Red raspberries, as an excellent source of dietary antioxidants, were investigated for their effect on oxidative stress in healthy adults. Study 1 measured effects of chronic exposure in a parallel, multi-dose intervention. Subjects consumed one-cup red raspberries (1cR) daily for two-weeks, then were randomized to consume 1cR, 2cR or 4cR for additional two-weeks (n=8, by group). There was a reduction in TBARS, indicating a decrease in lipid peroxidation, after two-weeks of intervention in the 1cR group, but effects were not significant at week 4, or for other treatment groups. Study 2 measured effects of acute exposure using a cross-over design. Subjects (n=8) consumed single treatments of 1cR, 2cR, 4cR, bread and bread plus vitamin C. Post-prandial oxidative stress responses were complex and appeared related to calorie and antioxidant load. Overall there was no clear relationship between red raspberry consumption and protection against oxidative stress.

Red raspberries, as an excellent source of dietary antioxidants, were investigated for their effect on oxidative stress in healthy adults. Study 1 measured effects of chronic exposure in a parallel, multi-dose intervention. Subjects consumed one-cup red raspberries (1cR) daily for two-weeks, then were randomized to consume 1cR, 2cR or 4cR for additional two-weeks (n=8, by group). There was a reduction in TBARS, indicating a decrease in lipid peroxidation, after two-weeks of intervention in the 1cR group, but effects were not significant at week 4, or for other treatment groups. Study 2 measured effects of acute exposure using a cross-over design. Subjects (n=8) consumed single treatments of 1cR, 2cR, 4cR, bread and bread plus vitamin C. Post-prandial oxidative stress responses were complex and appeared related to calorie and antioxidant load. Overall there was no clear relationship between red raspberry consumption and protection against oxidative stress.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Kelly Gomes da Silva 1.pdf: 2086504 bytes, checksum: c94c0ba77dc17e135db31fd8a35c6065 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / The understanding of diversity patterns and processes involves some aspects such as environmental heterogeneity, conditions and existing resources and biotic interactions beyond human intervention. In recent decades, the altitudinal studies has aroused the attention of ecologists and are considered effective research tools, however, the historical use and geomorphological changes in each environment should be considered. The savanna is characterized by the diversity of faces, however, his characterization goes back to colonial periods and much of the vegetation cover is fragmented and in different successional stages. This study is structured into two chapters. The first focuses on the influence of altitude (altitude 1:400; altitude 2: 500 and altitude 3: 600 m a.s.l.) in the richness and plant community structure, Cariri of the Paraíba. The second chapter aims to test the hypothesis that the mountainous areas of the Massif of the Borborema have more species of shrub and tree component, as refuges of savanna setting. The study was conducted in the following areas of the mountain Cariri: Bodocongó, Arara, Inácio Pereira, Bonita and Fontainha beyond the areas of the Borborema plateau of the Massif: Farm Bodopitá, Caiçara, INSA, Poço de Pedra and Pocinho. We used two sampling methods: plot sampling and point-quadrant. We obtained the common name, diameter at ground level, height, habit and distance from the plant to the point. The phytosociological parameters of diversity and evenness indices were calculated from the Mata Nativa 3. In order to assess the patterns of wealth, we used the randomization test from the program EstimateS 8.2, with the construction of collector curves and nonparametric estimates. We recorded 2911 individuals belonging to 24 families and 70 species and 2208 individuals, 27 families and 71 species in the first and second study, respectively. The most representative families were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cactaceae, and