The migration of humans to the New World took place in the late Pleistocene epoch. There are three prevailing theories that describe how the first Americans entered the continents of the Western Hemisphere. One theory describes a route by foot across the Bering Land Bridge while the other two theories describe a maritime voyage closely following the coast. The maritime entry has gained credibility recently with closer examination of the geological and archaeological evidence. Some of these from coastal locations along both coasts of the Americas. One of these sites is located in an unexpected place, Chile. Archaeological data from Monte Verde in South America indicates a presence of humans at 14,600 B.P. This early date, earlier than most North American sites, fuels a hypothesis that the first people to settle Monte Verde came from the west, across the South Pacific Ocean as a possible fourth scenario of how people arrived in the Americas.

The mtDNA genetic relatedness between and within 13 Baganda, 14 Lugbara and 13 Acholi individuals from Uganda was investigated in this research program. The complete mtDNA sequences of the 40 Ugandan samples were established and a phylogeographic analysis of these sequences was conducted using both a Neighbour-Joining and a Maximum Parsimony tree together with a global sample of 387 African sequences. Prior to this study, only two complete and six partial mtDNA sequences of Ugandans had been established. A total of 563 polymorphisms were determined of which 276 were synonymous, 75 were nonsynonymous, 26 were novel and 208 occurred in the control region. The Lugbara sequences clustered more closely with the Acholi sequences than the Baganda sequences within the Neighbour-Joining and Maximum Parsimony tree. A phylogeographic analysis of the sequences demonstrated that the Acholi and Lugbara individuals in this investigation originated from Southern Sudan while the Baganda samples had a diversified origin which comprised of the Niger-Congo basin, Ethiopia and Sudan. Furthermore, the clustering of the Ugandan sequences with sequences from African American and Hispanic individuals was evidence of slave trade involving the shipping of people from Uganda to North America. It was intriguing that the deepest branch in the phylogeny was L5 (instead of L0) suggesting that the Khoi-San may not be the ancestral origin of anatomically modern man. There was increased resolution of macrohaplogroup L (especially for the small haplogroups) as new branches and nodes were formed in the tree. The results also demonstrated that East Africa was the origin and source of dispersal of numerous small macrohaplogroup L haplogroups. These mtDNA sequences from Baganda, Acholi and Lugbara individuals have a potential for forensic, nutrigenomic and pharmacogenomic application and will serve as useful references in assessment of mtDNA sequences in other Ugandan and East African populations. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

The mtDNA genetic relatedness between and within 13 Baganda, 14 Lugbara and 13 Acholi individuals from Uganda was investigated in this research program. The complete mtDNA sequences of the 40 Ugandan samples were established and a phylogeographic analysis of these sequences was conducted using both a Neighbour-Joining and a Maximum Parsimony tree together with a global sample of 387 African sequences. Prior to this study, only two complete and six partial mtDNA sequences of Ugandans had been established. A total of 563 polymorphisms were determined of which 276 were synonymous, 75 were nonsynonymous, 26 were novel and 208 occurred in the control region. The Lugbara sequences clustered more closely with the Acholi sequences than the Baganda sequences within the Neighbour-Joining and Maximum Parsimony tree. A phylogeographic analysis of the sequences demonstrated that the Acholi and Lugbara individuals in this investigation originated from Southern Sudan while the Baganda samples had a diversified origin which comprised of the Niger-Congo basin, Ethiopia and Sudan. Furthermore, the clustering of the Ugandan sequences with sequences from African American and Hispanic individuals was evidence of slave trade involving the shipping of people from Uganda to North America. It was intriguing that the deepest branch in the phylogeny was L5 (instead of L0) suggesting that the Khoi-San may not be the ancestral origin of anatomically modern man. There was increased resolution of macrohaplogroup L (especially for the small haplogroups) as new branches and nodes were formed in the tree. The results also demonstrated that East Africa was the origin and source of dispersal of numerous small macrohaplogroup L haplogroups. These mtDNA sequences from Baganda, Acholi and Lugbara individuals have a potential for forensic, nutrigenomic and pharmacogenomic application and will serve as useful references in assessment of mtDNA sequences in other Ugandan and East African populations. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010

abstract: Human migration is not a new phenomenon but present and future human-induced environmental changes pose new questions and challenges. In the coming years, both rapid and slow onset environmental changes will drive many people to migrate in search of improved security and livelihoods. Anthropogenic climate change in particular requires international institutions to determine how to best meet the needs of present and future migrants. I analyzed interviews with experts to identify institutional gaps for managing environmental migration and what potential, if any, the Warsaw International Mechanism for loss and damage associated with climate change impacts (WIM) might contribute to filling these gaps. Using these interviews and literature, I propose a framework to assess the capacity of existing institutions to address the breadth of migrant needs. Then, I identify gaps and challenges in order to illuminate strategies for future solutions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Sustainability 2015

