hoë fruktose- en glukosekonsentrasies en lae sukrosekonsentrasies wanneer dit met die blare vergelyk is.Die hipotese is gestel dat die voorsiening van glukose, vir 'n aantal ure, gekombineerd met koue opberging by 1°C vir drie weke loofverbruining beduidend sal verminder. 'Brenda', 'Cardinal', 'Carnival', 'Pink lee', 'Susara' en 'Sylvia' het beduidend minder loofverbruining met glukose behandelings tussen 4 en 10%. Loofverbruining van 'Sheila', P. cynaroides en P. grandiceps is nie beduidend verminder deur glukose behandelings nie. P. magnifica het 'n klein, maar beduidende verlaging in loofverbruining getoon met die 3, 6 en 9% behandelings na 10 dae, maar ten spyte hiervan was loofverbruining onaanvaarbaar hoog. 'Pink lee' is geoes by die sagte punt stadium en het minder loofverbruining gehad as blomme wat oop of toe geoes is. Toksisiteitsimptome op die blare, en in sommige gevalle blomme, is waargeneem met hoër glukose konsentrasies (8 en 10%) op P. grandiceps, P. cynaroides, 'Cardinal' en 'Sheila'. Alle glukosebehandelings het toksisiteitsimptome tot gevolg gehad op P. magnifica. 'n Afname in nie-strukturele koolhidrate na oes kom waarskynlik voor in alle proteas maar dit wil voorkom of slegs lede van die Ligulatae positief reageer op glukose. Glukosebehandeling gevolg deur koue opberging by 1°C vir drie weke in kombinasie met na-stoor glukose vaasoplossings het loofverbruining van sommige Protea kultivars beduidend verminder. Glukose (l en 2%), saam met hipoehloriet, het loofverbruining beduidend verminder in 'Cardinal' en 'Sylvia' na sewe dae. Loofverbruining van 'Brenda', 'Carnival', 'Pink lee' en 'Susara' is nie beduidend verminder deur die glukose vaasoplossings nie. Ander ontsmettingsmiddels in kombinasie met die suikerbehandelings moet geëvalueer word aangesien die hipoehlorietbehandeling 'n dehidrerende effek op al die kultivars gehad het en 'n toename in loofverbruining tot gevolg gehad het. Byvoeging van glukose by proteablomme, voor en na opberging, sal tot 'n mate help om in die na-oes koolhidraatbehoeftes van sekere Protea kultivars en spesies te voorsien. Glukosebehandelings moet saam met die beheer van die koueketting gesien word en wanneer gekombineerd met koueketting beheer kan dit opberg en vaasleeftyd verleng.

A busca por alimentos saudáveis, seguros e sustentáveis tem levado a um grande aumento do consumo de alimentos orgânicos, em todo o mundo. Embora esses alimentos sejam claramente menos expostos aos perigos químicos, diversos estudos têm demonstrado contaminação microbiológica significativa em produtos como as alfaces orgânicas, as quais são amplamente comercializadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cadeia produtiva de alfaces orgânicas no sul do Brasil, através de análises microbiológicas e dos sistemas de gestão da inocuidade, buscando identificar possíveis medidas de intervenção a partir do ponto de vista da segurança dos alimentos. Três propriedades rurais de alface orgânica foram analisadas, utilizando as ferramentas Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) e Horticulture Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI). Amostras de adubo, solo adubado, mudas de alface, alface, água de irrigação e lavagem foram coletadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva, seguindo a ordem de inicio do plantio, durante o crescimento e na colheita das alfaces. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas segundo o protocolo do HAS e normas internacionais. Para avaliação dos sistemas de gestão de segurança dos alimentos a ferramenta de diagnóstico HSMS-DI, com 58 questões, foi aplicada em cada propriedade rural. As Informações obtidas no HAS e HSMS-DI foram combinadas e um diagnóstico de cada propriedade foi elaborado, assim como foram sugeridas medidas de intervenção. Os resultados do HSMS-DI indicaram que as propriedades rurais apresentavam clara organização e forte embasamento quanto à prevenção dos riscos químicos, no entanto estavam operando em um contexto de risco microbiológico moderado a elevado. Os resultados obtidos com o HAS demonstraram contaminação por microrganismos de origem fecal em diversas amostras, além disso, foi detectada a presença de E. coli O157:H7 na água de irrigação e lavagem das alfaces, e a presença de Salmonella em adubo. Estes resultados demonstraram a existência natural e inerente de fontes de contaminação microbiológica na cadeia de produção de alfaces orgânicas. Contudo, destaca-se a necessidade de maior apoio aos produtores orgânicos, principalmente na implementação de medidas de controle da compostagem dos adubos e na qualidade da água de irrigação e lavagem dessas propriedades. / The search for healthy, safe and sustainable food has led to a large