Orientador: Donizete Cesar Honorato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paraizo_MarceloFabianoNovaes_M.pdf: 2543804 bytes, checksum: 2a802bede492d07cf65fbed6a2a764f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) é a doença cerebrovascular que apresenta maior incidência e resulta em incapacidades. Um instrumento que se proponha a avaliá-los deve ter suas propriedades psicométricas estudadas. O Postural Control and Balance for Stroke Test (PCBS) foi desenvolvida por Pyöria e col. e publicado na língua inglesa no ano de 2005. O instrumento avalia mudanças posturais, equilíbrio sentado e em pé. Sendo este um instrumento importante para a área da reabilitação foi realizada a tradução para a língua portuguesa por quatro profissionais bilíngües e averiguada a confiabilidade e validade da versão brasileira da PCBS . O título da versão brasileira ficou definido como Escala de Controle Postural e Equilíbrio para Acidente Vascular Encefálico (ECPE-AVE). Com esta finalidade, 21 indivíduos acometidos por AVE foram avaliados, buscando conhecer a sua consistência interna, a confiabilidade inter-observador e a sua correlação com outras variáveis. Foi encontrada uma excelente consistência interna, Coeficiete Alfa de Cronbach, muito próximos de um para todos os quatro examinadores, todos os scores > 0.8. A confiabilidade inter-observador foi significativa, com scores acima de 0,75, no Coeficiente de Correlação Interclasses e p-valor < 0.05. A ECPE-AVE também demonstrou correlação com a maioria das variáveis às quais foi comparada. Assim o instrumento de avaliação ECPE-AVE, teve sua confiabilidade e validade avaliativa comprovada e pode ser utilizado, pelo meio acadêmico e científico, na caracterização e acompanhamento dos déficits do controle postural e equilíbrio causado por um AVE. / Abstract: Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease with a high incidence and with high impairment. In order to evaluate a stroke patient, the instrument should have the psychometric properties studied. The Postural Control and Balance for Stroke Test (PCBS) was developed by Pyöria et. al. and was published in the English language in 2005. This instrument evaluates postural changes and seating and standing balance. Since this is an important instrument for the rehabilitation field, a translation for the Portuguese language was performed by four bilingual professionals and tested regarding its reliability and validity. The Brazilian title of the scale is "Escala de Controle Postural e Equilíbrio para Acidente Vascular Encefálico (ECPE-AVE)". In order to verify the internal consistence and reliability interrator, twenty one stroke subjects were evaluated, and the results were correlated with other variables. There was a high internal consistence, with Cronbach alpha coefficient close to one for all the four evaluators, Cronbach alpha coefficient > 0.8 in all the scores. The interrator reliability was significant, with scores higher than 0,75, in the Coeficiente de Correlação Interclasses and p < 0.05. The ECPE-AVE also showed correlation with almost all variables compared. Thus, the evaluation instrument ECPE-AVE is a reliable and validated instrument and can be used to characterize and to evaluate the development of postural control and balance deficits after stroke. / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Orientador: Júlia Ziviani Vitiello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T07:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_TatianeMariaPinheiroda_M.pdf: 2667069 bytes, checksum: 452bdabff06365f3453952d8ef198615 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Na técnica do ballet clássico, sob o ponto de vista do estudo de seus conceitos e princípios, de sua trajetória e permanência na formação técnica e expressiva de bailarinos ao longo dos últimos séculos, constatamos que um elemento lhe confere uma característica própria entre as técnicas de dança: a verticalidade. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa é um estudo que articula uma investigação sobre a verticalidade na técnica do ballet clássico, a partir da relação do corpo com a gravidade, com o objetivo de criar um solo de dança. O processo criativo foi construído a partir de uma reflexão acerca da preparação técnica e expressiva proporcionada pela técnica do ballet clássico, embasada ainda em dois métodos da Educação Somática, a Ideokinesis e a bola suíça. Dessa investigação corporal, emergiu a proposta de um conceito ao qual chamamos de princípio da verticalidade que pretende servir como um possível subsídio ao entendimento da técnica do ballet clássico. Os procedimentos coreográficos que resultaram de nossa pesquisa mantiveram uma mesma poética e investigação corporal durante a realização do projeto, porém é preciso salientar que houve uma evolução com um desenvolvimento bastante diferenciado / Abstract: On the classical ballet technique, through the point of view of the study of its concepts and principles, and, on the other hand, its history and remaining on the technical and expressive formation of ballet dancers over the past centuries, we find that an element gives it a particular characteristic: verticality. In this context, the present research is a study that develops an investigation about verticality on the classical ballet technique based on the relation between body and gravity, with the purpose of creating a solo dance. The creative process was built over a reflection around the technical and expressive preparation proportioned by the classical ballet technique, yet based on two methods of Somatic Education: Ideokinesis and the Swiss Ball. From this corporeal investigation emerged a concept proposal that we call the principle of verticality, that is meant to be a possible subsidy to the understanding of classical ballet technique. The choreographic procedures that have resulted from our research held one and the same poetic and corporal research during the project's implementation, though it must be emphasized that there was an evolution with a very distinguished development / Mestrado / Artes Cenicas / Mestre em Artes

