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Interrogating the Functional Consequences of Peripheral Neuropathy Associated Mutations in Heat Shock Protein B1Heilman, Patrick L. January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Avaliação do papel de HSPB1 na modulação da autofagia induzida por PRL em células-beta / Unveiling the role of HSPB1 in PRL-induced autophagy modulation in beta-cellsSilva, Fábio Fernando Alves da 27 June 2018 (has links)
O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é uma doença metabólica, caracterizada pela desregulação glicêmica, que ocorre devido a um ataque autoimune. A insulinoterapia é o tratamento clássico para o DM1. Contudo, alguns pacientes que apresentam essa doença não respondem de forma eficiente a este tratamento e apresentam episódios frequentes de hipoglicemia severa e despercebida (pacientes hiperlábeis). Essas complicações comprometem de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas. O transplante de ilhotas é uma importante alternativa para o tratamento de pacientes hiperlábeis com DM1. No entanto, essa terapia apresenta restrições como a necessidade de mais de um doador por transplante e significativa morte das ilhotas devido ao estresse provocado pelo procedimento de isolamento, além da morte promovida pelo sistema imune do paciente nos primeiros momentos pós-transplante. A autofagia é um mecanismo de reciclagem de componentes citoplasmáticos que é fundamental para a homeostase celular. Em condições de estresse, este mecanismo é ativado acima do seu nível basal, promovendo a degradação de agregados proteicos e organelas defeituosas, evitando assim, danos celulares que comprometam a viabilidade da célula. Trabalhos realizados por nosso grupo têm mostrado a citoproteção que PRL promove em células-beta, reduzindo a apoptose induzida por citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Também demonstramos o papel essencial de HSPB1 na inibição de apoptose induzida por PRL após o tratamento com citocinas. Além disso, resultados recentes de nosso laboratório mostraram um aumento nos níveis de autofagia em células-beta após sua exposição a citocinas, bem como uma restauração a níveis normais na presença de PRL. Visando um melhor entendimento do papel da PRL na modulação da autofagia em células-beta, o objetivo desse projeto foi estudar se HSPB1 também é essencial no mecanismo de regulação da autofagia induzido por PRL.Para tal, fizemos experimentos em modelos de células-beta MIN6, MIN6 silenciadas para HSPB1 (MIN6-shHSPB1) e MIN6 com sequencia short hairpin aleatória (MIN6- SsC), medindo a morte celular através de ensaios de viabilidade, e ensaios de western blot para avaliar os níveis de marcadores de autofagia e fluxo autofágico (degradação de autofagossomos), tratando as células com citocinas, prolactina e indutores ou inibidores de autofagia. Os resultados mostraram que a modulação da autofagia ocasionada pela prolactina em células-beta se dá, em parte, através de HSPB1. O tratamento com prolactina foi capaz de inibir a morte celular induzida por citocinas, mesmo na presença de cloroquina, um bloqueador de autofagia, o que nos levou a concluir que a autofagia não é uma via envolvida na citoproteção de células beta induzida por PRL. Os resultados gerados nesse estudo contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão dos eventos moleculares induzidos por PRL em células-beta, e poderão permitir a inferência de novas abordagens que melhorem a citoproteção, cultura e transplante dessas células em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1. / Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by glycemic dysregulation, which occurs due to an autoimmune destruction of beta-cells. Insulin therapy is the gold standard treatment for DM1. However, some DM1 patients do not respond efficiently to this treatment and suffer frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia unawareness. Since this complication jeopardizes the quality of life of these people, Islet transplantation is a therapeutic alternative indicated to treat these patients. However, besides the lack of enough organ donors, the loss of beta cells during both the isolation as well as the infusion of islets into the recipient induce a great estresse and thus a significant cell death is one of the drawbacks of this procedure. Autophagy is a mechanism of recycling cytoplasmic components and is essential for cellular homeostasis. Under estresse conditions, this mechanism is activated above basal levels, promoting the degradation of protein aggregates and defective organelles, thus avoiding cell damage that could compromise cell viability. Studies carried out by our group have shown not only that PRL promotes cytoprotection in beta-cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced apoptosis, but also that HSPB1 plays an essential role in this inhibition of apoptosis mediated by PRL after treatment with cytokines. Moreover, recent results from our laboratory showed an increase in autophagy levels in beta-cells after exposure to cytokines, as well as a restauration to normal levels in the presence of PRL. In order to better understand the role of PRL in the modulation of autophagy in these cells, the aim of this project is to study whether HSPB1 is also essential in the mechanism of autophagy regulation induced by PRL. Using MIN6 beta cell models where HSPB1 was silenced (MIN6-shHSPB1) or not (MIN6-SsC), we studied cell death by viability assays. Moreover, western blot assays were performed in order to assess levels of autophagy and autophagic flux markers in the cells.Our results showed that HSPB1 in one of the mediators of PRL-induced modulation of autophagy. Nevertheless, since hormonal treatment was still able to inhibit cytokinesinduced cell death even in the presence of chloroquin, an autophagy blocker, we conclude that autophagy is not a signaling pathway involved in PRl-induced beta-cell cytoprotection. Altogether, the results shown in this study may help to increase the knowledge of the molecular events induced by PRL in beta-cells, and may allow to infer new approaches to improve cytoprotection, culture and transplantation of these cells into type 1 diabetic patients.