Yes / Bell Beaker pottery spread across western and central Europe beginning around 2750 BCE before disappearing between 2200-1800 BCE. The mechanism of its expansion is a topic of long-standing debate, with support for both cultural diffusion and human migration. We present new genome-wide ancient DNA data from 170 Neolithic, Copper Age and Bronze Age Europeans, including 100 Beaker-associated individuals. In contrast to the Corded Ware Complex, which has previously been identified as arriving in central Europe following migration from the east, we observe limited genetic affinity between Iberian and central European Beaker Complex-associated individuals, and thus exclude migration as a significant mechanism of spread between these two regions. However, human migration did have an important role in the further dissemination of the Beaker Complex, which we document most clearly in Britain using data from 80 newly reported individuals dating to 3900-1200 BCE. British Neolithic farmers were genetically similar to contemporary populations in continental Europe and in particular to Neolithic Iberians, suggesting that a portion of the farmer ancestry in Britain came from the Mediterranean rather than the Danubian route of farming expansion. Beginning with the Beaker period, and continuing through the Bronze Age, all British individuals harboured high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically closely related to Beaker-associated individuals from the Lower Rhine area. We use these observations to show that the spread of the Beaker Complex to Britain was mediated by migration from the continent that replaced >90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the process that brought Steppe ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.

São Paulo é uma cidade global que concentra os maiores fluxos migratórios que chegam ao Brasil. A ausência de uma política migratória inclusiva não facilita e, muitas vezes dificulta, o acesso à saúde, direito do imigrante. Dessa forma, o presente estudo busca identificar as características associadas às populações de imigrantes e de não imigrantes acometidas pela tuberculose, residentes na cidade de São Paulo, bem como mostrar a dificuldade para a obtenção de dados para análise. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, tipo levantamento. A população do estudo foi constituída por todos os casos de TB notificados durante o ano 2016. Para o estudo, foram utilizadas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, de diagnóstico e de tratamento, obtidas pelo banco dados TB-WEB. Na análise dos dados, foram utilizadas técnicas de análise descritiva e testes estatísticos qui-quadrado com análise de resíduo padronizado e Mann Whitney para identificar as características associadas às populações de imigrantes versus não imigrantes. Os resultados encontrados possibilitam a melhor compreensão de variáveis de diagnóstico, clínicas, sociodemográficas e, também, variáveis de tratamento para o grupo de imigrantes no ano 2016 através da análise e discussão das associações encontradas, de forma a contribuir para o melhor conhecimento da dinâmica da TB nesse grupo e para o desenvolvimento de políticas e programas de saúde mais adequados e voltados para essa população / São Paulo is a global city that concentrates the largest migratory flows coming to Brazil. The absence of a comprehensive migration policy does not help and often difficult, access to health care, immigrant right. Thus, this study seeks to identify the characteristics associated with populations of immigrants and non-immigrants affected by tuberculosis, in the city of São Paulo, as well as show the difficulty to obtain data for analysis. This is a descriptive, survey-type study. The study population consisted of all TB cases reported during the year 2016. For the study, sociodemographic, clinical, diagnostic and treatment variables obtained by the database TB-WEB were used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive analysis techniques and chi-square statistical tests with standardized residue analysis and Mann Whitney were used to identify the characteristics associated to the populations of immigrants versus non-immigrants. The results allow a better understanding of diagnostic, clinical, sociodemographic and treatment variables for the group of immigrants in the year 2016 through the analysis and discusion of the associations found, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of TB in this group and to the development of health policies and programs that are more adequate and focused on this population