Conventional ergonomics analysis involves building physical mockups and conducting simulated operations, such that the constraints experienced by the human subjects can be directly observed. The limitations of this approach are that, they are resource intensive, less flexible for testing design variability and difficult to involve large number of subjects to account for population variability and thus, it is a reactive approach. With the advent of computer aided techniques, efforts are on to support ergonomics analysis processes for proactive design approaches. To achieve this, real scenarios are being simulated in virtual environments which include induction of representative human subjects into such envi-ronments and are termed as Digital Human Models (DHMs). The main challenge in the simulation of humans is to obtain the naturalness that is perceived in human interaction with the environment. This naturalness can be achieved by synergetically modeling the physical performance and cognitive aspects of humans in such a way that one aspect caters the requirements posed from the other. But in current DHMs, the various elements in the physical performance aspect are not in line with the requirements of higher level behav¬ioral/cogntive aspects. Towards meeting this objective, the influence of physical performance aspects of humans on achieving naturalness when DHM interacts with the virtual environment has been studied. In this work, the task of ’reach’ has been chosen for studying the influence of kinematic structure, posture modeling and stability aspects on achieving naturalness for both discrete and statistical humans. Also, a framework has been developed to give instructions based on relations between the segments of the body and objects in the environment. Kinematic structure is modeled to simulate the humans with varied dimensions taking care of the change of link fixations necessary for various tasks. The conventional techniques used to define kinematic structures have limitations in resolving the issues that arise due to change in link fixations. In this work a new scheme is developed to effectively handle precedence relationship sand change of configuration of the existing posture whenever link fixations change. The advantage with this new approach is that complex maneuvers which involve different link fixations and multiple fixations at a time can be managed automati¬cally without the user’s intervention. Posture prediction involves estimation of the whole body posture which a human operator is likely to assume while performing a task. It involves finding a configuration satisfy¬ing the constraints like placing the body-segments in preferred locations of the task space and satisfying the relations specified between body segments. There are two main chal¬lenges in this regard; one is achieving naturalness in the predicted postures and the other is minimizing the mathematical complexity involved in finding the real time solutions. A human-specific posture prediction framework is developed which can handle a variety of constraints and realize the natural behavior. The approach is completely geometry based and unlike numerical methods, the solutions involve no matrix inversions. Digital human models (DHMs), both as avatars and agents, need to be controlled to make them manipulate the objects in the virtual world. A relations based description scheme is developed to instruct the DHM to perform the tasks. The descriptions as a set of relations and postures involve simple triplets and quadruplets. As the descriptions constitute only the relations between actors, incorporating different behavior models while executing the relations is feasible through this framework. Static balancing is one of the crucial factors influencing the posture of humans. The stim¬ulus for the static balancing is the body’s self weight and is governed by the location of its point of application, namely the center of mass (COM). The main focus is on determin¬ing suitable locations for COM to infer about the mobility of the segments which supports the human structure in slow motion scenarios. Various geometric conditions necessary for support retaining, altering are deduced and developed strategies for posture transitions for effective task performance while maintaining stability. These conditions are useful in de¬termining the posture transition required to shift the COM from one region to the other and thus the behaviors realized while accomplishing the tasks are realistic. These behaviors are simulated through statically stable walking and sit to stand posture transition. One of the advantages of employing DHMs in virtual simulations is the feasibility of creat¬ing human models with varied dimensions. A comparative study is conducted on different methods based on probabilistic and statistic theory as an alternative to the percentile based approach with a view to answer the questions like ’what percentage of people can success-fully accomplish a certain task’ and ’how well can people perform when they reach a point in the operational space’. The case study is done assuming upper and lower arms of hu¬mans as a two link planar manipulator and their link lengths as random variables. Making use of statistical DHMs, the concept of task dependent boundary manikins is introduced to geometrically characterize the extreme individuals in the given population who would ac-complish the task. Simulations with these manikins would help designers to visualize how differently the extreme individuals would perform the task. All these different aspects of DHM discussed are incorporated in our native DHM developed named ’MAYAMANAV’. Finally this thesis will end with conclusions and future work discussing how these different aspects of DHM discussed can be combined with behavioral models to simulate the human error.