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Avaliação do papel de HSPB1 na modulação da autofagia induzida por PRL em células-beta / Unveiling the role of HSPB1 in PRL-induced autophagy modulation in beta-cellsFábio Fernando Alves da Silva 27 June 2018 (has links)
O diabetes mellitus tipo 1 é uma doença metabólica, caracterizada pela desregulação glicêmica, que ocorre devido a um ataque autoimune. A insulinoterapia é o tratamento clássico para o DM1. Contudo, alguns pacientes que apresentam essa doença não respondem de forma eficiente a este tratamento e apresentam episódios frequentes de hipoglicemia severa e despercebida (pacientes hiperlábeis). Essas complicações comprometem de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas. O transplante de ilhotas é uma importante alternativa para o tratamento de pacientes hiperlábeis com DM1. No entanto, essa terapia apresenta restrições como a necessidade de mais de um doador por transplante e significativa morte das ilhotas devido ao estresse provocado pelo procedimento de isolamento, além da morte promovida pelo sistema imune do paciente nos primeiros momentos pós-transplante. A autofagia é um mecanismo de reciclagem de componentes citoplasmáticos que é fundamental para a homeostase celular. Em condições de estresse, este mecanismo é ativado acima do seu nível basal, promovendo a degradação de agregados proteicos e organelas defeituosas, evitando assim, danos celulares que comprometam a viabilidade da célula. Trabalhos realizados por nosso grupo têm mostrado a citoproteção que PRL promove em células-beta, reduzindo a apoptose induzida por citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Também demonstramos o papel essencial de HSPB1 na inibição de apoptose induzida por PRL após o tratamento com citocinas. Além disso, resultados recentes de nosso laboratório mostraram um aumento nos níveis de autofagia em células-beta após sua exposição a citocinas, bem como uma restauração a níveis normais na presença de PRL. Visando um melhor entendimento do papel da PRL na modulação da autofagia em células-beta, o objetivo desse projeto foi estudar se HSPB1 também é essencial no mecanismo de regulação da autofagia induzido por PRL.Para tal, fizemos experimentos em modelos de células-beta MIN6, MIN6 silenciadas para HSPB1 (MIN6-shHSPB1) e MIN6 com sequencia short hairpin aleatória (MIN6- SsC), medindo a morte celular através de ensaios de viabilidade, e ensaios de western blot para avaliar os níveis de marcadores de autofagia e fluxo autofágico (degradação de autofagossomos), tratando as células com citocinas, prolactina e indutores ou inibidores de autofagia. Os resultados mostraram que a modulação da autofagia ocasionada pela prolactina em células-beta se dá, em parte, através de HSPB1. O tratamento com prolactina foi capaz de inibir a morte celular induzida por citocinas, mesmo na presença de cloroquina, um bloqueador de autofagia, o que nos levou a concluir que a autofagia não é uma via envolvida na citoproteção de células beta induzida por PRL. Os resultados gerados nesse estudo contribuíram para uma melhor compreensão dos eventos moleculares induzidos por PRL em células-beta, e poderão permitir a inferência de novas abordagens que melhorem a citoproteção, cultura e transplante dessas células em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1. / Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by glycemic dysregulation, which occurs due to an autoimmune destruction of beta-cells. Insulin therapy is the gold standard treatment for DM1. However, some DM1 patients do not respond efficiently to this treatment and suffer frequent episodes of severe hypoglycemia unawareness. Since this complication jeopardizes the quality of life of these people, Islet transplantation is a therapeutic alternative indicated to treat these patients. However, besides the lack of enough organ donors, the loss of beta cells during both the isolation as well as the infusion of islets into the recipient induce a great estresse and thus a significant cell death is one of the drawbacks of this procedure. Autophagy is a mechanism of recycling cytoplasmic components and is essential for cellular homeostasis. Under estresse conditions, this mechanism is activated above basal levels, promoting the degradation of protein aggregates and defective organelles, thus avoiding cell damage that could compromise cell viability. Studies carried out by our group have shown not only that PRL promotes cytoprotection in beta-cells, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced apoptosis, but also that HSPB1 plays an essential role in this inhibition of apoptosis mediated by PRL after treatment with cytokines. Moreover, recent results from our laboratory showed an increase in autophagy levels in beta-cells after exposure to cytokines, as well as a restauration to normal levels in the presence of PRL. In order to better understand the role of PRL in the modulation of autophagy in these cells, the aim of this project is to study whether HSPB1 is also essential in the mechanism of autophagy regulation induced by PRL. Using MIN6 beta cell models where HSPB1 was silenced (MIN6-shHSPB1) or not (MIN6-SsC), we studied cell death by viability assays. Moreover, western blot assays were performed in order to assess levels of autophagy and autophagic flux markers in the cells.Our results showed that HSPB1 in one of the mediators of PRL-induced modulation of autophagy. Nevertheless, since hormonal treatment was still able to inhibit cytokinesinduced cell death even in the presence of chloroquin, an autophagy blocker, we conclude that autophagy is not a signaling pathway involved in PRl-induced beta-cell cytoprotection. Altogether, the results shown in this study may help to increase the knowledge of the molecular events induced by PRL in beta-cells, and may allow to infer new approaches to improve cytoprotection, culture and transplantation of these cells into type 1 diabetic patients.
