The first study investigates the factors that impact the duration of U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable imports. We employ both survival analysis (Kaplan Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards model) as well as count data models. Our results indicate that SPS treatment requirements positively impact the duration of trade while new market access has the opposite effect. Other factors typically included in trade duration models (such as: GDP, transportation costs, tariff rates, etc.) were also investigated. We also employ a probit model to understand the factors impacting the probability that a country selects into exporting fresh fruits and vegetables to the United States. The second study estimates the goods-time elasticity of substitution for Food Stamp/SNAP participants versus non participants. We find that the elasticity of substitution for SNAP participants is not statistically different from zero. This indicates that SNAP participants have Leontief production function in household food production, implying that increasing the amount of SNAP benefits paid to participants will not lead to more food production if the time households dedicate to food preparation remains unchanged. This finding extends the analysis done by Baral, Davis and You (2011) and offers insights for policies related to the SNAP program. / Master of Science

The objective of this thesis is to advance our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste. It does this by investigating the effect of psychological, social, and contextual factors on date-label use and willingness to consume dairy products in relation to the expiry date. These effects are tested using structural equation models and survey data gathered from 548 Scottish consumers. The results of this study make two contributions to the literature on date-labelling and food waste. The first contribution is primarily theoretical. By improving our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste, it supports the contention that food waste is best understood, not as a behaviour, but as the outcome of multiple behaviours. It argues that in order to understand why food waste is created, it is important to identify the factors that affect the individual behaviours that lead to it, such as date-label use, and how these behaviours relate to one another. These results also have implications for communications and campaigning around food waste reduction. The second contribution has policy relevance. It provides evidence of the likely limited effect of increasing the number of dairy products labelled with a best-before date rather than a use-by date on food waste. This is an approach recently proposed to reduce household food waste. It finds that better knowledge of the best-before date is associated with a higher willingness to consume products after the best-before date has passed. However, perceived risks about consuming products beyond their best-before date, including not just safety but quality, freshness, and social acceptability, appear to interact with date-label knowledge and dampen its influence. It argues that to be effective, any changes in date-labelling should be accompanied by communication that goes beyond improving date-label knowledge, and addresses the multifaceted nature of related risk perceptions and conceptions of date-label trust.

The thesis compares the carbon footprints generated by household food consumption in urban and rural areas of selected regions within the European Union, and deepens the knowledge of the impact contemporary society has on global climate change. Selected regions come from the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and the Netherlands. The first part summarises the findings of climate change and its impact on the environment, the concept of sustainable development, and the consumer behaviour of the Czech population in the food sector, with a focus on the possibility to influence carbon footprint production. The second part addresses the particular comparison of carbon footprints generated by household food consumption and evaluates the results. The conclusion from this part of the dissertation can be used as a guide to help reduce carbon footprints through food consumption.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is rich in biodiversity among which are semi-domesticated vegetable species which are known as wild or indigenous vegetables. These wild indigenous vegetables have been reported to be good in nutritional qualities such as macro and micronutrients. However, there is still a high prevalence of malnutrition; especially micronutrient deficiencies among low or marginal income bracket of the population. The use of indigenous vegetables has been proposed as part of the solutions to the problems of micronutrient malnutrition among these populations. Indigenous vegetables are an important source of food in the maize based subsistence farming sector of rural South Africa. Their main role is as relish as they are used as an accompaniment for staple cereal based diets. They are also generally reported to be rich in micronutrients. Although they may be consumed in small quantities, they influence the intake of cereal staples, manage hunger and play a central role in household food security for the poorer rural groups. Mixing several indigenous vegetables species in one meal contributes to dietary diversity in terms of more vegetable types as well as in terms of choice of relish. For some very poor families indigenous vegetables are substitutes for some food crops. The seasonal occurrence of these vegetables leaves many families without a food source during the off-season. Indigenous vegetables increase agro-biodiversity at the household level. This agro-biodiversity helps in buffering against the accumulation and multiplication of pests and diseases and provides important cover for the soil. Further research on agronomic, social and economic dimensions is required to understand the roles of IV in subsistence farming systems in South Africa. The survey study revealed that indigenous vegetables were