Mpumalanga Provincial Department of Human Settlements in partnership with the National Department of Human Settlements has launched a new integrated system known as the Housing Needs Register (HNR) to manage potential housing beneficiaries. This study was aimed at refining the integrated system in terms of providing guidelines and processes in the allocation of affordable houses. A total of 88 878 records captured on the HNR were profiled, and the results show that in approximately 86% of the records, family factors and better economic circumstances were given as the main motivation towards a desire to own a house in a particular area of residence. These findings emphasized the importance of understanding beneficiaries’ needs with regard to housing. Providing guidelines in the application of this knowledge in a fair and consistent manner could assist in curtailing the spread of informal selling or demolishing of state subsidized houses and other forms of corruption. / Public Health / M.A. (Public Health)

This thesis examines the emergence and development of the African working class in Durban between 1959 and 1985. It begins with an analysis of Durban's economy, which significantly changed .the lives of Africans. It shows how, during an era of economic boom, of intensive state repres•ion and unparalleled social engineering, the state intervened in the shaping of the African community and created the oppressive setting of the African working class, which was to pose the greatest challenge to the established order. The forced removals of the underclasses to the newly established apartheid townships during the late 1950s and early 1960s had a profound influence on the social and political history of this working class. Once African trade unions had been crippled and formal oppositional politics crushed, South African industrial relations enjoyed relative "peace" which was disturbed by the covert forms of worker resistance. In the 1970s the economic position of Durban's African working class was rather tenuous, as earnings had remained static since the 1960s despite the booming economy. Because of this, urban workers felt social and economic pressures from both apartheid and capitalism and responded in a way that shocked both employers and the government. In January 1973 Durban was rocked by strikes, which broke the silence of the 1960s when the South African Congress of Trade Unions declined and the African National Congress and Pan-African Congress were banned. The outbreak of the 1973 Durban strikes marked a new beginning in the labour history and industrial relations of Durban and South Africa in general. A new blend of African independent trade unions emerged with their distinctive style of organisation. They focused on factory-based issues which reaped benefits for the workers in the long-run and managed to sustain pressure from both the state and employers. During this period, however, the African working class paid a high price, enduring miserable conditions, earning wages below the poverty line, experiencing a breakdown in family structure, and living with crime and violence, police repression and the criminalisation of much social and economic life. By 1985, these unions had established themselves so firmly that the state regarded them as a serious challenge. Indeed, the making of Durban's African working class was no easy task and its history shows suffering, change, mobility and accomplishment. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology : Information Technology,Durban University of Technology, 2012 / The introduction of the Integrated Residential Development Programme (IRDP) in 2008 created challenges for the administration of all waiting lists and housing demand databases in South Africa as the provisioning of housing by the National Housing Programme was revised to include a higher earning per household. This resulted in an increase in the number of applications in all provinces. The fact that the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements was processing applications manually because their electronic system was obsolete, only served to exacerbate matters. To address this problem of poor service provisioning at KZN-DHS, an automated internet based system was considered a promising solution to facilitate effective communication between the department and its clients. It was therefore important to find out which business activities and functional requirements of the KZN-DHS that when automated as an internet based application would improve housing service provisioning in the province. The purpose of this study therefore was to modify and enhance the old housing demand (electronic) database system for the KZN-DHS as the old system was not meeting their requirements and was not serving the citizens of the province efficiently. The researcher used Entity Relationship (ER) Model and Unified Modelling Language (UML) as a framework to develop an internet based system to leverage the business process, minimize capturing errors and improve administration processes in the KZN-DHS. Using a JAD session, semi-structured interviews she determined the needs and requirements of the users before developing, implementing and testing the system. Implementation alerted the researcher to errors/issues which were addressed to ensure optimal functioning of the system. This study makes recommendations for maintenance of the system and discusses implications for further research.