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Invalidation du gène codant pour la Heat shock protein 27 chez la souris : un modèle pour comprendre le rôle de ce bio-marqueur de la tendreté de la viande bovine / Invalidation of the HSPB1 in mice : a model to understand the role of this biomarker of meat tendernessKammoun, Malek 09 October 2013 (has links)
La recherche des marqueurs biologiques de la tendreté a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux chez les animaux producteurs de viande et en particulier les bovins. A l’issue de ces études, une expression différentielle de la protéine Hsp27 entre des groupes de tendreté extrême a été mise en évidence. Cette protéine est présente à un « carrefour » biologique de l’interactome lié à la tendreté. Comprendre les mécanismes d’action de la protéine Hsp27 dans la tendreté de la viande bovine est l'un des défis de recherche dans le domaine de la production de viande. Dans cette optique, mon travail de thèse (2010-2013) avait pour objectif d’analyser le rôle de Hsp27 dans le développement du muscle et son implication dans le déterminisme des caractéristiques des tissus liés à la qualité de la viande. La première étape de ce travail a consisté à produire un modèle de souris présentant une inactivation du gène de la protéine Hsp27 (KO HspB1) et d’analyser leur phénotype comparativement à des témoins. Les souris KO HspB1 sont viables, fertiles et ne présentent aucune anomalie majeure, mais ont un format plus petit que celui de leurs témoins. L’analyse de leurs caractéristiques musculaires par une technique immunohistoligique mise au point spécifiquement (Publication 1) n’a pas révélé de différences. Au niveau ultrastructural, l'observation du muscle des souris par microscopie électronique à transmission a révélé des différences ultrastructurales entre les deux génotypes à T0 post-mortem avec des écarts entre les myofibrilles très espacées chez les souris KO HspB1 et un appareil contractile musculaire moins organisé. Ces différences sont encore plus marquées à T72 heures post-mortem. Ainsi le phénotype musculaire fin des souris KO HspB1 est plus altéré (Publication 2). Une analyse bio-informatique a été réalisée dans l'objectif de compléter la liste des interacteurs de la protéine Hsp27 et des gènes cibles de l’invalidation d’HspB1 susceptibles de participer à des différences de structure du muscle et de la tendreté. Les partenaires ou cibles prédits de Hsp27 sont des protéines impliquées dans différentes fonctions, comme des Heat shock proteines, des régulateurs de l'apoptose, des facteurs de traduction, des protéines du cytosquelette et des antioxydants. Les abondances de 15 protéines ont été quantifiées par Western-bloting dans deux muscles (m. Soleus, m. Tibialis). Elles sont modifiées chez les souris dépourvues de Hsp27 principalement dans le muscle le plus oxydatif. Cette étude démontre l'existence de liens fonctionnels entre Hsp27 et ses cibles prédites qui pourraient participer au phénotype fin des souris (Publication 3). Pour compléter cette étude, une analyse protéomique du muscle Tibialis anterior a été menée en utilisant la technique d’électrophorèse bidimensionnelle couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. La comparaison des protéomes spécifiques de ces deux génotypes a permis de mettre en évidence des profils d’expression différents pour plusieurs protéines. Elle confirme l’effet muscle spécifique du KO et révèle un lien avec le métabolisme du calcium et des Hsps différentes de celles mises en évidence dans le muscle oxydatif (Publication 4). L'ensemble des données issues de cette étude réalisée dans une espèce modèle apporte des connaissances nouvelles susceptibles d’éclairer sur les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’établissement de la tendreté de la viande bovine. Elle suggère que le statut en Hsp, les processus apoptotiques et la protection contre le stress oxydatif contribuent à l'évolution de l'ultrastructure post-mortem des muscles et à la tendreté de la viande. Ces nouvelles connaissances seront validées ultérieurement sur muscle bovin. / Thanks to genomics, we have previously identified markers of beef tenderness, and computed a bioinformatic analysis that enabled us to build an interactome in which we found Hsp27 at a crucial node. Understanding the role of Hsp27 in the development of muscle and in the determinism of beef tenderness is one of the research challenges in meat production. In this context, my pHDthesis (2010-2013) aimed to analyze the role of Hsp27 in muscle development and its involvement in the determination of the characteristics related to the quality of the meat tissue. In this study, we generated mice devoid of Hsp27 protein by homologous recombination of the HspB1 gene as an animal model. The HspB1-/ - mice were viable and fertile, showing no apparent abnormality but a smaller than their control format. The muscle structure of animals was examined by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The first approach, made by a developed immunohistochemical classification (Publication 1), did not reveal any differences in the characteristics of muscle fibers (contractile and metabolic type, shape, perimeter, cross-sectional area) but a trend for a higher proportion of small fibers. Different myosin heavy chains electrophoretic profiles were also observed in HspB1-/- mice. At the ultrastructural level, examination of the myofibrillar material showed destructured myofibrils and higher gaps between myofibrils in HspB1-/-, and a greater disintegration of myofibrils at 72h postmortem (Publication 2). We have used a network-based approach for understanding the contribution of Hsp27 to tenderness