Esta pesquisa foi realizada em um assentamento no litoral do Ceará. Este tem sido local de conflitos pela terra desde a sua formação, nos anos oitenta. Foi conquistado a partir da luta de trabalhadores, com apoio das Comunidades Eclesiais de Base. Atualmente, por se tratar de uma região litorânea, os conflitos têm ocorrido contra grandes empreendedores do turismo e a implantação de indústrias eólicas. Para se fortalecer, a comunidade tem recebido apoio de organizações religiosas, não-governamentais e do Movimento Sem-Terra.Elaborou-se esta pesquisa com o objetivo de conhecer a história devida dos jovens desse assentamento e de comunidades ao redor. Esse objetivo foi buscado através de observação participante de atividades comunitárias,entrevistas semiestruturadase intervenções como rodas de conversa e plantões psicológicos.Essasatividades ocorreram principalmente na escola do campo. A existência dessa escola favoreceque os jovens continuem os estudos até o ensino médio.As disciplinas específicas voltadas para agroecologia foram valorizadas pelos estudantes, como forma de melhorar seu cultivo. Foram observados conflitos entre estudantes, funcionários, corpo docente e direção,pela dificuldade em superar relações hierárquicas e estabelecer relações horizontais,apesar de haver espaços na escola para discussão democrática, situação a qual reflete a sociedade capitalista na qual a escola está inserida.Também se observou que as relações de gênero remetem à masculinidade e à feminilidade hegemônicas e definem de forma rígida os valores e papéis associados ao homem e à mulher. Essas relações podem ser opressivas tanto para homens como para mulheres, e gerar sofrimento e discriminação para quem se diferencia dos padrões definidos.Todos os jovens com os quais se conversou demonstraram um sentimento de enraizamento à sua comunidade. Pensar sobre o futuro pode ser angustiante diante de condições instáveis e imprevisíveis devido à falta de políticas públicas voltadas para garantia de direitos desta população. Lamentam-se por precisarem se deslocar para outra cidade para ampliar sua formação com uma graduação. Quase todos desejam que sejaum deslocamento temporário, pois pretendem voltar para a comunidade, considerada continuidade de suas casas.Os jovens do assentamento relataram maior união da comunidade e mobilização contra a entrada de grandes empresas de turismo e de outros empreendimentos, comparados a jovens de comunidades vizinhas.Mesmo com essas diferenças, os jovens do assentamento também relatam transformações nas relações dentro da comunidade, de trocas de produtos e serviços por generosidade para trocas comerciais por dinheiro.Por fim, esta tese mostrou os benefícios de uma pesquisa-intervenção para uma comunidade e uma instituição, quando alguém se disponibiliza a uma escuta atenta para refletir sobre questões pessoais e comunitárias. Apresentou possibilidades de uma comunidade com uma organização coletiva que, apesar dos conflitos e dificuldades enfrentados, luta para superar a desigualdade e as injustiças inerentes ao capitalismo. Registrou a importância de políticas públicas voltadas para as pessoas do campo, particularmente a juventude,no caso específico deste assentamento, para enriquecer sua formação profissional e política / This research was carried out in a settlement on the coast of Ceará, located in Northeast region of Brazil. This place has been the site of conflicts over land since its formation in the 1980s. It was conquered through the struggle of workers, with the support of the Base Ecclesial Communities. Nowadays, because it is a coastal region, conflicts have occurred against great entrepreneurs in tourism industry and the implantation of wind energy industries. In order to strengthen itself, the community has received support from religious, non-governmental organizations and the Brazils Landless Workers Movement. This research was developed with the purpose of knowing the life history of the young people of this settlement and surrounding communities. This objective was pursued through participant observation of community activities, semi-structured interviews and interventions such as rounds of conversation and psychologist on call. These activities occurred mainly in the rural school. The existence of this school ensures that young people continue their studies up to the high school. The specific disciplines focused on agroecology were valued by students as a way to improve cultivation. Conflicts between students, staff, faculty and management were observed due to the difficulty in overcoming hierarchical relations and establishing horizontal relations, although there are spaces in the school for democratic discussion, a situation that reflects the capitalist society in which the school is inserted. It was also observed that gender relations refer to hegemonic masculinity and femininity and rigidly define values and roles associated with men and women. These relationships can be oppressive for both men and women as well as can generate distress and discrimination for those who differ from the defined patterns. All the interviewed young people have a sense of being rooted in their community. Thinking about the future can be distressing before unstable and unpredictable conditions due to the lack of public policies aimed at ensuring the rights of this population. They lament that they need to move to another city to improve their qualifications with a degree. Almost all of them wish that it is a temporary displacement, since they intend to return to the community, which is considered as continuity of their homes. The young people in the settlement reportedgreater community unity and mobilization against the entry of large tourism companies and other ventures, compared to young people from surrounding communities. Even with these differences, settlement youth also report transformations in community relations: from exchanges of goods and services made by generosity, to trading for money. Finally, this thesis highlighted the benefits of a research-intervention for a community by making someone listen attentively to reflect on personal and community issues. Itpresented possibilities for a community with a collective organization that, despite the conflicts and difficulties faced, struggles to overcome inequality and injustices inherent in capitalism. It pointed to the importance of public policies focused on rural people, particularly youth, in the specific case of this settlement, to improve their professional and political formation

Human migration, the movement of people from one place to another with intention of settling there temporarily or permanently, is an integral part of development of human society. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century has resulted in economic growth and improvement of living standards. Countries, in which was industrialisation most intense attracted most immigrants. Second wave of migration was in second half of 20th century caused by development of communication technologies, which gave opportunities to less developed countries improve their economic development. This diploma thesis is aimed exactly on this period. Its goal is to research the impact of migration on economic growth and find out if the flow of migrants is beneficial for the economy or the exact opposite. The impact is examined by regression analysis on panel data for almost 200 hundred countries from whole world for time period 1955-2004.

No description available.

The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of migration to study medicine in Peru. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the Red-LIRHUS study (2011-2012). We included 3 680 Peruvian students. Approximately, 23.2% migrated for medical school. Less than 1% were international migrants. We found a higher proportion of migrant students in Universities outside of Lima than in Universities in Lima (27.1% vs. 15.8%). There was also a higher proportion of migrants in private universities (28.3% vs. 16.0%) Migrant students were more likely to live alone (27.4% vs. 6.4%) and to report having failed a module/course (51.0% vs. 38.6%) compared to non-migrant students. It is necessary to evaluate potential interventions for the preservation of the well-being of people who migrate for their medical training. / Revisión por pares