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African history of colonialism and apartheid created a massive housing crisis, and a basic service delivery deficit for the majority of people. Since the dawn of democracy, the current government has been trying to address this housing crisis and basic service delivery deficit. At the heart of the challenge created by this housing crisis, is the transformative vision of the Constitution and the proper role of courts, especially the Constitutional Court as the final arbiter of the rights protected and guaranteed in the Constitution. The central objective of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which the Constitutional Court has given substantive content to the right of access to adequate housing, particularly in the context of the positive duties arising out of this right as entrenched in section 26(1) and (2) of the Constitution. To this end, the history and present state of housing for residents of informal settlements, and those in inadequate housing, including the challenges presented by housing delivery, are explored. This thesis seeks to explore the concept of transformative constitutionalism, particularly its significance in relation to the right of access to adequate housing. The thesis goes on to trace the origins, strong and weak points of the reasonableness review model used by the Court to adjudicate the positive aspects of socio-economic rights, in the context of the right of access to adequate housing. This is followed by an examination of how housing as a human right has been interpreted and enforced in international, and comparative law. I then analyse the major housing jurisprudence of the Court, and suggest tentantive solutions towards redressing some of the impediments standing in the way of a substantive interpretation of the right of access to adequate housing. It is found that the Court has developed the substantive content of section 26(3) through the development of various procedural, and substantive protections of this right, including an expansive meaning of the requirement of justice and equity, requiring judicial oversight in all sales in execution against peoples’ homes, creative remedies such as mediation, joinder of a relevant municipality in eviction cases, meaningful engagement, and alternative accommodation as components of the requirement of justice and equity that would have to be met for an eviction to be lawful. In contrast, in the context of the positive duties imposed by section 26, the Court has adopted the reasonableness model of review without elaborating on the nature and scope of the right of access to adequate housing, and the values and purposes protected by this right in international law, and comparative law. Therefore, a relatively weak standard of judicial review is adopted by the Court when it adjudicates the negative duties of the right, as opposed to when it adjudicates the positive duties imposed by the right.This thesis proceeds to explore how the substantive interpretation of the right could be enhanced through following the methodology for interpretation of rights in the Bill of Rights prescribed in section 39(1) of the Constitution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis van kolonialisme en apartheid het 'n massiewe behuisingskrisis, en 'n tekort aan basiese dienslewering vir die meerderheid van mense geskep. Sedert die aanvang van demokrasie, poog die huidige regering om die behuisingskrisis en tekort aan basiese dienslewering aan te spreek. Aan die hart van die uitdaging wat deur hierdie behuisingskrisis geskep is, is die transformerende visie van die Grondwet en die behoorlike rol van die howe, veral die Konstitusionele Hof as die finale arbiter van die regte wat in die Grondwet beskerm en gewaarborg word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate waartoe die Konstitusionele Hof substantiewe inhoud gegee het aan die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, veral in die konteks van die positiewe verpligtinge wat voortspruit uit hierdie reg soos verskans in artikels 26(1) en (2) van die Grondwet. Om dit te bereik, word die geskiedenis en huidige stand van behuising vir inwoners van informele nedersettings, asook dié in ontoereikende behuising, ondersoek met inbegrip van die uitdagings wat deur die lewering van behuising gestel word. Hierdie tesis poog om die begrip van transformerende konstitusionalisme te ondersoek, vernaam die belang daarvan met betrekking tot die reg van toegang tot geskikte behuising. Daarbenewens, ondersoek hierdie tesis die oorsprong, asook die sterk en swak punte van die Hof se model vir redelikheidshersiening om die positiewe aspekte van sosio-ekonomiese regte te beoordeel, in die konteks van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising . Hierop volg 'n ondersoek na hoe behuising as 'n menslike reg in internasionale en vergelykende regskontekste geïnterpreteer en afgedwing kan word. Ek analiseer ook die hoof behuisingsregspraak van die Hof ten einde voorlopige oplossings voor te stel met betrekking tot die regstelling van sommige van die hindernisse tot 'n substantiewe interpretasie van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising. Ten slotte, word daar gevind dat die Hof substantiewe inhoud aan artikel 26(3) gegee het deur die ontwikkeling van die prosedurele en substantiewe beskerming van hierdie reg, insluitend 'n uitgebreide begrip van die vereistes van geregtigheid en billikheid wat geregtelike oorsig in sekere omstandighede vereis: alle verkope in eksekusie teen mense se huise, kreatiewe remedies soos bemiddeling, die noodsaaklike voeging van munisipaliteite tot uitsettings , sinvolle betrokkenheid, en die voorsiening van alternatiewe akkommodasie as ‘n komponentvan die vereiste