through the prediction of its interactors related to tenderness. We have revealed the direct interactors of Hsp27. The predicted partners of Hsp27 included proteins involved in different functions e.g. members of Hsp families, regulators of apoptosis, translation factors, cytoskeletal proteins and antioxidants. The abundances of 15 proteins were quantified by Western blotting in two muscles of HspB1-null mice and their controls. We observed changes in the amount of most of the Hsp27 predicted targets in mice devoid of Hsp27 mainly in the most oxidative muscle (Soleus. Our study demonstrates the functional links between Hsp27 and its predicted targets. It suggests that Hsp status, apoptotic processes and protection against oxidative stress are crucial for post-mortem muscle metabolism, subsequent proteolysis, and therefore for beef tenderness (Publication 3). To complete this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of m. Tibialis anterior (glycolytic muscle), using 2D gel electrophoresis, to detect changes in protein abundance subsequent to the invalidation of HspB1 gene. This study confirms the muscle specific effect of HspB1 invalidation and reveals a new list of Heat shock proteins different from those highlighted in oxidative muscle and relationships with calcium (Publication 4). All together, these results provided from a model species showed the very important role of Hsp27 for muscle ultrastructure and revealed its implication in different muscle biological pathways. This provided new elements for understanding the crucial role for Hsp27 in the modulation of the tenderizing process of muscle during meat ageing that will be further examined in beef.
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Estudo da função de HSPB1 na citoproteção induzida pela prolactina em células beta pancreáticas / Study of HSPB1 function in the cytoprotection induced by prolactin in pancreatic beta cellsGomes, Vinícius de Morais 11 May 2016 (has links)
O transplante de ilhotas pancreáticas é uma terapia promissora para o tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). No entanto, ilhotas transplantadas estão sujeitas à rejeição pelo sistema imune dos pacientes receptores, portanto faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de mecanismos moleculares que protejam essas células. Estudos mostraram que o hormônio prolactina (PRL) é capaz de inibir a apoptose desencadeada por citocinas pró-inflamatórias sobre células beta pancreáticas e que este processo citoprotetor depende da presença da chaperona HSPB1. Foi observado que durante o desenvolvimento do DM1, as células beta pancreáticas sofrem estresse de retículo endoplasmático e que isso contribui para desencadear apoptose. O estresse de retículo endoplasmático é caracterizado pelo acúmulo de proteínas mal dobradas nessa organela resultando na ativação da resposta a proteínas mal dobradas (UPR) que tem como finalidade recuperar a homeostase celular. No presente estudo mostramos, pela primeira vez, que PRL foi capaz de proteger células beta pancreáticas contra estresse de retículo endoplasmático promovido tanto por citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNFα, IFNγ e IL1β) quanto pelos estressores de retículo endoplasmático: tunicamicina e tapsigargina; e que HSPB1 é essencial nesse mecanismo de citoproteção. No contexto do DM1, esse hormônio parece ter um efeito modulador da UPR aumentando os níveis de BiP, antecipando a ativação de ATF6 e PERK, mantendo a via de PERK ativa por mais tempo, inibindo a via de IRE1α, e diminuindo os níveis de CHOP em tempos maiores. Coletivamente, os resultados aqui apresentados aprofundam os conhecimentos sobre a função de HSPB1, conduzindo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que visam à atenuação da morte de células beta por meio da modulação de uma via de proteção endógena, a qual é independente da modulação do sistema imunológico. / The islet transplantation is a promising therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, transplanted islets are subject to rejection by the immune system of the recipient patients, therefore the development of molecular mechanisms that protect these cells is necessary. Studies have shown that the hormone prolactin (PRL) is capable of inhibiting apoptosis triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines on pancreatic beta cells and that this cytoprotective process depends on the presence of the chaperone HSPB1. It was observed that during the development of type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells undergo endoplasmic reticulum stress and that this contributes to trigger apoptosis. The endoplasmic reticulum stress is characterized by accumulation of misfolded proteins in this organelle resulting in the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we show for the first time that PRL was able to protect pancreatic beta cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted by both pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ and IL1β) as the endoplasmic reticulum stressors: tunicamycin and thapsigargin; and HSPB1 is essential that cytoprotective mechanism. In the context of T1DM, PRL appears to have a modulating effect of the UPR by increasing the levels of BiP, anticipating the activation of ATF6 and PERK, keeping the PERK pathway active for longer, inhibiting the pathway IRE1α, and decreasing the levels of CHOP for longer times. Collectively, the results presented here deepen the knowledge of the HSPB1 function, leading to the development of strategies inducing attenuation of beta cells death through modulation of endogenous protection means, which are independent of the modulation of the immune system.