important in the diets of most rural people in the study area. They were consumed as relish although they were not being cultivated. Their method of acquisition was gathering from homesteads and the wild. These vegetables were also believed to be medicinal. The local naming of wild vegetables varied among villages in the same district such that a vegetable in one village was assigned to a different species of vegetable in another village. They were reportedly abundant during summer and there was a decrease in availability off-season leaving vulnerable people who rely on them with a food shortage. The utilisation of wild vegetables among South Africans is reported to be declining due to over reliance on introduced temperate species. Efforts to domesticate and cultivate wild vegetables could be hampered by several factors including seed dormancy and premature flowering. In this present study dormancy was observed in C. olitorius. The response of wild genotypes of C. olitorius with different seed sizes to various dry heat and hot water treatments was evaluated. Steeping seeds in boiling water (95oC) for ten seconds and soaking seeds in a hot water bath at 80oC for ten minutes resulted in the highest response to germination in this species. The study also recorded significant interactions between heat treatment and seed sizes. We concluded that C. olitorius seeds of different sizes require diverse durations of exposure to heat treatment methods to break dormancy caused by an impermeable seed coat. Cleome gynandra is another species that is consumed as a vegetable in various parts of the world including Africa. The plant is also used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various human diseases. Among the wild vegetables, C. gynandra has been reported to flower prematurely, a phenomenon known as bolting and common in many vegetable crops. Premature flowering (bolting) can be as a response to temperature extremes and photoperiod and affects many other leafy vegetables such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and mustard rape (Brassica juncea). Bolting leads to production losses in leaf vegetable crops as they flower before they have produced an economic yield. The removal of flowers and nitrogen application resulted in significant increases in the fresh and dry weight of cleome leaves. Removal of flowers resulted in a 46% increase in fresh weight of leaves. The observed positive response of leaf yield to removal of flowers offers a possible way to deal with the problem of bolting. The continuous removal of the flowers leads to increased utilisable leaf yield. The application of incremental amounts of nitrogen top dressing results in increased leaf yield in C. gynandra. The response of selected indigenous vegetables (Corchorus olitorius and Amaranthus cruentus) to micronutrients added to the soil was compared with the response of a reference crop; Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). For all the levels of micronutrients applied, Swiss chard accumulated Cu, Zn and Mn in the leaves at significantly (p<0.01) higher concentrations than the wild vegetables. Variations between the vegetables in the micronutrients were greater for Zn (72–363 ppm) and Mn (97.9–285.9 ppm) for Cu (8.8–14 ppm). C. olitorius had the least capacity to concentrate Mn and Zn in the leaf, which suggested that this vegetable is a less attractive candidate for agronomic bio-fortification of these elements. However, C. olitorius accumulated Fe at a significantly higher concentration (327 ppm) in the leaves than did Amaranthus (222 ppm) or Swiss chard (295 ppm). Sulphur as a macronutrient varied little in the plant species tested. The mean S concentration in the leaves ranged from 0.26% in C. olitorius to 0.34% in Amaranthus cruentus and Swiss chard. We concluded that the different vegetables have different abilities to take up Cu and Zn in the order Swiss chard > Amaranthus > Corchorus, and that they responded to micronutrients added to the soil but only up to certain limits of supplementation. The results from this current study seem to contradict the belief that wild vegetables have the inherent ability to concentrate mineral micronutrients in their tissue. Factors such as environment, anti-nutrients, dietary diversity, plant parts, plant age, and varieties result in differences in reported nutritional composition of indigenous vegetables. Post-harvest handling, storage, cooking and preservation also alter the composition. The need to optimise protocols for each vegetable type and for different laboratories makes analysis expensive. Equipment and methods of analysis are varied and may not be comparable, making it difficult to generalise on the composition of these vegetables. The Agricultural Research Council of South Africa and other stake holders are conducting studies on some aspects of these vegetables. There are still many information gaps regarding many aspects of these vegetables which require research attention. These include; the selection and improvement of genotypes, seed biology and germination studies, agronomic (population, fertiliser, crop mixtures) studies and phyto-chemical evaluation of these important species in order to encourage the overall use of these important indigenous resources. Finally, there is need to promote their increased utilisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid- Afrika is ryk aan biodiversiteit waaronder half-mak groente spesies, wat as wilde of inheemse groente bekend is, voorkom. Hierdie wilde inheemse groente is aangedui om goed in voedingswaarde te wees met voldoende makro-en mikrovoedingstowwe. Daar is egter nogsteeds 'n hoë voorkoms van wanvoeding, veral tekorte aan mikronutriënte onder die lae of marginale inkomstegroep van die bevolking. Die gebruik van inheemse groente word voorgestel as deel van die oplossing van die probleem van wanvoeding onder hierdie bevolkings. Inheemse groente is 'n belangrike bron van voedsel in die mielie gebaseerde bestaansboerdery sektor van landelike Suid-Afrika. Hul vernaamste rol is as smoor waar dit gebruik word tesame met stapelvoedsel in ʼn