The European Union has developed since the mid-1990's its own policy to prevent and fight against trafficking in human beings (THB). This phenomenon constitutes a threat to the internal security of the European Union, and it also entails severe violations of fundamental rights of its victims. While taking into account the evolution of the definition of THB, as well as the development of a EU multidisciplinary, integrated and holistic approach to THB, my doctoral research focuses on the external dimension of this policy. It is divided in three main parts. Firstly the analysis of the EU acquis in this field allows to determine the external competences at its disposal to promote the transposition of its standards beyond its borders. Special attention is given to the EU's externalisation efforts towards the candidate and potential candidate countries of the Western Balkans. The second part focuses on the interactions between the European Union and the other actors active in this field, being intergovernmental organisations, civil society organisations, or States. The objective is here to demonstrate that their interactions lead to the emergence of harmonized objectives and measures to combat THB in a comprehensive way. Finally the third part aims at assessing the implementation of European and international standards in national legal orders. Two case studies have been selected here: Belgium and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and their national legislations and policies are examined in order to assess whether they comply with these standards and implement a comprehensive approach to fight against THB. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Notre étude a tenté d’élucider l’approche des garanties religieuses en droit canonique de la sécurité de l’être humain : cet investissement en épistémologie du droit canonique depuis la codification aboutie en1983 révèle les fondements, horizons et régimes canoniques propres à la sécurité de l’être humain, tantjuridiques que sotériologiques. La sécurité sotériologique est la prise en compte par le droit canonique positif de la téléologie de l’être humain selon la révélation christique et la théologie afférente. La sécurité humaine ici est tributaire de l’anthropologie philosophico-théologique et de l’éthique d’obédience chrétienne et singulièrement catholique romaine. Les régimes canoniques de sécurité juridique sont à situer entre la liberté de la personne et le statut juridique de l’individu. Avec la dimension institutionnelle de l’Église catholique romaine, ces régimes sont présents notamment dans l’approche critique de la procédure administrative et de celle judiciaire, en matière pénale. Ces prismes, non exhaustifs mais quis’imbriquent, permettent d’examiner les moyens juridiques et axiologiques des garanties religieuses endroit canonique de la sécurité tant immanente que transcendante de l’être humain. À l’issue d’une démarche heuristique tant en histoire du droit qu’en droit canonique contemporain, la thèse explore des catégories et procédures paradigmatiques pour l’herméneutique que recèle ou pourrait occasionner ce droit religieux. En principe, l’efficience des voies normatives de ce droit devrait concourir à garantir la sécurité de l’être humain, mais dans quelles conditions d’adaptation ad normam iuris, vel in procedendo,vel in decidendi ? Et avec quelle centralité effective et concertée de la dignité de la personne humaine entant qu’imago Dei ? / Our study attempts to elucidate the approach of religious guarantees in canon law regarding humansecurity, by investing in epistemology of canon law since its 1983 codification. According to ourhermeneutical analysis, the religious guarantees of the security of the human being in canon law havespecific bases, scopes and canonical regimes. Those are, among others, soteriological, human, andlegal. Soteriological security means accounting, by positive canon law, for the teleology of the humanbeing according to Christic revelation and associated theology. Human security here is dependent onphilosophical-theological anthropology and on Christian (Roman Catholic, in particular) ethics ofobedience. The canonical regimes of legal security are positioned between the freedom and the legalstatus of the individual. Given the institutional dimension of the Roman Catholic Church, these regimesare present in particular in the critical approach of administrative procedure and the criminal justicesystem. Given those prisms, which are not exhaustive but overlap, one may then examine the legal andaxiological means of religious guarantees in the canon law of the immanent and transcendent security ofhumans. Following a heuristic approach in both the history of law and contemporary canon law, the thesisexplores paradigmatic categories and procedures for the hermeneutics that this religious right implies ormight imply. In principle, the efficiency of the normative channels of this right should contribute toguaranteeing the security of human beings, but under what conditions of adaptation ad normam iuris velin procedendo vel in decidendi ? And with what effective and concerted centrality of the dignity of thehuman person as imago Dei ?