van geregtigheid en billikheid wat nagekom moet word vir 'n uitsettingsbevel om regmatig te wees. In teenstelling, met betrekking tot die positiewe verpligtinge wat deur artikel 26 opgelê word, het die Hof die model vir redelikheidshersiening aangeneem sonder om uit te brei op die aard en omvang van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, en die waardes en doelwitte wat deur hierdie reg beskerm word in internasionale en vergelykbare regskontekste. Gevolglik is 'n relatiewe swak standaard van geregtelike hersiening deur die Hof vasgestel wanneer dit die negatiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel, in teenstelling met wanneer die positiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel word. Hierdie tesis poog om vas te stel hoe die substantiewe interpretasie van die reg bevorder kan word ingevolge die metodologie vir die interpretasie van die regte in die Handves van Regte soos voorgeskryf in artikel 39(1) van die Grondwet.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 1953. / No Abstract Available

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 26 of the Constitution of South Africa states that all South Africans should have the basic right of access to adequate housing. The task of housing the people of South Africa is the responsibility of the state, who is empowered to utilize all legislative and economic resources at its disposal, in order to achieve this right to housing in all forms. Though the state has mobilised resources and manpower to achieve these objectives, many challenges remain in the facilitation and provision of adequate affordable housing. These challenges relate to the understanding of the complex legislative systems and mechanisms governing the delivery of housing in this country. The functions of various tiers of government and the interventions designed to alleviate the housing backlog are increasingly becoming less effective. The involvement of the private sector in the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing is therefore crucial as this enormous challenge cannot be achieved by the government alone. These challenges are numerous and diverse and this study highlights the main structural issues to which both the public and private sectors are exposed to. This relates to availability of land, affordability, subsidy constraints, access to funding and the limitations of development planning. The aim of this study is to determine how this range of challenges is affecting the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing. A survey of leading developers in the Western Cape has been conducted to determine the main factors which are retarding and hampering progress. The findings of the study reveals that government interventions in the housing sector though marginally progressive, are not conducive to alleviating the structural problems in this environment. As a result the ability of private sector developers to perform in this market is eroded due to the unsustainable and complex problems associated with this environment. As the need for housing grows, a greater awareness and understanding of the problems and challenges associated with the delivery of sustainable integrated affordable housing is needed to provide a platform for the creation of adequate housing in this country. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 26 van die Grondwet van Suid-Afrika stel dat alle Suid-Afrikaners die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising het. Die taak van die behuising van die mense van Suid-Afrika is die verantwoordelikheid van die staat, wat toegerus is om alle wetgewende en ekonomiese hulpbronne tot sy beskikking te gebruik om hierdie reg tot behuising in al sy vorme te verwesenlik. Alhoewel die staat hulpbronne en mannekrag gemobiliseer het om hierdie doelwitte te bereik, bestaan daar steeds vele uitdagings in die fasilitering en verskaffing van geskikte en bekostigbare behuising. Hierdie uitdagings het betrekking op die begrip van die komplekse wetgewende stelsels en meganismes wat die lewering van behuising in hierdie land beheer. Die funksies van verskeie vlakke van regering en die intervensies wat ontwerp is om die behuisingsagterstand te verlig, raak al hoe minder effektief. Die betrokkenheid van die privaatsektor in die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde en bekostigbare behuising is kritiek omdat die regering nie hierdie enorme uitdaging alleen kan verrig nie. Die uitdagings is talryk en divers, en hierdie studie werp lig op die vernaamste strukturele kwessies waaraan beide die openbare en privaatsektore blootgestel word. Dit het betrekking op die beskikbaarheid van grond, bekostigbaarheid, subsidiebeperkings, toegang tot befondsing en die tekortkominge van ontwikkelingsbeplanning. Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel hoe hierdie reeks uitdagings die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde en bekostigbare behuising affekteer. ’n Opname van toonaangewende ontwikkelaars in die Wes-Kaap is gemaak om vas te stel wat die hooffaktore is wat vordering vertraag en belemmer. Die bevindinge van die studie onthul dat regeringsintervensies in die behuisingsektor, hoewel marginaal progressief, nie bevorderlik is vir die verligting van strukturele probleme in hierdie omgewing nie. Gevolglik word die vermoë van die privaatsektor-ontwikkelaars om in hierdie mark te slaag, verweer weens die onvolhoubaarheid en komplekse probleme wat met hierdie omgewing gepaard gaan. Soos die behoefte aan behuising groei, word ’n groter bewustheid en beter begrip van die probleme en uitdagings, wat gepaard gaan met die lewering van volhoubare, geïntegreerde behuising, benodig om ’n platform daar te stel vir die skepping van geskikte behuising in hierdie land.