increase in the consumption of organic foods worldwide. Although these foods are clearly less exposed to chemical hazards, several studies have demonstrated significant microbial contamination in products such as organic lettuces, which are widely marketed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production chain of organic lettuce in southern Brazil, through microbiological analyses and safety management systems in order to identify potential measures from the point of view of food safety. Three rural properties of organic lettuce were analyzed using the Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) and the Horticulture and Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI) tools. Samples of compost, fertilized soil, lettuce seedlings, lettuce, irrigation and wash water were collected along the production chain, following the beginning of the planting, the growing and the harvesting of lettuce. Microbiological analyzes were performed according to protocol HAS and international standards. For evaluation of the food safety management, the diagnostic tool HSMS-DI, with 58 questions, was administered to each farm. Information collected on HAS and HSMS-DI was combined and a diagnosis of each property was developed, as were suggested intervention measures. The results of the HSMS-DI indicate that the farms had clear and strong organizational foundation for the prevention of chemical risks, however, were operating in a context of moderate to high microbiological risk. The results obtained with the HAS showed contamination by microorganisms of fecal origin in several samples, furthermore, we detected the presence of E. coli O157: H7 in irrigation and wash water, and the presence of Salmonella in manure. These results demonstrated the existence of inherent and natural sources of microbiological contamination in the production chain of organic lettuces. However, there is a need for greater support for organic producers, especially in the implementation of control measures for fertilizer composting and in the quality of irrigation and wash water of these properties.

O tema da pesquisa é a política pública de crédito rural para a agricultura familiar. O estudo consistiu em uma análise do processo de empresarização, descrito por Abraham (2006) e Solé (2000; 2008), estendido às pequenas unidades produtivas agrícolas desde a instituição do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF). A Teoria da Empresarização foi a referência adotada para que se pudesse colocar em evidência a empresa, destacando traços e relações sociais que lhe são peculiares: autonomização da esfera econômica, mito fundador da escassez, racionalidade moderna, propriedade privada, mito do progresso e as relações de assalariamento, dominação, concorrenciais, funcionais e impessoais. O estudo foi realizado em dois municípios gaúchos, Maquiné e Nova Santa Rita, reconhecidos pela produção de gêneros de olericultura, popularmente conhecidos como legumes e verduras. O principal procedimento de coleta do material empírico ocorreu por meio da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, mas também foram empregados outros procedimentos, como a observação, a confecção de um caderno de campo, a consulta a documentos e o levantamento de dados secundários sobre os municípios. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a política é permeada pelos traços da modernidade relacionados ao fenômeno de empresarização, influenciando as relações estabelecidas pelos agricultores com as pessoas, com o tempo, o espaço, o trabalho, etc. Nesse sentido, as relações de exploração – que no campo não se manifestaram sob um caráter explícito e formal de assalariamento – o individualismo, o produtivismo, a eficiência puderam ser associados e estas relações que se estabelecem e se intensificam a partir da utilização do crédito. Verificou-se que a política de financiamentos favorece indiretamente as empresas do varejo alimentar e que as condições de acesso dos agricultores aos mercados são determinadas pela estruturação e pelo poder de mercado exercido pelo varejo. Por fim, observou-se que os agricultores com experiência de ação política conseguiram, em algumas situações, através de sua organização fazer frente a alguns aspectos da empresarização difundidos pela política pública. / The research theme is the rural credit public policy for family farming. The study cosisted in an analysis of the enterprisation processs as described by Abraham (2006) and Solé (2000; 2008), which has been extended to small agricultural production units since the establishment of the Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) [National Program to Strengthen Family Agriculture]. Entreprisation theory