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , April 2017 / This study examines the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of female elderly headed households in Gutsa village, Murape Ward, in Goromonzi District of Mashonaland East province in Zimbabwe. It is based on intensive ethnographic fieldwork that I undertook for close to nineteen months in Gutsa village. The key questions that I sought to answer in this thesis were: How is local knowledge about weather and climate change constructed? What is the nature of contestations surrounding this knowledge, and in particular surrounding the attribution of climate change to particular causes or events? How are livelihoods organized in response to the impact of climate change? I examined elderly women heads of households' perceptions and understandings of weather and climate change, issues of conflict and consensus regarding attribution and causality of weather and climate, the concepts that are used to refer to climate change, elderly women’s struggles to make sense of, and respond to climate change and to organize livelihood activities in response to the ongoing impact of climate change. In order to answer my research questions I adopted the use of Participatory Rural Appraisal, participant observation, archival research, life-history interviews, narrative research and in-depth interviews as data gathering approaches. I focused on the situated experiences of ten elderly women heads of households in Gutsa village existing in a wider community. In doing so this thesis explored these women’s complex understandings and interpretations of weather and climate dynamics as well as the relationship between climate change and their multiple and competing responsibilities. The thesis also analyses the implications of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in the district, peri-urban development, resource commoditization and commercialization, rapidly shifting markets, changing property relations, social networks, livelihood opportunities, gender relations, changing household structure, the politics of local authority and governance and the dynamics of ecosystems and interspecies interaction. The thesis argues that there is a central vernacular climatological theory that is widely shared among the elderly as well as among other situated individuals in the village and the wider community. / MT2018

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The research hypothesis of this study states that when individuals are asked to rank order certain places (environments) in terms of preference, then relationships can be measured between that rank ordering and relevant contextual adjective descriptors that indicate a person's perception of those places. These adjectives include beauty, excitement, distinction, naturalness, security, mystery, tradition, complexity, and familiarity (Canter, 1977; Ganmore, 1975; Ley, 1983; Lynch, 1981; Steele, 1981). After critical sites had been identified in a sketch map study, a sample of community members of the town of Blacksburg, Virginia were asked to respond to the sites along adjective dimensions that represent a sense of place. It was found that positive linear relationships existed in varying degrees of strength between the adjectives and place preference. Statistical significant relationships were found, in descending order of strength, between preference and beauty, excitement, distinction, naturalism, security, and mystery. No linear relationships were found between preference and tradition, complexity and familiarity. It has been concluded that places are perceived on other criteria beside just aesthetic appreciation. Furthermore, this thesis supports the argument that places are experienced on a symbolic and emotional level. Places are not merely a composition of physical elements. This deeper experience is the basis for the concept of a sense of place. / M.L. Arch.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two residential camp settings on the development of environmental attitudes by 4-H members (CA = 11-15 years). Subjects attending a 4-H Conservation Camp were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment conditions, the outpost camp setting (n=30), or the central camp setting (n=30). A control group (n=30) was comprised of individuals who had applied to attend camp but withdrew their application. Both treatment conditions received the same environmental education program delivered by the same instructors. Subjects in the outpost camp condition were assigned to one of three 10-person "families" where they slept in two-man tents, cooked all their meals over a wood fire, and, as a group, planned the recreational activities for afternoon and evening programs. Emphasis was placed on group decision making. Subjects in the central camp were assigned to cabin groups where the individual chose his/her spare-time activities, ate in a central dining hall, and slept in wooden, 10-person cabins. The Millward-Ginter Outdoor Attitude Inventory was the instrument utilized to pre and posttest all subjects on overall outdoor attitude, and specific attitudes toward environment, socialization, education, and pollution. Data were analyzed by employing the Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance By Ranks Test, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and a post hoc paired comparison's test. Results of the analyses indicated that the posttest overall outdoor, environment, education, and pollution attitude scores for campers in the outpost camp setting were significantly more positive from those in the control group or the central camp setting. Socialization attitude scores were significantly different between the central camp setting and the outpost camp but were not significantly different from the control group. It was concluded that the outpost camp setting was effective in the development of positive overall outdoor, environment, education, and pollution attitudes. Outpost camp setting's effect on socialization attitudes was inconclusive. / Ed. D.