Dissertation (Master of Consumer Science)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The role which education can play in the upliftment of individuals and families has been receiving increasing attention by the South African government because it is regarded as each individual's right to reach his/her full potential. However, the way in which education is presented is the defining factor, which determines the sustainability of the subsequent development. The purpose of the study was to determine how Consumer scientists could contribute to transformative learning as well as the increasing of individual's levels of empowerment and knowledge. A literature study was undertaken to present a synopsis of emancipation education and transformative learning within the context of Consumer Science. Several methods of education, the underlying concepts to transformative learning, methods to bring about transformative learning, several phases in transformation of perspectives, the outcomes of the emancipation education method, the role of the Consumer scientist as emancipation educator as well as practical teaching methods were also included to support the empirical part of the study. A housing literacy programme was adapted and presented according to two different methods of education, namely emancipation and technical methods to represent the empirical part of this study. The housing literacy programme was presented to women in Calvinia and Williston living in government subsidised houses. During the implementation of the emancipation method of education, the transformation framework was used in conjunction with the action research model to adapt the programme and to identify any transformation that took place. In experimental design, the emancipation and technical methods were compared in terms of an increase in empowerment and knowledge. The status of empowerment and knowledge of both groups was determined before the programme, directly after the programme as well as two months thereafter. Quantitative data was obtained from the questionnaires on empowerment and knowledge, while qualitative data was obtained from the action research model as well as the transformation framework. The result of the quantitative data showed a clear difference between the group taught with the emancipatory method, and the group taught with the technical method in tenus of the increase in levels of empowerment and knowledge. The group taught with the emancipatory method showed higher levels of empowerment and knowledge than the group taught with the technical method directly after the programme as well as two months thereafter. The levels of empowerment and knowledge of the group taught with the emancipatory method showed significant statistical differences from before the presentation of the programme until two months thereafter. This suggests the sustainable character of an increase in empowerment and knowledge. Results obtained from the qualitative data also indicated the occurrence of distorted meaning schemes as well as modification thereof. This study showed that using the emancipation method of education when presenting a Consumer Science programme could induce transformation. The quantitative data also proved the emancipation method of education to be more effective than the technical method when aiming to increase an individual's level of empowerment and knowledge. It is therefore important that Consumer scientists be aware of all the characteristics of the emancipation method of education as well as transformative learning in order to induce change in individuals and families and to lead them to selfdependence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die rol wat onderwys in die opheffing van individue en gesinne kan speel, het die afgelope paar jaar toenemende aandag van die Regering van Suid-Afrika gekryaangesien dit as elke individu se reg gesien word om sy/haar volle potensiaal te bereik. Die wyse waarop onderwys aangebied word, is egter die bepalende faktor in die volhoubaarheid van die ontwikkeling wat daardeur teweeggebring word. Die doel van die studie was daarom om te bepaal hoe Verbruikerswetenskaplikes kan bydra tot transformatiewe leer en die verhoging van bemagtigingsen kennisvlakke van individue. 'n Literatuurstudie is onderneem om 'n oorsig oor emansipasie opvoeding en transformatiewe leer binne die konteks van Verbruikerswetenskap te gee. Verskeie onderrigmetodes, die konsepte onderliggend aan transformatiewe leer, metodes om transformatiewe leer te bewerkstellig, verskeie fases in perspektieftransformasie, die uitkomste van die emansipasie onderrigmetode, die rol van die Verbruikerswetenskaplike as emansipasie opvoeder en praktiese onderrigtegnieke is bestudeer om die empiriese gedeelte van die studie te ondersteun. Vir die empinese gedeelte van die studie is 'n behuisingsgeletterdheidsprogram aangepas en volgens twee verskillende opvoedingsmetodes, naamlik die emansipasie- en tegniese metode aangebied. Die behuisingsgeletterdheidsprogram is aangebied aan vroue van Calvinia en Williston wat in staatsgesubsidieerde huise woon. Met die toepas van die emansipasie opvoedingsmetode is die transformasieraamwerk saam met die aksienavorsingsmodel aangewend om die program aan te pas en die transformasie wat voorgekom het te identifiseer. In die eksperimentele ontwerp is die emansipasie en tegniese metodes met mekaar vergelyk in terme van bemagtiging- en kennisverhoging. Bemagtiging- en kennisstatus van albei groepe is voor die program, direk na die program, sowel as twee maande daarna bepaal. Kwalitatiewe data is uit die aksienavorsingsmodel en die transformasieraamwerk verkry, terwyl kwantitatiewe data uit die bemagtigings- en kennisvraelyste verkry is. Die resultate van die kwantitatiewe data het