graan-gebaseerde dieet. Hierdie groentes was oor die algemeen ook aangedui om ryk te wees in mikrovoedingstowwe. Hoewel hulle verteer kan word in klein hoeveelhede, beïnvloed hulle die inname van graan stapelvoedsel, en speel 'n sentrale rol in huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit vir die armer landelike groepe. Vermenging van verskeie inheemse groente spesies in een maaltyd dra by tot die dieet diversiteit in terme van meer groentesoorte sowel as in terme van die keuse van smaak. Vir 'n paar baie arm gesinne is inheemse groentes die plaasvervanger vir gewone groente gewasse. Die seisoenale voorkoms van hierdie groente laat baie gesinne sonder 'n bron van voedsel gedurende die af-seisoen. Inheemse groente verhoog landbou-biodiversiteit op ʼn huishoudelike vlak . Hierdie landbou-biodiversiteit help buffer teen die opbou en vermeerdering van peste en siektes en bied belangrike dekking vir die grond. Verdere navorsing op akkerbou-, maatskaplike en ekonomiese aspekte is nodig om die rolle van inheemse groentes in bestaansboerdery in Suid-Afrika te verstaan. Die studie opname het getoon dat inheemse groente belangrik was in die dieet van die meeste mense van die platteland in die studie area. Hierdie groentes was gebruik as smoor hoewel hulle nie gekweek word nie. Hul metode van verkryging is deur dit te versamel van huise en die natuur. Die groentes word ook as medisinaal beskou. Die plaaslike benaming van wilde groente het gewissel tussen dorpe in dieselfde distrik, tot so 'n mate dat die benaming van groente tussen dorpe verskil. Hulle was na bewering volop in die somer, en daar was 'n afname in die beskikbaarheid af-seisoen, wat kwesbare mense, wat staatmaak op hul voorkoms, met 'n tekort aan kos laat. Die benutting van wilde groente onder Suid-Afrikaners daal as gevolg van die afhanklikheid in nuwe spsies. Pogings om te mak en wilde groente te kweek, kan belemmer word deur verskeie faktore, insluitend saaddormansie en voortydige blom. In hierdie studie was dormansie waargeneem in C. olitorius. Die reaksie van wilde genotipes van C. olitorius met verskillende saad groottes op verskeie droë hitte en warm water behandelings, was geëvalueer. Sade was geweek in kookwater ( 95oC ) vir tien sekondes en ander in 'n warm water bad by 80oC vir tien minute, en het gelei tot die hoogste reaksie op ontkieming in hierdie spesie. Die studie het ook belangrike interaksies tussen hitte behandeling en saad groottes getoon. Ons het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat C. olitorius sade van verskillende groottes diverse duur van blootstelling vereis en ook so m.b.t. die ondeurdringbare saadhuid. Cleome gynandra is nog 'n spesie wat as 'n groente in verskeie dele van die wêreld, insluitend Afrika verbruik word. Die plant word ook gebruik as 'n medisinale plant vir die behandeling van verskeie siektes van die mens. Onder die wilde groente, was C. gynandra aangedui om vroeg te blom, 'n verskynsel wat bekend staan as “bolting” en is algemeen in baie groente gewasse. Voortydige blom (vas) kan wees as 'n reaksie op die temperatuur uiterstes en fotoperiode en raak ook baie ander groen groente soos blaarslaai (Lactuca sativa) , spinasie (Spinacea oleracea) en mosterd (Brassica juncea ) . “Bolting” lei ook tot produksie verliese in blaar groentegewasse as hulle blom voordat hulle 'n ekonomiese opbrengs opgelewer het. Die verwydering van blomme en stikstof toediening het gelei tot 'n aansienlike toename in die vars en droë gewig van Cleome blare. Verwydering van blomme het gelei tot 'n toename van 46% in vars gewig van die blare. Die waargenome positiewe reaksie van die blaar opbrengs deur verwydering van blomme bied 'n moontlike manier om die “bolting” probleem te hanteer. Die voortdurende verwydering van die blomme lei tot verhoogde bruikbare blaar opbrengs. Die toepassing van toenemende stikstof topbemesting het verhoogde blaar opbrengs in C. gynandra tot gevolg. Die reaksie van geselekteerde inheemse groente (Corchorus olitorius en Amaranthus spp ) met mikrovoedingstowwe toegevoeg tot die grond, is in vergelyk met die reaksie van 'n verwysings gewas; spinasiebeet (Beta vulgaris var cicla . ). Vir al die vlakke van mikronutriente toegepas, was die spinasiebeet opgehoopte Cu , Zn en Mn in die blare, in beduidend (p <0.01 ) hoër konsentrasies as die wilde groente.

Résumé Considérée par la Vision 2020 du Rwanda comme premier moteur de croissance économique et de réduction de la pauvreté, lagriculture rwandaise se prépare à rentrer dans une phase de mutations profondes de transformation et de modernisation de ses systèmes de production de subsistance pour souvrir au marché. Pour passer dune agriculture de subsistance à une agriculture commerciale, beaucoup denjeux et de contraintes du secteur agricole, variant et ne se faisant pas sentir avec la même acuité, dune région à une autre, méritent dêtre identifiés et analysés avant de passer à laction. Pour appréhender le sujet une étude documentaire détaillée a été réalisée sur la zone et sur le contexte agricole rwandais en général suivie dune série denquêtes sur terrain. Celles-ci reposent sur un échantillonnage raisonné de 4 secteurs (deux de basse altitude et deux de haute altitude) représentatifs de la diversité agro-bioclimatique et socioéconomique de la région dans chacun des deux districts de la zone de GIKONGORO. Tenant compte du nombre dunités de production présentes dans chaque secteur, les ménages ont été aléatoirement choisis dans les 8 secteurs retenus de manière à atteindre un effectif de 210 unités de production, pour recueillir leurs opinions sur les contraintes rencontrées, leurs stratégies de production et leurs desiderata en lien avec ce que les services agricoles conduisaient. Les problèmes relevés sont nettement complexes et semblent avoir pour facteur-racine la rupture de léquilibre « ressources naturelles/population », principal risque pour la croissance économique à long terme et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Le premier constat de cette étude est que les mutations démographiques, économiques, sociales ou culturelles qui ont affecté, depuis des