Les systèmes multicaméras utilisés pour la vidéosurveillance sont complexes, lourds et coûteux. Pour la surveillance d'une pièce, serait-il possible de les remplacer par un système beaucoup plus simple utilisant une seule caméra et une ou plusieurs sources lumineuses en misant sur les ombres projetées pour obtenir de l'information 3D ? Malgré les résultats intéressants offerts par les systèmes multicaméras, la quantité d'information à traiter et leur complexité limitent grandement leur usage. Dans le même contexte, nous proposons de simplifier ces systèmes en remplaçant une caméra par une source lumineuse. En effet, une source lumineuse peut être vue comme une caméra qui génère une image d'ombre révélant l'objet qui bloque la lumière. Notre système sera composé par une seule caméra et une ou plusieurs sources lumineuses infrarouges (invisibles à l'oeil). Malgré les difficultés prévues quant à l'extraction de l'ombre et la déformation et l'occultation de l'ombre par des obstacles (murs, meubles...), les gains sont multiples en utilisant notre système. En effet, on peut éviter ainsi les problèmes de synchronisation et de calibrage de caméras et réduire le coût en remplaçant des caméras par de simples sources infrarouges. Nous proposons deux approches différentes pour automatiser la reconnaissance de postures humaines. La première approche reconstruit la forme 3D d'une personne pour faire la reconnaissance de la posture en utilisant des descripteurs de forme. La deuxième approche combine directement l'information 2D (ombre+silhouette) pour faire la reconnaissance de postures. Scientifiquement, nous cherchons à prouver que l'information offerte par une silhouette et l'ombre générée par une source lumineuse est suffisante pour permettre la reconnaissance de postures humaines élémentaires (p.ex. debout, assise, couchée, penchée, etc.). Le système proposé peut être utilisé pour la vidéosurveillance d'endroits non encombrés tels qu'un corridor dans une résidence de personnes âgées (pour la détection des chutes p. ex.) ou d'une compagnie (pour la sécurité). Son faible coût permettrait un plus grand usage de la vidéosurveillance au bénéfice de la société. Au niveau scientifique, la démonstration théorique et pratique d'un tel système est originale et offre un grand potentiel pour la vidéosurveillance. / Human posture recognition (HPR) from video sequences is one of the major active research areas of computer vision. It is one step of the global process of human activity recognition (HAR) for behaviors analysis. Many HPR application systems have been developed including video surveillance, human-machine interaction, and the video retrieval. Generally, applications related to HPR can be achieved using mainly two approaches : single camera or multi-cameras. Despite the interesting performance achieved by multi-camera systems, their complexity and the huge information to be processed greatly limit their widespread use for HPR. The main goal of this thesis is to simplify the multi-camera system by replacing a camera by a light source. In fact, a light source can be seen as a virtual camera, which generates a cast shadow image representing the silhouette of the person that blocks the light. Our system will consist of a single camera and one or more infrared light sources. Despite some technical difficulties in cast shadow segmentation and cast shadow deformation because of walls and furniture, different advantages can be achieved by using our system. Indeed, we can avoid the synchronization and calibration problems of multiple cameras, reducing the cost of the system and the amount of processed data by replacing a camera by one light source. We introduce two different approaches in order to automatically recognize human postures. The first approach directly combines the person’s silhouette and cast shadow information, and uses 2D silhouette descriptor in order to extract discriminative features useful for HPR. The second approach is inspired from the shape from silhouette technique to reconstruct the visual hull of the posture using a set of cast shadow silhouettes, and extract informative features through 3D shape descriptor. Using these approaches, our goal is to prove the utility of the combination of person’s silhouette and cast shadow information for recognizing elementary human postures (stand, bend, crouch, fall,...) The proposed system can be used for video surveillance of uncluttered areas such as a corridor in a senior’s residence (for example, for the detection of falls) or in a company (for security). Its low cost may allow greater use of video surveillance for the benefit of society.