aangedui dat daar wel 'n verskil is ten opsigte van die verhoging van bemagtiging- en kennisvlakke tussen dié groep wat volgens die emansipasie metode aangebied is en dié groep wat volgens die tegniese metode aangebied is. Die groep wat volgens die emansipasie metode onderrig is se totale bemagtigingsvlak, sowel as hul kennisvlak was direk na die program asook twee maande daarna hoër as dié van die groep wat volgens die tegniese metode aangebied is. By die bemagtiging- en kennisvlak van die groep wat volgens die emansipasie metode onderrig is, het daar 'n betekenisvolle statistiese verskil van voor die programaanbieding tot twee maande daarna voorgekom, wat op die volgehoue aard van bemagtiging- en kennisverhoging dui. Die resultate wat verkry is uit die kwalitatiewe data het verder aangetoon dat daar wel verdraaide betekenisskemas by die deelnemers voorgekom het asook wysiging daarvan. Tydens hierdie studie is bevind dat transformatiewe leer teweeggebring kan word met die aanbied van 'n Verbruikerswetenskapprogram volgens die emansipasie opvoedingsmetode. Die kwantitatiewe data wat verkry is, het ook getoon dat die emansipasie onderrigmetode meer effektief as die tegniese metode is om die verhoging van individue se bemagtiging- en kennisvlakke teweeg te bring. Verbruikerswetenskaplikes moet daarom kennis dra van die eienskappe van die emansipasie opvoedingsmetode en transformatiewe leer om sodoende volgehoue verandering by individue en gesinne teweeg te bring en om hul tot selfstandigheid te lei.

Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand / AC 2018

Thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / The current increase in demand for accommodation in the Johannesburg northern suburbs is linked to the political and demographic changes that took place within South Africa post 1994. During this time there was a flight of affluent white South Africans away from what was then the centre of the country’s economy, the Johannesburg Central Business District (Garner, 2011). There has been an increase in the size of South Africa’s black middle class post 1994, due to the removal of racist legislation impeding the economic advancements of black South Africans, as well as due to the progressive affirmative action policies designed to fast track the advancement of black South Africans (Southall, 2016). Consequently, there has been a steady increase of black middle class people moving into the northern suburbs of Johannesburg. The study was conducted in the Sandton suburbs of Johannesburg, Gauteng. It sought to understand what factors have led to the increase in demand for accommodation in these suburbs from the black middle class. 27 interviews were conducted with participants in the case study areas of Illovo, Sandton Central Business District, Sandown, Bryanston and Sandhurst. The researcher made use of direct observations during the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that research in this area was imperative as it helped to explain the buying and renting patterns of the black middle class. This is important for property developers and the government because the black middle class is a fast growing economic subgroup within the country. This can impact on policy and property development in the country. The study found that the black middle class are moving to the northern suburbs for pragmatic reasons and that proximity to their places of work, proximity to amenities and security are the most important factors causing them to move. / MT2017

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of the Built Environment (Housing), to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Johannesburg like many rapidly urbanising cities around the world has the problem of a lack of affordable accommodation and inadequate access to basic services (Tissington, 2013). Residents in the inner city use spaces and buildings in a way that reclaims the promises of the city to a better life. As historian and cultural theorist Abdou Maliq Simone (2004) has noted people within African Cities have a probable tendency to improvise. In this research I use the concept of evolutionary resilience, which has been described to account for individuals and households ability adapt in constantly changing environments (Simmie & Martin, 2010) to explore the responses of residents to precarious living conditions and vulnerability that is created by conditions of insecure tenure and evictions. There is little comparative empirical research about how inner city residents talk about their lives and experiences. This research contributes to filling this gap by examining the experiences of residents and highlighting the ways in which as Cirugeda (2004) points to, residents often use empowerment strategies that encourage inhabitants to subvert laws and regulations, in order to maximise self-help by appropriating structures for better living conditions (Cirugeda 2004). This research utilises in depth interviews that were conducted within selected buildings in the inner city using a semi structured interview guide. The objective is to examine the strategies of coping with the exposure to risk and how individuals respond to these shocks. Şoitu (undated) states that vulnerability is a situation of social, economic and physiological need when individuals are marginalised and resilience is a personal resource that allows individuals to face stress and shocks and provides strength (Şoitu, undated). This research finds that there are many difficulties, threats and vulnerabilities that residents are exposed to and residents invoke various strategies and responses for coping. KEYWORDS ‘Bad buildings’, inner city, Johannesburg, vulnerability, evolutionary resilience, precarious living conditions, basic services, insecure tenure / XL2018