décennies la zone de GIKONGORO, nont pas pu parallèlement, induire une dynamique organisationnelle qui se traduirait aussi par le développement et le renforcement des capacités des paysans et des organisations interpellées par les nouveaux enjeux du développement rural. Sur le plan agronomique, la principale contrainte sur laquelle convergent toutes les préoccupations des agriculteurs, est celui dun appauvrissement critique des sols. Celui-ci est principalement dû à une surexploitation des terres liée aux faibles superficies disponibles, aux difficultés dextension des terres de culture et à lincapacité des agriculteurs qui, faute de moyens, ne peuvent restituer au sol ce que les cultures exportent. Les pâturages naturels nétant plus disponibles en plus de la faible production fourragère dans la zone, la taille des troupeaux a sensiblement diminué et la production du fumier est faible. Sur des sols naturellement pauvres, érodés et très acides de GIKONGORO, le facteur limitant de la production agricole est avant tout la quantité de la fumure organique disponible sans laquelle tout investissement dans lamélioration de la fertilité des terres ne constitue quun gaspillage économique. Sur le plan de fonctionnement socioéconomique, les résultats de ce travail révèlent que 39% des exploitations sont très pauvres, procurent des revenus relativement inférieurs au seuil de reproduction et au seuil de survie pour certaines dentre elles et présentent une tendance générale à la régression. Evaluées à 47%, les exploitations à dominance agriculture procurent des revenus légèrement supérieurs au seuil de reproduction et montrent une tendance à la stagnation et se reproduisent à lidentique. Seulement 14% des exploitations de GIKONGORO sont en développement. Soutenues par des ressources extérieurs, elles produisent des revenus nettement supérieurs au seuil daccumulation. Elles ont des capacités dinvestissement relativement importantes et présentent une tendance générale à lélargissement.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil, mais especificamente aquelas direcionadas à agricultura familiar. O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (PAA) foi eleito, por integrar de forma inédita/inovadora, política agrícola e segurança alimentar. Além disso, as pesquisas relacionando políticas públicas para agricultura familiar e segurança alimentar e nutricional são recentes. Num primeiro momento, a adoção de um referencial teórico neste trabalho apresentou dificuldades; pois as políticas públicas são campos multidisciplinares as quais necessitam do aporte da sociologia, da ciência política e da economia. Entretanto, no decorrer da concepção do mesmo, constatou-se que a teorização emergiu paulatinamente a partir da análise e interpretação dos dados. Delineou-se contextualizar a construção do referido programa na região do Planalto Norte do estado de Santa Catarina através do protagonismo da Cooperativa Agropecuária Regional de Pequenos Produtores de Mafra (COOARPA). A partir daí, objetivou-se analisar alguns efeitos socioeconômicos do programa, tais como: i) preços agrícolas e renda do agricultor; ii) organizações dos agricultores e iii) qualidade dos produtos ofertados. A metodologia baseou-se, inicialmente, numa pesquisa exploratória junto ao órgão executor do programa em Santa Catarina, ou seja, a Superintendência Regional da Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), sendo apontada a COOARPA como referência pioneira na implantação do PAA naquela região. Junto a esta organização, foi construída a base de dados constituída das seguintes informações: número de agricultores familiares beneficiados fornecedores, montante das aquisições e número de entidades socioassistenciais beneficiadas durante as safras dos anos fiscais de 2004 a 2007. As informações de caráter primário foram obtidas através de um questionário semi-estruturado e entrevista face à face junto aos órgãos executores do programa como também às organizações locais envolvidas. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o aumento nos valores das aquisições, no número de agricultores fornecedores e no número de entidades socioassistenciais atendidas. Além disso, constatou-se efeito positivo do programa para as associações cujo preço de referência estipulado estava acima do mercado com reflexos sobre a renda, o emprego e a oferta de alimentos. As organizações dos agricultores familiares representaram um papel importante na comercialização, com estímulo à participação das mesmas na economia local. Os alimentos fornecidos às entidades socioassistenciais (em quantidade e variedade de itens), evidenciaram aspectos positivos relacionados à qualidade nutritiva. A tônica unânime dos depoimentos pela continuidade do PAA e a identificação junto às comunidades destacam o debate: política de Governo e política de Estado. Além do que, evidencia o direito à alimentação como efetivo objeto de política pública. / This dissertation addresses the issue of public policies for rural development in Brazil, more specifically those aimed at the family farm. The Program for Food Acquisition (PAA) was elected, by integrating on a movel/innovative agricultural and food security. Moreover, public policy research relating to family agriculture and food security and nutrition are recent. At first, the adoption of a theoretical difficulties presented in this paper, for public policy are multidisciplinary fields which require the contribution of sociology, political science and economics. But over the course of its design, it was found that the theory gradually emerged from the analysis and interpretation of data. Outlined to contextualize the construction of the program in the plateau region north of the state of Santa Catarina with the role of the Regional Agricultural Cooperative of small producers in Mafra (COOARPA). From there, it was aimed to analyze some socioeconomic effects of the program, such as: i) agricultural prices and farmer income, ii) farmers’ organizations and iii) quality of products offered. The methodology was based initially on exploratory research with the executing agency for the