Apocynaceae. In the first approach of this study, we observed the increase of wealth component of shrubs and trees along the elevation gradient studied. Certain species were restricted to specific altitudes, being found in three altitude greater horizontal distribution of species. It was also observed that the influence of altitude is indirect, and human action is the main factor responsible for plant community structure in such areas. On the second section, it was observed that the mountainous areas have more species compared to the plateau areas. The data reveal a poorer surrounding matrix in relation to wealth, diversity and evenness, and species with high frequency such as Croton blanchetianus Baill. We conclude that human intervention in natural environments, not unlike in the semiarid region of Paraíba, has changed the patterns of diversity, leading to the impoverishment of restricted areas and a greater diversity of shrub and tree component in mountainous areas. / A compreensão dos padrões de diversidade envolve vários aspectos e processos, tais como heterogeneidade ambiental, as condições e recursos existentes, as interações bióticas além da intervenção humana. Nas últimas décadas, os estudos altitudinais têm despertado a atenção dos ecólogos e são considerados eficazes instrumentos de pesquisa, no entanto, os históricos de uso e as variações geomorfológicas de cada ambiente devem ser considerados. A caatinga é caracterizada pela diversidade de fisionomias, no entanto, sua descaracterização remonta os períodos coloniais e grande parte da cobertura vegetal encontra-se fragmentada e em diferentes estágios sucessionais. O presente estudo está estruturado em dois capítulos. O primeiro tem enfoque na influência da altitude (altitude 1:400; altitude 2: 500 e altitude 3: 600 m s.n.m.) na riqueza e estrutura da comunidade vegetal, do Cariri paraibano. Já o segundo capítulo tem como objetivo testar a hipótese de que as áreas serranas do Maciço da Borborema abrigam maior número de espécies do componente arbustivo-arbóreo, configurando como refúgios da caatinga. O estudo foi realizado nas seguintes áreas serranas do Cariri paraibano: Bodocongó, Arara, Inácio Pereira, Bonita e Fontainha, além das áreas planálticas do Maciço da Borborema: Fazenda Bodopitá, Caiçara, INSA, Poço de Pedra e Pocinho. Foram utilizados dois métodos de amostragem: parcelas e ponto-quadrante. Foram aferidos o nome comum, diâmetro ao nível do solo, altura, hábito e distância da planta ao ponto. Os parâmetros fitossociológicos, índices de diversidade e equabilidade foram calculados a partir do programa Mata Nativa 3. A fim de avaliar os padrões de riqueza, foi utilizado o teste de randomização a partir do programa ESTIMATES 8.2, com a confecção de curvas coletoras e estimativas não-paramétricas. Foram registrados 2911 indivíduos, distribuídos em 24 famílias e 70 espécies e 2208 indivíduos, 27 famílias e 71 espécies, no primeiro e segundo estudo, respectivamente. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae e Cactaceae. No primeiro enfoque deste trabalho, observou-se o incremento da riqueza do componente arbustivo-arbóreo ao longo do gradiente de elevação estudado. Determinadas espécies foram restritas à altitudes específicas, sendo encontrada na altitude 3 uma melhor distribuição horizontal das espécies. Também se constatou que a influência da altitude é indireta, sendo a ação humana o principal fator responsável pela estrutura da comunidade vegetal em tais áreas. Em relação ao segundo capítulo, observou-se que as áreas serranas abrigam maior número de espécies se comparadas às áreas planálticas. Os dados revelam uma matriz circundante mais pobre em relação à riqueza, equabilidade e diversidade, além de espécies com elevada frequência como Croton blanchetianus Baill. Conclui-se que a intervenção humana nos ambientes naturais, e não diferentemente na região semiárida paraibana, tem alterado os padrões de diversidade, provocando o empobrecimento de áreas e restringido uma maior diversidade do componente arbustivo-arbóreo nas áreas serranas.