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Estudo da função de HSPB1 na citoproteção induzida pela prolactina em células beta pancreáticas / Study of HSPB1 function in the cytoprotection induced by prolactin in pancreatic beta cellsVinícius de Morais Gomes 11 May 2016 (has links)
O transplante de ilhotas pancreáticas é uma terapia promissora para o tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). No entanto, ilhotas transplantadas estão sujeitas à rejeição pelo sistema imune dos pacientes receptores, portanto faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de mecanismos moleculares que protejam essas células. Estudos mostraram que o hormônio prolactina (PRL) é capaz de inibir a apoptose desencadeada por citocinas pró-inflamatórias sobre células beta pancreáticas e que este processo citoprotetor depende da presença da chaperona HSPB1. Foi observado que durante o desenvolvimento do DM1, as células beta pancreáticas sofrem estresse de retículo endoplasmático e que isso contribui para desencadear apoptose. O estresse de retículo endoplasmático é caracterizado pelo acúmulo de proteínas mal dobradas nessa organela resultando na ativação da resposta a proteínas mal dobradas (UPR) que tem como finalidade recuperar a homeostase celular. No presente estudo mostramos, pela primeira vez, que PRL foi capaz de proteger células beta pancreáticas contra estresse de retículo endoplasmático promovido tanto por citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNFα, IFNγ e IL1β) quanto pelos estressores de retículo endoplasmático: tunicamicina e tapsigargina; e que HSPB1 é essencial nesse mecanismo de citoproteção. No contexto do DM1, esse hormônio parece ter um efeito modulador da UPR aumentando os níveis de BiP, antecipando a ativação de ATF6 e PERK, mantendo a via de PERK ativa por mais tempo, inibindo a via de IRE1α, e diminuindo os níveis de CHOP em tempos maiores. Coletivamente, os resultados aqui apresentados aprofundam os conhecimentos sobre a função de HSPB1, conduzindo para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que visam à atenuação da morte de células beta por meio da modulação de uma via de proteção endógena, a qual é independente da modulação do sistema imunológico. / The islet transplantation is a promising therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, transplanted islets are subject to rejection by the immune system of the recipient patients, therefore the development of molecular mechanisms that protect these cells is necessary. Studies have shown that the hormone prolactin (PRL) is capable of inhibiting apoptosis triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines on pancreatic beta cells and that this cytoprotective process depends on the presence of the chaperone HSPB1. It was observed that during the development of type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells undergo endoplasmic reticulum stress and that this contributes to trigger apoptosis. The endoplasmic reticulum stress is characterized by accumulation of misfolded proteins in this organelle resulting in the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we show for the first time that PRL was able to protect pancreatic beta cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted by both pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ and IL1β) as the endoplasmic reticulum stressors: tunicamycin and thapsigargin; and HSPB1 is essential that cytoprotective mechanism. In the context of T1DM, PRL appears to have a modulating effect of the UPR by increasing the levels of BiP, anticipating the activation of ATF6 and PERK, keeping the PERK pathway active for longer, inhibiting the pathway IRE1α, and decreasing the levels of CHOP for longer times. Collectively, the results presented here deepen the knowledge of the HSPB1 function, leading to the development of strategies inducing attenuation of beta cells death through modulation of endogenous protection means, which are independent of the modulation of the immune system.
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Mecanismos moleculares mediadores da citoproteção de células beta pancreáticas induzidos por prolactina / Role of HSPB1 in PRL-induced cytoprotective effects on beta cellsMansano, Rosangela Aparecida Wailemann 19 October 2018 (has links)
A manutenção da célula de ilhotas in vitro aparece como uma estratégia atraente para aumentar o resultado do transplante de ilhotas pancreáticas. Entretanto, o destino das ilhotas em cultura é determinado pelo equilíbrio entre mediadores pró e antiapoptóticos. Nós mostramos anteriormente que os níveis de HSPB1 são aumentados pela prolactina (PRL) tanto nas células beta pancreáticas humanas quanto nas células de insulinoma murino MIN6. Além disso, mostramos que os efeitos pró- sobrevivência induzidos pela prolactina nas células beta pancreáticas são mediados pela HSPB1. Uma vez que o papel da HSPB1 nas células beta não foi estudado diretamente, procuramos explorar os mecanismos moleculares pelos quais a HSPB1 medeia a citoproteção da célula beta induzida pela PRL. Para isso, células MIN6 derivadas de um insulinoma de camundongo e cultura primária de ilhotas pancreáticas murinas (I), silenciadas ou superexpressando HSPB1 foram submetidas à privação de soro e então pré- tratadas na presença ou na ausência de PRL (300 ng / mL) e expostos a ou citocinas (IL-1β (0,8 ng / mL), IFN-γ (4 ng / mL) e TNF-α (8 ng / mL) por 16 ou 24 h. Após esses períodos de tempo foi avaliada a viabilidade celular. De fato, as células silenciadas para HSPB1 tiveram maiores porcentagens de morte celular em comparação aos controles. No entanto, a superexpressão de HSPB1 sozinha imita