program in Santa Catarina, that is, the Regional Superintendent of the National Supply Company (CONAB) being pointed to as a reference COOARPA pioneered the deployment of PAA in the region. Along with this organization, was built the database consists of the following information: number of farmers benefited suppliers, purchase amount and number of entities socioassistenciais benefited crops during the fiscal years 2004 a 2007. As a primary information was obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire and interview face to face with the executing agencies of the program as well as local organizations involved. The main results were the increase in the values of acquisitions, the number of farmers and suppliers in the number of entities socioassistenciais met. Furthermore, there was positive effect of the program for the associations whose stated reference price was above the market is reflected in income, employment and food supply. Organizations of farmers played an important role in the marketing, promotion participation of those in the local economy. The food supplied to the socioassistenciais (in quantity and variety of items), showed positive aspects related to nutritional quality. The keynote unanimous of the continuity of the PAA and the identification with the communities highlight the debate: government policy and state policy. In addition, evidences the right to food as effective object of public policy.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O primeiro objetivo da Tese consistiu na identificação e caracterização dos instrumentos de aferição epidemiológicos que vêm sendo propostos para a abordagem de IA domiciliar, bem como na síntese de suas propriedades psicométricas. Para tal, realizou-se busca sistemática em três bases de dados eletrônicas: MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO. Não houve delimitação do período de publicação. Os resultados são apresentados no artigo intitulado Household food insecurity: a systematic review of the measuring instruments used in epidemiological studies. Foram identificados 24 instrumentos, todos breves e de fácil aplicação. A maioria foi desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos. O instrumento HFSSM apresentou o maior número de estudos de utilização e psicométricos, podendo ser recomendado sem hesitação. O segundo e principal objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar se a ocorrência de violência psicológica e física entre parceiros íntimos pode ser considerada um fator de risco para a ocorrência de Insegurança Alimentar (IA) domiciliar. As informações que subjazem a pesquisa originaram-se de um inquérito domiciliar realizado no Distrito de Campos Elíseos, Município de Duque de Caxias, entre abril a novembro de 2010. A população de estudo foi selecionada por meio de amostragem por conglomerados em três estágios (setor censitário, domicílio, indivíduo) com técnicas de amostragem inversa para a seleção dos domicílios. A amostra do estudo incluiu 849 mulheres que no período da entrevista relataram possuir algum relacionamento amoroso nos 12 meses anteriores. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevista utilizando-se um questionário estruturado, contendo instrumentos previamente validados, como a Revised Conflict Tatics Scales (CTS2) para a mensuração das violências e a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para a IA domiciliar. Utilizou-se a análise de caminhos (Path Analysis) na análise de dados o que permitiu explorar as relações entre as violências, entre estas e o Transtorno Mental Comum (TMC), este último e a IA, bem como as relações mais distais do modelo teórico. Os resultados são apresentados no artigo intitulado Violência entre parceiros íntimos, transtornos mentais comuns e insegurança alimentar: modelagem de equações estruturais. A hipótese central deste estudo foi corroborada, na medida em que tanto a violência psicológica, como a violência física se mostraram importantes fatores de risco para a IA, via a ocorrência de TMC. Contrariamente ao esperado, notou-se um maior efeito da violência psicológica do que da violência física na ocorrência do desfecho. Espera-se que a divulgação dos resultados desta Tese auxilie os profissionais e gestores na área de segurança alimentar e nutricional, bem como pesquisadores da área na tomada de decisões em relação ao instrumento de aferição a ser utilizado para a caracterização das situações e ampliem o olhar sobre o problema, incorporando outros fatores de risco, tais como as violências entre parceiros íntimos, aqueles estritamente econômicos, habitualmente considerados no debate sobre os determinantes e estratégias de enfrentamento da IA. / The first goal of the Thesis that consisted of identifying and characterizing the epidemiological measurement instruments that have been proposed for addressing HFI and synthesis of its psychometric properties. To this end, we performed a systematic search of three electronic databases: MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO. There was no definition of the publication period. The results are presented in the article entitled "Household food insecurity: a systematic review of the measuring instruments used in epidemiological studies". Twenty-four instruments were identified; all brief and of easy application. The majority were devised in the United States. The HFSSM instrument had the largest number of use studies and psychometric and can be recommended without hesitation. The second and main objective of this Thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) of psychological type and can be considered a risk factor for the occurrence of household food insecurity (HFI). The information underlying the research originated from a household survey conducted in the District of Campos Elíseos, in the city of Duque de Caxias, between April and November 2010. The study population was selected using cluster sampling in three stages (census tract, household, individual) with inverse sampling techniques to the selection of households. The study sample included 849 women (82.03% of the interviews for the study