Thesis (MSc (Conservation Ecology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / 89 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages i-xiv and numbered pages 1-89. Includes bibliography. List of tables, figures used. / Scanned with a Hp Scanjet 8250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of an old field rehabilitation trial initiated in 2000 was to find a solution to the rehabilitation process for approximately 90 000 ha of unutilised land in the Little Karoo, South Africa. Depending only on a natural succession process to restore unutilised old fields would mean that the period of recovery would be longer than the life span of an average farmer. The trial, initiated by Witbooi in 2000 aimed to see how human intervention can facilitate the process of rehabilitation of old-fields. Three years later, the trial was again monitored to evaluate the success of reseeded indigenous species and method of cultivation in the rehabilitation process. A second objective was based on a result of Witbooi (2002) who showed that there was a tendency of 0. pes-caprae to invade disturbed areas, and aimed to evaluate the effect of this species on the rehabilitation process. Seven indigenous species were reseeded in 2000, of which only four species germinated and survived to the present. These surviving species are Pteronia incana Burm Dc., Tripteris sinuata DC., Ehrharta calycina SM and Chaetobromus dregeanus Nees. The highest level of recruitment in 2001 was recorded for T sinuata followed by P. incana, E. calycina and C. dregeanus. In September 2003, three years after the trial was initiated, the highest number of surviving seedlings were of T sinuata followed by E. calycina, C. dregeanus and P. incana. Five different cultivation methods were used to enhance the germination rate and survival of seedlings. The number of seedlings that survived differs according to the cultivation methods and soil type. Tripteris sinuata had the highest number of surviving seedlings in all cultivation methods off-heuweltjies. Tripteris sinuata was therefore selected to analyse the effect of various cultivation methods. The second objective was to study the impact of Oxalis pes-caprae on species diversity in restored old fields by assessing its ability to disperse in old fields under different cultivation methods. The multivariate ANOVA results showed that there was a significant difference in the density of O. pes-caprae between on and off heuweltjies (sites) and treatments (cultivation methods). There was a significant difference in the density of O. pes-caprae between cultivation methods. A Post Hoc LSD test showed a significant difference in the density of aboveground O. pes-caprae plants between control sites (no disturbance) compared to those sites that underwent some sort of soil disturbance. There was, however, no significant difference in the abundance of O. pes-caprae on plots that underwent some sort of disturbance (i.e Cleared vs Tilled vs Disked vs Ploughed sites) on heuweltjies. There was a significant difference in the number of O. pes-caprae bulbs collected between blocks (on and off-heuweltjie) and significant differences between cultivation methods. There was also a significant difference in bulb diameter between cultivation methods when compared between on and off-heuweltjie sites. The bulbs were classified into four measurement classes. The highest number of small (2-5 mm diameter) and medium (5-8 mm diameter) sized bulbs were found in the Tilled cultivation method. In contrast the Control treatment (uncultivated) had the highest number of large sized bulbs (14-17 mm diameter) and medium bulbs size categories. In conclusion, T. sinuafa has the potential to be used for rehabilitation of old fields in combination with Tilled cultivation method. Attention should be paid to the effect of O. pes-caprae especially on heuweltjies where this species showed a complete dominance in the rehabilitation trial. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoof doel van 'n ou veld rehabilitasie eksperiment wat in 2000 geinisieer is was om 'n oplossing te vind vir die rehabilitasie proses vir ongeveer 90 000 ha onbenutte land in die Klein Karoo, Suid-Afrika. Indien daar slegs op natuurlike suksessie prosesse staatgemaak word om die onbenutte ou lande te restoreer, sou dit beteken dat die periode van herstel langer sou wees as die lewensverwagting van die gemiddelde boer. Hierdie eksperiment, wat in 2000 deur Witbooi geinisieer is, het gepoog om te bepaal hoe menslike inmenging die proses van rehabilitasie van ou velde kan fasiliteer. Drie jaar later is die eksperiment weer gemonitor om die sukses van die teruggesaaide inheemse spesies en bewerkings-metodes in die rehabilitasie proses te evalueer. 'n Tweede doelwit is gebaseer op 'n resultaat van Witbooi (2002) wat aangetoon het dat daar 'n neiging was vir O. pes-caprae om versteurde areas binne te dring, en het dus gemik om die effek van hierdie spesie op die rehabilitasie proses te evalueer. Sewe inheemse spesies is in 2000 teruggesaai, waarvan slegs 4 spesies ontkiem en oorleef het tot die hede. Hierdie oorlewende spesies is Pteronia incana Burm Dc., Tripteris sinuata DC., Ehrharta calycina SM en Chaetobromus dregeanus Nees. Die hoogste vlak van werwing in 2001 is vir T sinuata aangeteken, gevolg deur P. incana, E. calycina en C. dregeanus. In September 2003, drie jaar na die aanvang van die eksperiment, was die hoogste getal oorlewende saailinge die van T sinuata, gevolg deur E. calycina, C. dregeanus en P. incana. Vyf verskillende bewerkings-metodes is gebruik om ontkiemingstempo en saailing oorlewing aan te help. Die aantal saailinge wat oorleef het varieer volgens die bewerkings-metode wat gevolge is en die grondtipe. Tripteris sinuata het die grootste aantal oorlewende saailinge gehad in al die bewerkings-metodes af van heuweltjies. Tripteris sinuata is daarom geselekteer om te analiseer vir die effek van verskillende bewerkings-metodes. Die tweede doelwit was om die inpak van Oxalis pes-caprae op spesie-diversiteit in die gerestoreerde ou land te bepaal deur die vermoë van hierdie spesie om in ou velde te versprei onder verskillende bewerkings-metodes te evalueer. Die multi-veranderlike ANOVA resultate het aangetoon dat daar 'n beduidende verskil in O. pes-caprae digtheid tussen heuweltjie en nie-heuweltjie (persele) en verskillende bewerkings-metodes was. Daar was 'n beduidende verskil in die digtheid van o. pes-caprae tussen verskillende bewerkingsmetodes. 