os efeitos citoprotectores da Prolactina em ambas as células MIN6 e nas culturas primárias das ilhotas. Estes resultados mostram o papel fundamental da HSPB1 no efeito citoprotetor inibindo a apoptose inducida pelo tratamento com citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Além disso, os lisados de células Min6 tratadas com citocinas na presença ou na ausência de PRL durante 6 h foram sujeitos a imunoprecipitação de HSPB1. Proteínas coimmunoprecipitadas separadaspor SDS-PAGE e posteriormente identificadas por nano-HPLC acoplado à espectrometria de massas. Células pré-tratadas com PRL apresentaram um enriquecimento de proteínas que coprescipitaram com HSPB1 relacionadas em processos de resistência ao estresse oxidativo, degradação proteica e metabolismo de carboidratos. Células MIN6, silenciadas ou superexpressando HSPB1 foram expostas á menadiona e peróxido de hidrogênio e parâmetros oxidativos foram analisados. O silenciamento de HSPB1 promoveu células mais sensíveis ao estresse oxidativo e levou a uma redução da capacidade antioxidante, enquanto que prolactina induziu citoproteção mediada por HSPB1 contra o estresse oxidativo. A superexpressão de HSPB1, no entanto, levou a efeitos opostos. O tratamento com PRL, o silenciamento ou superexpressão de HSPB1 não mudou a expressão de enzimas antioxidantes, mas os níveis proteicos de HSPB1 estão relacionados com a modulação da razão GSH/GSSG e a atividade de G6PD. Dado de estudos recentes reportam que o perfil respiratório das ilhotas prévias ao transplante pode predizer seu desempenho e que não se sabe nada sobre se a PRL poderia modular a função mitocondrial nas células beta; no presente projeto foi investigado se o tratamento hormonal poderia aumentar a eficiência mitocondrial das células beta. Observamos que o tratamento com citocinas pró-inflamatórias produziu uma diminuição na eficiência do consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial estar relacionado à síntese de ATP. Esses resultados foram significativamente revertidos a valores similares ao obtidos nas células submetidas Às condições de máxima viabilidade após o tratamento com PRL. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que os níveis elevados de HSPB1 medeiam este efeito, uma vez que a falta desta proteína anulou significativamente a recuperação da função mitocondrial induzida pelo tratamento hormonal. Visto que as taxas de síntese de ATP mitocondrial são as responsáveis pela elevação na sua concentração intracelular e que esse evento está diretamente relacionado com a secreção de insulina nas células beta, analisamos se diferentes níveis proteicos de HSPB1 poderia modificar a função secretora de células beta. Para isso foram calculados os índices de estímulo da secreção de insulina em resposta ao aumento da concentraçãode glicose no meio de cultura tanto em células parentais MIN6 como em culturas primárias de ilhotas pancreáticas murinas que foram submetidas ou não ao silenciamento ou superexpressão de HSPB1. Nossos resultados mostraram que nem a presença de citocinas, Prolactina, ou a ausência ou superexpressão de HSPB1 nas culturas celulares analisadas apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos índices de estímulo da secreção e conteúdo de insulina. Esses resultados sugerem que nem a falta, nem a superexpressão de HSPB1 poderia alterar a função de célula beta. Nós mostramos a relevância da HSPB1 em ambos os efeitos pró- sobrevivência da PRL contra a morte da célula beta induzida tanto por citocinas quanto por indução de estresse oxidativo. Este último efeito poderia também estar relacionado com a participação da HSPB1 na recuperação da função mitocondrial observada após o tratamento hormonal corroborando assim parte dos resultados obtidos nos experimentos de immunoprecipitação. Finalmente, nossos resultados destacam a importância de mais estudos visando um entendimento mais profundo das funções da HSPB1 nas células beta, uma vez que elas poderiam levar à mitigação da morte da célula beta através da regulação positiva de uma via de proteção endógena, que não é dependente da modulação do sistema imunológico. / The success of islet transplantation has improved lately. Unfortunately, it is still compromised by cell loss. Maintaining islet cell in vitro appears as an attractive strategy to increase the outcome of pancreatic islet transplantation. However, islet fate in culture is determined by the balance between pro- and anti- apoptotic mediators. We have previously shown that Heat Shock Protein B1 (HSPB1) levels are increased by prolactin (PRL) on both human pancreatic beta cells and MIN6 murine insulinoma cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the prolactin-induced pro-survival effects on pancreatic beta-cells are mediated by HSPB1. Since HSPB1 role in beta cells has not been directly studied, we set out to explore the molecular mechanisms by which HSPB1 mediates PRL-induced beta cell cytoprotection. For this purpose, MIN6 insulinoma mouse cells and primary culture of murine pancreatic islets (I) wild type, HSPB1 silenced or overexpressing the chaperone were subjected to serum starvation and then pre-treated in the presence or in the absence of PRL (300 ng/mL) and exposed to or cytokines (IL-1β (0,8 ng/mL), IFN-γ (4 ng/mL) and TNF-α (8 ng/mL)) for 16 or 24h. Then, we analyse cell viability. HSPB1silenced cells presented higher percentages of cell death compared to controls. However, the overexpression of HSPB1, independently of hormonal treatment, was able mimic the cytoprotective effects of Prolactin. These results point at the key role of HSPB1 in the cytoprotective effect against proinflammatory cytokines-induced beta cell