background) than during the interview reported having a romantic relationship in the last 12 months. Information was obtained through interviews using a structured questionnaire containing previously validated instruments such as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) to measure the IPV and Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) for HFI. The results are presented in the article titled "Intimate partner violence, common mental disorders and food insecurity: a survey- based structural equation modeling analysis". The central hypothesis of this study was corroborated, and IPV psychological presented both as direct kick in the occurrence of HFI effect, while the physical type of IPV only had indirect effect via CMD . It is hoped that the dissemination of the results of this thesis assists professionals and managers in the area of food security as well as researchers in the field in making decisions regarding the measurement instrument to be used for the characterization of situations and broaden the look about the problem, incorporating other risk factors such as intimate partner violence, strictly economic ones usually considered in the debate on the determinants and coping strategies of food insecurity.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil, mais especificamente aquelas direcionadas à agricultura familiar. O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (PAA) foi eleito, por integrar de forma inédita/inovadora, política agrícola e segurança alimentar. Além disso, as pesquisas relacionando políticas públicas para agricultura familiar e segurança alimentar e nutricional são recentes. Num primeiro momento, a adoção de um referencial teórico neste trabalho apresentou dificuldades; pois as políticas públicas são campos multidisciplinares as quais necessitam do aporte da sociologia, da ciência política e da economia. Entretanto, no decorrer da concepção do mesmo, constatou-se que a teorização emergiu paulatinamente a partir da análise e interpretação dos dados. Delineou-se contextualizar a construção do referido programa na região do Planalto Norte do estado de Santa Catarina através do protagonismo da Cooperativa Agropecuária Regional de Pequenos Produtores de Mafra (COOARPA). A partir daí, objetivou-se analisar alguns efeitos socioeconômicos do programa, tais como: i) preços agrícolas e renda do agricultor; ii) organizações dos agricultores e iii) qualidade dos produtos ofertados. A metodologia baseou-se, inicialmente, numa pesquisa exploratória junto ao órgão executor do programa em Santa Catarina, ou seja, a Superintendência Regional da Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), sendo apontada a COOARPA como referência pioneira na implantação do PAA naquela região. Junto a esta organização, foi construída a base de dados constituída das seguintes informações: número de agricultores familiares beneficiados fornecedores, montante das aquisições e número de entidades socioassistenciais beneficiadas durante as safras dos anos fiscais de 2004 a 2007. As informações de caráter primário foram obtidas através de um questionário semi-estruturado e entrevista face à face junto aos órgãos executores do programa como também às organizações locais envolvidas. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o aumento nos valores das aquisições, no número de agricultores fornecedores e no número de entidades socioassistenciais atendidas. Além disso, constatou-se efeito positivo do programa para as associações cujo preço de referência estipulado estava acima do mercado com reflexos sobre a renda, o emprego e a oferta de alimentos. As organizações dos agricultores familiares representaram um papel importante na comercialização, com estímulo à participação das mesmas na economia local. Os alimentos fornecidos às entidades socioassistenciais (em quantidade e variedade de itens), evidenciaram aspectos positivos relacionados à qualidade nutritiva. A tônica unânime dos depoimentos pela continuidade do PAA e a identificação junto às comunidades destacam o debate: política de Governo e política de Estado. Além do que, evidencia o direito à alimentação como efetivo objeto de política pública. / This dissertation addresses the issue of public policies for rural development in Brazil, more specifically those aimed at the family farm. The Program for Food Acquisition (PAA) was elected, by integrating on a movel/innovative agricultural and food security. Moreover, public policy research relating to family agriculture and food security and nutrition are recent. At first, the adoption of a theoretical difficulties presented in this paper, for public policy are multidisciplinary fields which require the contribution of sociology, political science and economics. But over the course of its design, it was found that the theory gradually emerged from the analysis and interpretation of data. Outlined to contextualize the construction of the program in the plateau region north of the state of Santa Catarina with the role of the Regional Agricultural Cooperative of small producers in Mafra (COOARPA). From there, it was aimed to analyze some socioeconomic effects of the program, such as: i) agricultural prices and farmer income, ii) farmers’ organizations and iii) quality of products offered. The methodology was based initially on exploratory research with the executing agency for the program in Santa Catarina, that is, the Regional Superintendent of the National Supply Company (CONAB) being pointed to as a reference COOARPA pioneered the deployment of PAA in the region. Along with this organization, was built the database consists of the following information: number of farmers benefited suppliers, purchase amount and number of entities socioassistenciais benefited crops during the fiscal years 2004 a 2007. As a primary information was obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire and interview face to face with the executing agencies of the program as well as local organizations involved. The main results were the increase in the values of acquisitions, the number of farmers and suppliers in the number of entities socioassistenciais met. Furthermore, there was positive effect of the program for the associations whose stated reference price was above the market is reflected in income, employment and food supply. Organizations of farmers played an important role in the marketing, promotion participation of those in the local economy. The food supplied to the socioassistenciais (in quantity and variety of items), showed positive aspects related to nutritional quality. The keynote unanimous of the continuity of the PAA and the identification with the communities highlight the debate: government policy and state policy. In addition, evidences the right to food as effective object of public policy.