'n Post Hoc LSD toets het 'n beduidende verkil in die digtheid van bogrondse O. pes-caprae plante tussen kontrole terreine (geen versteuring) vergeleke met persele wat een of ander vorm van grondversteuring ondergaan het aangedui. Daar was egter geen beduidende verskil in die volopheid van 0. pes-caprae op persele wat een of ander vorm van versteuring ondergaan het (i.e Skoongemaakte vs Getilde vs Geskottelde vs Geploegde persele) op heuweltjies nie. Daar was 'n beduidende verskil in die aantal O. pes-caprae bolle wat versamel is tussen blokke (op en af van heuweltjies) en beduidende verskille tussen die bewerkings-metodes. Daar was ook 'n beduidende verskil in bol-deursnitte tussen bewerkings-metodes wanneer dit tussen heuweltjie en nie-heuweltjie persele vergelyk is. Die bolle is in vier metingsklasse verdeel. Die grootste aantal klein (2-5 mm deursnit) en medium (5-8 mm deursnit) bolle is in die Getilde bewerkings-metode gevind. In kontras het die Kontrole behandeling (onbewerk) die grootste aantal groot (14-17 mm deursnit) en medium bolle gehad. Samevattend het T. sinuata die potensiaal om gebruik te word in die rehabilitasie van ou lande in kombinasie met die tilting bewerkings-metode. Aandag moet geskenk word aan die effek van 0. pes-caprae, veral op heuwetjies waar hierdie spesies 'n totale dominansie in die rehabilitasie eksperiment getoon het.

Os atuais recursos tecnológicos têm favorecido o desenvolvimento de diferentes métodos de disseminação seletiva de informações, permitindo, inclusive, maior autonomia aos usuários. Neste contexto, teve-se como objetivo analisar o processo de disseminação seletiva de informações, por meio de estudo exploratório em uma biblioteca digital federada, visando a valorizar a mediação por intervenção humana. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas disseminação seletiva de informações e bibliotecas digitais federadas, assumindo-se a visão de mediação, a partir da perspectiva de Kuhlthau. Realizou-se, ainda, um estudo de caso no NEP (New Economics Papers), um serviço da biblioteca digital RePEc (Research Papers in Economics), sendo a coleta de dados realizada a partir de variadas fontes de evidências. Em relação ao questionário usado na coleta de dados, dos 61 editores temáticos voluntários, que faziam a seleção de informações a serem disseminadas nas categorias temáticas do NEP, contou-se com 41 respondentes. Para a análise dos dados, derivados das respostas do questionário, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo, buscando a identificação de fatores relevantes relacionados às variáveis analisadas (interação entre mediadores e usuários, seleção dos documentos, motivação dos mediadores, impacto do serviço e perfil dos mediadores), promovendo, quando necessário, o agrupamento de respostas semelhantes em categorias, enfatizando a ocorrência de determinado fator e não sua freqüência. Dentre os resultados destacam-se: caracterização de três distintas gerações de serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações, em relação ao desenvolvimento tecnológico; identificação de distintas possibilidades e níveis de mediação nos serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações; identificação de fatores correspondentes às variáveis analisadas em relação à mediação realizada por meio de intervenção humana, em serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações em bibliotecas digitais federadas. Conclui-se que, embora a tecnologia possibilite a autonomia por parte do usuário, em relação aos serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações, é viável um planejamento prévio que reconheça a possibilidade de se atuar em diferentes níveis de mediação a serem adotados, uma vez que a presença da mediação pode agregar valor ao serviço. / Technological advances has facilitated the development of various resources enabling the implementation of selective dissemination of information services which offer autonomy to users. Thus, the objective was to analyze the process of selective dissemination of information, through an exploratory study in a federated digital library, aiming to enhance the mediation by human intervention. For this, a literature review was made comprising the themes: selective dissemination of information and digital libraries, assuming mediation from the perspective of Kuhlthau. Also, it was conducted a case study based on NEP (New Economics Papers), a service of the digital library RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) being the data collection made from various sources of evidence. Regarding the questionnaire used in the data collection, out of 61 volunteers, who were responsible for selecting information on the NEP themes to be disseminated, 41 responded the questionnaire. For data analysis, derived from responses from the questionnaires, it was used content analysis, seeking to identify relevant factors related to the analyzed variables (interaction between mediators and users, documents\' selection, mediators\' motivation, services impact and mediators\' profile), promoting, when necessary, the grouping of similar responses into categories, emphasizing thus, the occurrence of a particular factor and not it\'s frequency. Among the results are: characterization of three different generations of selective dissemination of information services, in relation to technological development; identification of different possibilities and levels of mediation in services of selective dissemination of information; identification of factors related to the variables analyzed, in relation to the mediation made by means of human intervention in services of selective dissemination of information. It is found that, although the technology allows the autonomy of the user, referring to the selective dissemination of information services, it is possible to make a previous planning that recognize the possibility of acting from different levels of mediation to be adopted, since the presence of mediation can add value to the service.