was the reference adopted to put the evidence on the entreprise, highlighting its peculiar traits and social relations: the autonomy of the economic sphere, the founding myth of scarcity, modern rationality, private property, the myth of progress and the remuneration, domination, competitive, functional and impersonal relations. The study was conducted in Maquiné and Nova Santa Rita, two cities in the gaucho state that are recognized for producing horticulture genera, popularly known as vegetables. The main procedure to collect empirical material was by conducting semi-structured interviews, but other procedures were also employed such as observation, making a field notebook, documents consultation and the collection of secondary data on the municipalities. The research results indicate that the policy is permeated by traces of modernity related to the enterprisation phenomenon, that is influencing the relationships established by farmers with people, with time, space, work, etc. In this sense, the relations of exploitation – that were not expressed in the field as an explicit and formal character of remuneration – individualism, high productivity, efficiency could be associated and these relations are developed and intensified from the use of credit. It was found that the funding policy indirectly favors the retail food business and that the conditions of farmers' access to markets are determined by the structure and the market power exercised by retailers. Finally, it was observed that farmers with experience of political action in some situations and through their organization succeeded in dealing with some aspects of enterprisation disseminated by public policy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-07. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:33:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000856300.pdf: 8602799 bytes, checksum: b39a05a05dd806d79a8758622e8772e1 (MD5) / As hortas urbanas fazem parte da paisagem da cidade de Teresina, desde 1996, quando incorporadas para mudanças de estrutura social, ambiental e qualidade de vida. Ao mesmo tempo procura congregar uma dimensão de desenvolvimento com justiça social e sustentabilidade. Ao longo desse trabalho, foram pesquisadas duas áreas distintas da cidade de Teresina, Santa Maria da Codipi, localizada na zona norte de Teresina e Dirceu Arcoverde, na zona sudeste, cujo objetivo foi comprovar a viabilidade econômica das hortas urbanas para os horticultores no acréscimo da renda além de proporcionar espaços de integração com o verde da cidade com uma paisagem de modo eminente rural. Nas duas áreas, os problemas decorrentes vão desde os pequenos furtos, que contrariam o objetivo do programa, o baixo nível de escolarização, aliado a falta de assistência técnica, que reflete a não ousadia de investimentos em novas culturas agrícolas por parte dos horticultores. Além disso, o uso de agrotóxicos, desfavorece na vantagem competitiva em relação as culturas tradicionais. As hortas urbanas nas duas áreas, apesar de estarem harmoniosas com os espaços onde se encontram localizadas, não refletem para os que nela trabalham, uma segurança na renda. No entanto sem elas, há um vazio não somente no aspecto físico, mas de isolamento dos bairros em relação à evolução das cidades / The urban gardens are part of the landscape of the city of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil, since 1996, when they were incorporated to changes in the social, environmental structure and in the quality of life. At the same time, they seek to bring together a dimension of development with social justice and sustainability. Throughout this study, we surveyed two distinct areas of the city of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil: Santa Maria da Codipi, located in the northern part of Teresina, and Dirceu Arcoverde in the south-east, whose objective was to prove the economic viability of urban gardens for gardeners in the increase income, and provide opportunities for integration with the green of the city with a predominantly rural landscape mode. In both areas, the problems arising ranging from petty theft, which contradict the goal of the program, the low level of education, to the lack of technical assistance, which reflects not daring to invest in new crops by gardeners. In addition, the use of pesticides disadvantage in competitive advantage over traditional cultures. The urban gardens in the two areas, despite being in harmony with the spaces where they are located, do not reflect, for those who work at them, an income security. However, without them, there is a void not only in physical appearance but also in the isolation of neighborhoods in relation to the evolution of cities