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O primeiro objetivo da Tese consistiu na identificação e caracterização dos instrumentos de aferição epidemiológicos que vêm sendo propostos para a abordagem de IA domiciliar, bem como na síntese de suas propriedades psicométricas. Para tal, realizou-se busca sistemática em três bases de dados eletrônicas: MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO. Não houve delimitação do período de publicação. Os resultados são apresentados no artigo intitulado Household food insecurity: a systematic review of the measuring instruments used in epidemiological studies. Foram identificados 24 instrumentos, todos breves e de fácil aplicação. A maioria foi desenvolvida nos Estados Unidos. O instrumento HFSSM apresentou o maior número de estudos de utilização e psicométricos, podendo ser recomendado sem hesitação. O segundo e principal objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar se a ocorrência de violência psicológica e física entre parceiros íntimos pode ser considerada um fator de risco para a ocorrência de Insegurança Alimentar (IA) domiciliar. As informações que subjazem a pesquisa originaram-se de um inquérito domiciliar realizado no Distrito de Campos Elíseos, Município de Duque de Caxias, entre abril a novembro de 2010. A população de estudo foi selecionada por meio de amostragem por conglomerados em três estágios (setor censitário, domicílio, indivíduo) com técnicas de amostragem inversa para a seleção dos domicílios. A amostra do estudo incluiu 849 mulheres que no período da entrevista relataram possuir algum relacionamento amoroso nos 12 meses anteriores. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevista utilizando-se um questionário estruturado, contendo instrumentos previamente validados, como a Revised Conflict Tatics Scales (CTS2) para a mensuração das violências e a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para a IA domiciliar. Utilizou-se a análise de caminhos (Path Analysis) na análise de dados o que permitiu explorar as relações entre as violências, entre estas e o Transtorno Mental Comum (TMC), este último e a IA, bem como as relações mais distais do modelo teórico. Os resultados são apresentados no artigo intitulado Violência entre parceiros íntimos, transtornos mentais comuns e insegurança alimentar: modelagem de equações estruturais. A hipótese central deste estudo foi corroborada, na medida em que tanto a violência psicológica, como a violência física se mostraram importantes fatores de risco para a IA, via a ocorrência de TMC. Contrariamente ao esperado, notou-se um maior efeito da violência psicológica do que da violência física na ocorrência do desfecho. Espera-se que a divulgação dos resultados desta Tese auxilie os profissionais e gestores na área de segurança alimentar e nutricional, bem como pesquisadores da área na tomada de decisões em relação ao instrumento de aferição a ser utilizado para a caracterização das situações e ampliem o olhar sobre o problema, incorporando outros fatores de risco, tais como as violências entre parceiros íntimos, aqueles estritamente econômicos, habitualmente considerados no debate sobre os determinantes e estratégias de enfrentamento da IA. / The first goal of the Thesis that consisted of identifying and characterizing the epidemiological measurement instruments that have been proposed for addressing HFI and synthesis of its psychometric properties. To this end, we performed a systematic search of three electronic databases: MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO. There was no definition of the publication period. The results are presented in the article entitled "Household food insecurity: a systematic review of the measuring instruments used in epidemiological studies". Twenty-four instruments were identified; all brief and of easy application. The majority were devised in the United States. The HFSSM instrument had the largest number of use studies and psychometric and can be recommended without hesitation. The second and main objective of this Thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) of psychological type and can be considered a risk factor for the occurrence of household food insecurity (HFI). The information underlying the research originated from a household survey conducted in the District of Campos Elíseos, in the city of Duque de Caxias, between April and November 2010. The study population was selected using cluster sampling in three stages (census tract, household, individual) with inverse sampling techniques to the selection of households. The study sample included 849 women (82.03% of the interviews for the study background) than during the interview reported having a romantic relationship in the last 12 months. Information was obtained through interviews using a structured questionnaire containing previously validated instruments such as the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) to measure the IPV and Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) for HFI. The results are presented in the article titled "Intimate partner violence, common mental disorders and food insecurity: a survey- based structural equation modeling analysis". The central hypothesis of this study was corroborated, and IPV psychological presented both as direct kick in the occurrence of HFI effect, while the physical type of IPV only had indirect effect via CMD . It is hoped that the dissemination of the results of this thesis assists professionals and managers in the area of food security as well as researchers in the field in making decisions regarding the measurement instrument to be used for the characterization of situations and broaden the look about the problem, incorporating other risk factors such as intimate partner violence, strictly economic ones usually considered in the debate on the determinants and coping strategies of food insecurity.