death. In addition, lysates from Min6 cells incubated for 6 hours in the presence of a cocktail of cytokines and/or PRL were subjected to HSPB1 immunoprecipitation. Co-precipitated proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE coupled to mass spectrometry. We found an enrichment of proteins relatedto signaling pathways involved in a response against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress induction. Moreover, we also identified antiapoptotic effects and carbohydrate metabolism related proteins. Indeed, HSPB1 knockdown rendered cells more sensitive to oxidative stress and led to a reduced antioxidant capacity, while prolactin induced an HSPB1- mediated cytoprotection against ROS induced beta-cell apoptosis. One again, HSPB1 overexpression mimic PRL- induced cytoprotection. While hormonal treatment, HSPB1 silencing or overexpression did not change the expression of antioxidant enzymes; this conditions influenced reduced glutathione cell content and G6DP activity. Since recent studies have pointed that islets respiratory profile prior to transplantation may predict their performance; we also investigated whether PRL treatment could increase beta-cell mitochondrial efficiency. We observed a cytokine-induced increase of mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate not related to ATP synthesis, which was significantly decreased upon PRL treatment. HSPB1 was a key mediator of this effect since the lack of this protein significantly abrogated PRL-induced mitochondrial function recovery. The secretory function was then analysed in wild type MIN6 cells as well as in primary cultures of pancreatic islets either HSPB1 silenced or overexpressing the chaperone. Cells were subjected to serum starvation and then pre-treated in the presence or in the absence of PRL and exposed to cytokines for 16 or 24h. We didn´t found significant differences in both glucose induced-insulin secretion and insulin content between the hormonal treatment, HSPB1 silencing or overexpression. These results suggest that neither lack, nor overexpression of HSPB1 could alter beta cell function. Altogether our results have shown the importance of HSPB1 on PRL prosurvival effects as well as on maintenance of mitochondrial efficiency against both cytokine treatment and oxidative-stress-induced beta cell damage. These results are in accordance with the PRL-induced enrichment of HSPB1 interacting proteins displaying functions related to protein degradation, oxidative stress protection or mitochondrial carbohydrate metabolism.Finally, our results outline the importance of further studies aiming at a deeper understanding of HSPB1 functions on beta cells, since they could lead to the mitigation of beta cell death through the up-regulation of an endogenous protective pathway, which is not dependent on the modulation of the immune system.
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Métastases péritonéales : administration intrapéritonéale de chimiothérapies anticancéreuses pour lutter contre la chimiorésistance / Peritoneal metastasis : intraperitoneal chemotherapy administration to overcome chemoresistanceKepenekian, Vahan 03 May 2019 (has links)
La carcinose péritonéale est une atteinte néoplasique métastatique de la séreuse péritonéale caractérisée par la diffusion de multiples nodules tumoraux. Son pronostic est sombre, marqué par une chimiorésistance. Les traitements intrapéritonéaux, développés pour délivrer des drogues de chimiothérapie anti-cancéreuse directement au contact de ces nodules, ont permis d’améliorer en partie les résultats oncologiques de cette pathologie. Le principe est de mettre à profit la barrière péritonéo-plasmatique pour administrer des posologies plus élevées de drogues, directement au contact des nodules, et ainsi majorer leur cytotoxicité. En stratégie curative, la chimiothérapie intrapéritonéale est associée à une chirurgie de cytoréduction (CRS) complète et son efficacité est majorée par l’adjonction d’une hyperthermie (ChimioHyperthermie IntraPéritonéale - CHIP). Si ce traitement combiné a transformé le pronostic de patients sélectionnés, les résultats restent insatisfaisants. Par exemple les patients atteints de carcinose d’origine colorectale présentent un taux de survie globale à 5 ans de 40% lorsqu’ils sont éligibles à la CRS-CHIP et une médiane de survie de l’ordre de 16 mois quand le traitement se cantonne à de la chimiothérapie systémique.Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans cette chimiorésistance est donc nécessaire pour déterminer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Les protéines de choc thermique jouent un rôle fondamental dans l’homéostasie protéique intracellulaire en agissant comme protéines chaperonnes et en régulant l’architecture du cytosquelette. L’Hsp27 (ou HspB1) en particulier est impliquée dans la réponse à différents stress cellulaires comme le choc thermique, le stress oxydatif et l’exposition aux drogues de chimiothérapie. Via des mécanismes finement régulés, Hsp27 exerce une protection garantissant la survie cellulaire, en adaptant ses niveaux d’expression, d’oligomérisation et de phosphorylation. Le taux d’Hsp27 est dès lors augmenté dans la plupart des cancers et apparaît comme marqueur fort de mauvais pronostic. Cela en fait un acteur clé de la chimiorésistance et une cible thérapeutique potentielle.Parmi les thérapeutiques ciblées basées sur l’ARN, les oligonucléotides antisens (ASO) sont des molécules issues du génie génétique capables de bloquer spécifiquement la traduction d’un ARN messager cible en protéine. L’apatorsen, un ASO anti-Hsp27 de deuxième génération, a été développé pour bloquer la