When professionals meet people from other cultures, there are some problematic issues that may appear, especially when considering human rights. Every individual has the right to live as they choose, and have the right to their own culture and traditions even if they have immigrated to another country. Female genital mutilation is a tradition that violates human rights. In this study we will look at what conflicts of values that professionals can have while meeting clients who have been mutilated. We have made qualitative interviews with four professionals working in a small town in Sweden in an area where many immigrants live. Professionals who meet people that have been genital mutilated have to balance respect for the individual with official restrictions and law. Knowledge about other countries and cultures can be important in the meeting between the professional and the client. Many conflicts of values appear and in this study we lift some of these conflicts.

President Ronald Reagan participated in more U.S.-Soviet summits than any previous U.S. president, as he met with his Soviet counterpart, Mikhail Gorbachev, on four occasions between November 1985 and June 1988. Prior to, during, and following each meeting with Gorbachev, Reagan often engaged in the rhetoric of public diplomacy, including speeches, statements, and media interviews. The four Reagan- Gorbachev summits accompanied significant changes in U.S.-Soviet relations, in the Cold War, and also within the Soviet Union. Many scholars attribute improved U.S.- Soviet relations to a change in Reagan’s Soviet rhetoric and policies, arguing that he abandoned the confrontation of his first term for conciliation during his second term. Other scholars argue that Reagan failed to abandon confrontation and, consequently, missed opportunities to support the liberalization of the Soviet system. Based upon close analysis of Reagan’s summit rhetoric, this dissertation contends that he did not abandon his confrontational policy objectives, but he did modify his rhetoric about the Soviets. Reagan reformulated the conventional Cold War rhetoric of rapprochement that emphasized nuclear arms controls as the path to world peace by emphasizing increased U.S.-Soviet trust as prerequisite to new arms treaties. Reagan’s summit rhetoric emphasized the need for the Soviets to make changes in non-nuclear arms areas as a means of reducing international mistrust and increasing the likelihood of new U.S.- Soviet arms treaties. Reagan advocated that the Soviets participate in increased bilateral people-to-people exchanges, demonstrate respect for human rights, and disengage from various regional conflicts, especially Afghanistan. Reagan adopted a dualistic strategy that combined confrontation and conciliation as he sought to promote those changes in Soviet policies and practices. During his second term as president, Reagan made his confrontational rhetoric less strident and also used more conciliatory discourse. At the same time, he subsumed his anti-Soviet objectives within his conciliatory rhetoric. This rhetorical strategy allowed Reagan to continue to advocate anti-Soviet objectives while at the same time seeking to promote improved relations and world peace. The findings of this dissertation suggest that existing scholarly views of Reagan’s summit rhetoric and his role in promoting the liberalization of the Soviet system should be reconsidered.

Since the People in Taiwan free from the prohibition to visit their relatives or family members in the Mainland China by the government in 1987, it not just only opens up the cross-strait interaction, but also increases the opportunities for the cross-strait marriage. Although the intenseness and confrontations between the Mainland China and Taiwan lasted for several decades is eased by the interaction of marriage, however, Taiwan still faces new problems and challenges concerning new issues with influences of political atmosphere; meanwhile, the people in Taiwan still have negative images to the spouses from the Mainland China. The reports by media also create a stereotype of spouses from the Mainland China to the people in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the actual perspective is worthy of our attention. Therefore, this article is hereby to discuss the current situation of marriage between the Mainland China and Taiwan by the usage of relevant documents and referring to the immigration policies of America, Canada, Japan, and so on for being as a reference to the cross-strait provisions of our government. This study emphasizes on the cross-strait marriage of veterans, which discovered that it is easier for the spouses from the Mainland China to get used to the life style in Taiwan for the cross-strait culture was originated similarly. Although the age gap exists between the cross-strait couples, their marital life is very harmonious. Presently, the cross-strait immigration policy is affected by the considerations of national politics, economy, social settlement, and national security. And one of the regulations of cross-strait immigration policy in relation to the ¡§residence¡¨ has even stipulated that it has to provide the certificates of financial capability if the spouses want to reside in Taiwan. However, when we look through the thoughts of government for ¡§protecting the rights of the spouses from the Mainland China¡¨, we know it actually has not helped a lot to our nation, society, and the families whose members get married with the people from the Mainland China. On the contrary, we should take the policy seriously to offer the opportunities that the spouses from the Mainland China can work in Taiwan legally for they can recreate new labor force and stale the productive mechanism of domestic low-priced labor force in Taiwan. For the population results from the cross-state immigration has transformed the population structure in Taiwan stealthily, we can discover that the business of immigration has been overlapped and restricted if we evaluate the society and legal system affected by the immigration policy. So, when we work on studying what we should suggest to our government, we should set up one unified institution that possesses jurisdiction to magnify our achievements of execution and expect the cross-strait marriage can be developed normally. Secondly, when we work on planning the immigration policy due to the spouses from the Mainland China, we should look for the balance between the ¡§human rights¡¨ and ¡§legal system¡¨ for the allotment system. Last but not the least, in order to prohibit the marriage frauds from coming to Taiwan effectively, we should establish a complete management system for the introduction agencies of marriage to prevent the businessmen with bad intentions and marriage frauds from dealing in illegal behaviors.

The human rights have a general value, Its key content is fully respect for human nature dignity. For the protection of the personal fundamental right is the most concrete behavior to human nature dignity, Most people is argue for personal fundamental right strongly, For the purpose is reflect the value of personal subject, but not depend on the country or the other personal tool. For a long time¡Athe probationers are downgrade and from the common people get that difference treated, fundamental right¡¦s protect ought to be paid attention to and paid close attention to. The text since being the constitutional foundation to research the job right, inhabit the freedom of remove, the self-determination right of information, and even serve in the army some. With the discussion of this text, I expect to be able to distinguish the guide orientation of the criminal policy for country further, besides complementing with various kinds of tactics and application that handle, Must has the concept on people's fundamental right protect even more. I believe that our country will running of the law only like this, the practice achievement that human rights runs a country, fully respecting with emphasized to all people's human nature dignity.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Regensburg, 2003/2004.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004. / Thesis advisor(s): Harold Trinkunas, Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-74). Also available online.

Doctoral dissertation. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Much research has been done within the field of Education on how to integrate Human Rights in education, both as a class subject and as a value system. Similarly, the research field of Education also contains many discussions of how “critical thinking” is taught and what its role in education is and should be. This thesis instead approaches the topic from “the other way round” so to speak, by using a “human rights lens” to explore ethical and political views on the goals of education generally and the role of critical thinking in education particularly, as they appear within a particular educational context – Rwanda’s education system. The philosophy of education of utilitarianism and that of Martha Nussbaum’s Capability Approach are here compared and contrasted with each other and act as a theoretical framework for understanding the Rwandan education system as it appears through the reading of policy documents and through the experience of a selected group of Rwandan primary and secondary school students. The thesis argues that an ethically acceptable and stable philosophy of education should spring from a conception of human beings as ends and not means. Starting with such a conception of human beings, the goal of education becomes that of developing each individual’s capabilities to their fullest potential. Additionally, the thesis argues that the role of critical thinking in education should be regarded as central, as the capability for critical thinking enhances the flourishing of other human capabilities.