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática das políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural no Brasil, mais especificamente aquelas direcionadas à agricultura familiar. O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (PAA) foi eleito, por integrar de forma inédita/inovadora, política agrícola e segurança alimentar. Além disso, as pesquisas relacionando políticas públicas para agricultura familiar e segurança alimentar e nutricional são recentes. Num primeiro momento, a adoção de um referencial teórico neste trabalho apresentou dificuldades; pois as políticas públicas são campos multidisciplinares as quais necessitam do aporte da sociologia, da ciência política e da economia. Entretanto, no decorrer da concepção do mesmo, constatou-se que a teorização emergiu paulatinamente a partir da análise e interpretação dos dados. Delineou-se contextualizar a construção do referido programa na região do Planalto Norte do estado de Santa Catarina através do protagonismo da Cooperativa Agropecuária Regional de Pequenos Produtores de Mafra (COOARPA). A partir daí, objetivou-se analisar alguns efeitos socioeconômicos do programa, tais como: i) preços agrícolas e renda do agricultor; ii) organizações dos agricultores e iii) qualidade dos produtos ofertados. A metodologia baseou-se, inicialmente, numa pesquisa exploratória junto ao órgão executor do programa em Santa Catarina, ou seja, a Superintendência Regional da Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), sendo apontada a COOARPA como referência pioneira na implantação do PAA naquela região. Junto a esta organização, foi construída a base de dados constituída das seguintes informações: número de agricultores familiares beneficiados fornecedores, montante das aquisições e número de entidades socioassistenciais beneficiadas durante as safras dos anos fiscais de 2004 a 2007. As informações de caráter primário foram obtidas através de um questionário semi-estruturado e entrevista face à face junto aos órgãos executores do programa como também às organizações locais envolvidas. Os principais resultados obtidos foram o aumento nos valores das aquisições, no número de agricultores fornecedores e no número de entidades socioassistenciais atendidas. Além disso, constatou-se efeito positivo do programa para as associações cujo preço de referência estipulado estava acima do mercado com reflexos sobre a renda, o emprego e a oferta de alimentos. As organizações dos agricultores familiares representaram um papel importante na comercialização, com estímulo à participação das mesmas na economia local. Os alimentos fornecidos às entidades socioassistenciais (em quantidade e variedade de itens), evidenciaram aspectos positivos relacionados à qualidade nutritiva. A tônica unânime dos depoimentos pela continuidade do PAA e a identificação junto às comunidades destacam o debate: política de Governo e política de Estado. Além do que, evidencia o direito à alimentação como efetivo objeto de política pública. / This dissertation addresses the issue of public policies for rural development in Brazil, more specifically those aimed at the family farm. The Program for Food Acquisition (PAA) was elected, by integrating on a movel/innovative agricultural and food security. Moreover, public policy research relating to family agriculture and food security and nutrition are recent. At first, the adoption of a theoretical difficulties presented in this paper, for public policy are multidisciplinary fields which require the contribution of sociology, political science and economics. But over the course of its design, it was found that the theory gradually emerged from the analysis and interpretation of data. Outlined to contextualize the construction of the program in the plateau region north of the state of Santa Catarina with the role of the Regional Agricultural Cooperative of small producers in Mafra (COOARPA). From there, it was aimed to analyze some socioeconomic effects of the program, such as: i) agricultural prices and farmer income, ii) farmers’ organizations and iii) quality of products offered. The methodology was based initially on exploratory research with the executing agency for the program in Santa Catarina, that is, the Regional Superintendent of the National Supply Company (CONAB) being pointed to as a reference COOARPA pioneered the deployment of PAA in the region. Along with this organization, was built the database consists of the following information: number of farmers benefited suppliers, purchase amount and number of entities socioassistenciais benefited crops during the fiscal years 2004 a 2007. As a primary information was obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire and interview face to face with the executing agencies of the program as well as local organizations involved. The main results were the increase in the values of acquisitions, the number of farmers and suppliers in the number of entities socioassistenciais met. Furthermore, there was positive effect of the program for the associations whose stated reference price was above the market is reflected in income, employment and food supply. Organizations of farmers played an important role in the marketing, promotion participation of those in the local economy. The food supplied to the socioassistenciais (in quantity and variety of items), showed positive aspects related to nutritional quality. The keynote unanimous of the continuity of the PAA and the identification with the communities highlight the debate: government policy and state policy. In addition, evidences the right to food as effective object of public policy.