synthèse d’Hsp27 au sein de la cellule cancéreuse et ainsi rétablir la chimiosensibilité. Après avoir mis en place un modèle de carcinose péritonéale colorectale traitée par CRS et CHIP chez le rat, nous avons étudié in vitro et in vivo, l’effet de l’adjonction de l’apatorsen au traitement standard de cette maladie. Nos résultats ne montrent pas de gain significatif de survie et donnent lieu à une discussion sur cette stratégie de traitement / Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a neoplasic metastatic process of the peritoneal serous lining characterized by the spread of multiple tumoral nodules. The prognosis of such attempt is very poor, characterized by a global chemoresistance. Intraperitoneal treatments were developed to improve drug’s cytoxicity by delivering them directly on nodules. The principle is to take advantage of the peritoneal-plasma barrier that allows to deliver higher drug’s concentration directly onto nodules and so to improve cytotoxicity. In curative intent strategy intraperitoneal chemotherapy is combined to a complete surgical cytoreduction (CRS) and to hyperthermia to enhance efficiency (Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy - HIPEC). Thanks to this strategy overall survival improved in selected patients but still be flawed. For example, patients with colorectale peritoneal carcinomatosis present a 40% five-year overall survival, whereas those not eligible to that aggressive treatment present a 16 months median survival. So a better understanding of cellular molecular mechanisms responsible for this chemoresistance that will allow identifying new therapeutic targets is needed. Heat shock proteins play a fundamental role in intracellular protein homeostasis by acting as chaperone and regulating cytoskeleton architecture. In particular, Hsp27 acts as a regulator of the cellular response to various stress, such as thermic choc, oxidative stress, exposition to antineoplasic drugs. Through finely regulated process, Hsp27 exerts a cytoprotective role to guaranty cell survival, by adapting its level of expression, oligomerization and phosphorylation. As so Hsp27 is a key actor of chemoresistance and a designated therapeutic target.Antisens oligonucleotides are a new class of molecular targeted treatment able to specifically block the traduction into protein of a messenger RNA. Apatorsen, a second generation anti-Hsp27 ASO, has been developed to decrease Hsp27 levels in neoplastic cells and so restore chemosensitivity.After establishing a colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis rat model with CRS and HIPEC, we studied in vitro and in vivo the effect of the apatorsen adjunction to this standard treatment. Our results did not show a significant survival improvement and give rise to a discussion upon this treatment strategy
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Cardiomyocyte-Specific Deficiency of HSPB1 Worsens Cardiac Dysfunction by Activating NFκB-Mediated Leucocyte Recruitment After Myocardial InfarctionWang, Yana, Liu, Jiali, Kong, Qiuyue, Cheng, Hao, Tu, Fei, Yu, Peng, Liu, Ying, Zhang, Xiaojin, Li, Chuanfu, Li, Yuehua, Min, Xinxu, Du, Shuya, Ding, Zhengnian, Liu, Li 01 January 2019 (has links)
Aims Inadequate healing after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to heart failure and fatal ventricular rupture, while optimal healing requires timely induction and resolution of inflammation. This study tested the hypothesis that heat shock protein B1 (HSPB1), which limits myocardial inflammation during endotoxemia, modulates wound healing after MI. Methods and results To test this hypothesis, cardiomyocyte-specific HSPB1 knockout (Hspb1-/-) mice were generated using the Cre-LoxP recombination system. MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in Hspb1-/- and wild-type (WT) littermates. HSPB1 was up-regulated in cardiomyocytes of WT animals in response to MI, and deficiency of cardiomyocyte HSPB1 increased MI-induced cardiac rupture and mortality within 21 days after MI. Serial echocardiography showed more aggravated remodelling and cardiac dysfunction in Hspb1-/- mice than in WT mice at 1, 3, and 7 days after MI. Decreased collagen deposition and angiogenesis, as well as increased MMP2 and MMP9 activity, were also observed in Hspb1-/- mice compared with WT controls after MI, using immunofluorescence, polarized light microscopy, and zymographic analyses. Notably, Hspb1-/- hearts exhibited enhanced and prolonged leucocyte infiltration, enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced TLR4/MyD88/NFκB activation compared with WT controls after MI. In-depth molecular analyses in both mice and primary cardiomyocytes demonstrated that cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of HSPB1 increased nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) activation, which promoted the expression of proinflammatory mediators. This led to increased leucocyte recruitment, thereby to excessive inflammation, ultimately resulting in adverse remodelling, cardiac dysfunction, and cardiac rupture following MI. Conclusion These data suggest that HSPB1 acts as a negative regulator of NFκB-mediated leucocyte recruitment and the subsequent inflammation in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte HSPB1 is required for wound healing after MI and could be a target for myocardial repair in MI patients.
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Motor Unit Integrity in Pathophysiological States and the Assessment of Potential Neuroprotective TherapeuticsWier, Christopher G. January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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