In South Africa water is recognized as a crucial element in the battle against poverty, the cornerstone of prosperity, and a limiting factor to growth. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 recognizes that basic human and environmental needs should be met and that the use of water in all aspects must be sustainable. The Crocodile River (East) is situated in the north east of the Republic of South Africa and it is recognized as a stressed catchment in South Africa. The main impacts are domestic, industrial, agricultural, mining and afforestation activities. These activities pollute the river by discharging effluent as well as seepage from areas that support mining and intensive agriculture in to the river. The river catchment has been a center of research studies for many scientists either focusing on water quality or biological indicators separately. The aim of study was to determine the present ecological condition and the health of the Crocodile River. The objectives were to determine water quality status, identify possible sources of pollution and assess the spatial and temporal trends in ecological state. Fourteen monitoring sites were selected from the Crocodile River and its tributaries. The macro-invertebrates data were collected using the SASS 5 protocol and fish were collected using an electroshocker- catch and release method during high and low flow conditions of the year 2013. Water quality data was obtained by sampling using a polyethylene bottle from different sites within the Crocodile River and its tributaries from September 2012 until August 2013. The samples were analyzed by Mpumamanzi laboratory in Nelspruit and Waterlab in Pretoria. Additional water quality data was obtained from the Department of Water Affairs. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze all the data obtained. The multivariate statistical methods indicated that fish and macro-invertebrates species abundance, richness and evenness increase with the river flow distance downstream. Water temperature was one of the leading environmental variables for the structuring of fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River and its tributaries. A group formation of site during high and low flow condition by the Bray Curtis similarity and NMDS ordination indicated that many sites share similar macro-invertebrates or fish species. The one way ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no significance difference between macro-invertebrates richness and abundance during both flow conditions but there was a significance difference in fish richness and abundance between the two flow conditions. The PCA indicated that sodium has the highest physico-chemical impact amongst the physico-chemical parameters in the bi-plot followed by ammonium and nitrate. A correlation of physico-chemical parameters such as chlorine, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, sulphate and pH was observed. The levels of total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were found to increase longitudinally as the river flows downstream. The dominance of single species within the macro-invertebrates and fish communities was an indication of imbalance of the communities within the sites. The presence of the macro-invertebrate family Beatidae and the fish species Chiloglanis pretoriae at sites CR3 and CR4 indicates a good water quality in the upper reaches during low flow condition as these species are sensitive to changes in water quality, while the presence of the macro-invertebrate family Pleidea and fish species Barbus viviparus at sites CR10 and KR1 during low flow condition indicated possible water pollution as these species tolerate changes in water quality and this was linked to the discharge of effluent from industrial, abandoned mines and run-offs from agricultural activities in the downstream reaches of the river. The low flow condition was dominated by sensitive species especially in the upper reaches than during high flow condition. The macro-invertebrates assessment index indicated that during low flow condition the Crocodile River was mostly at ecological class B (largely natural with few modification) above the Kwena dam, but from downstream of the dam the ecological category was in C class (moderately modified), while its tributaries are in ecological category B (largely natural with few modification). The fish response assessment index indicated that the ecological category for fish was mostly at C class (moderately modified) in the Crocodile River. The changes in macro-invertebrates communities and fish in the Crocodile River were believed to be associated with change of water quality and habitat modification due to flow modification. Agricultural activities in the upper reaches and a combination of industrial and mining activities in the middle and lower reaches of the Crocodile River were believed to be the sources of pollution that results in the change of water quality, fish and macro-invertebrates assemblage in the Crocodile River. Investing in the health of the Crocodile River is important for many Mbombela citizens and river dwellers as they rely on the functioning of the river for survival. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Organized crime - Trafficking in human beings This thesis deals with the criminal offence of trafficking in human beings under Sec. 168 of the Czech Criminal Code. A trafficking in human being is not a frequent criminal offence but with its consequences belongs to the most dangerous crimes. After the Velvet revolution the relevance of this crime has raised subsequently and therefore the regulation of this crime requires particular attention. It is important to find new ways and improve current methods to be readier to detect and investigate the cases of trafficking in human beings. The aim of this thesis is to provide an analysis of legal regulation of trafficking in human beings, organized crimed and methods of investigation and some related issues such as problematic of the protection of the witness. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one deals shortly with the organized crime. It analyzes the term of the organized crime, because trafficking in human beings is usually committed by organized groups. I try to explain some basic terms related to this topic. The second one deals with the legal regulation of trafficking in human beings. The history, present and future of the legal regulation in the Czech Republic and in the other countries are described in this chapter. Then it is...