Os atuais recursos tecnológicos têm favorecido o desenvolvimento de diferentes métodos de disseminação seletiva de informações, permitindo, inclusive, maior autonomia aos usuários. Neste contexto, teve-se como objetivo analisar o processo de disseminação seletiva de informações, por meio de estudo exploratório em uma biblioteca digital federada, visando a valorizar a mediação por intervenção humana. Para tanto, realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas disseminação seletiva de informações e bibliotecas digitais federadas, assumindo-se a visão de mediação, a partir da perspectiva de Kuhlthau. Realizou-se, ainda, um estudo de caso no NEP (New Economics Papers), um serviço da biblioteca digital RePEc (Research Papers in Economics), sendo a coleta de dados realizada a partir de variadas fontes de evidências. Em relação ao questionário usado na coleta de dados, dos 61 editores temáticos voluntários, que faziam a seleção de informações a serem disseminadas nas categorias temáticas do NEP, contou-se com 41 respondentes. Para a análise dos dados, derivados das respostas do questionário, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo, buscando a identificação de fatores relevantes relacionados às variáveis analisadas (interação entre mediadores e usuários, seleção dos documentos, motivação dos mediadores, impacto do serviço e perfil dos mediadores), promovendo, quando necessário, o agrupamento de respostas semelhantes em categorias, enfatizando a ocorrência de determinado fator e não sua freqüência. Dentre os resultados destacam-se: caracterização de três distintas gerações de serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações, em relação ao desenvolvimento tecnológico; identificação de distintas possibilidades e níveis de mediação nos serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações; identificação de fatores correspondentes às variáveis analisadas em relação à mediação realizada por meio de intervenção humana, em serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações em bibliotecas digitais federadas. Conclui-se que, embora a tecnologia possibilite a autonomia por parte do usuário, em relação aos serviços de disseminação seletiva de informações, é viável um planejamento prévio que reconheça a possibilidade de se atuar em diferentes níveis de mediação a serem adotados, uma vez que a presença da mediação pode agregar valor ao serviço. / Technological advances has facilitated the development of various resources enabling the implementation of selective dissemination of information services which offer autonomy to users. Thus, the objective was to analyze the process of selective dissemination of information, through an exploratory study in a federated digital library, aiming to enhance the mediation by human intervention. For this, a literature review was made comprising the themes: selective dissemination of information and digital libraries, assuming mediation from the perspective of Kuhlthau. Also, it was conducted a case study based on NEP (New Economics Papers), a service of the digital library RePEc (Research Papers in Economics) being the data collection made from various sources of evidence. Regarding the questionnaire used in the data collection, out of 61 volunteers, who were responsible for selecting information on the NEP themes to be disseminated, 41 responded the questionnaire. For data analysis, derived from responses from the questionnaires, it was used content analysis, seeking to identify relevant factors related to the analyzed variables (interaction between mediators and users, documents\' selection, mediators\' motivation, services impact and mediators\' profile), promoting, when necessary, the grouping of similar responses into categories, emphasizing thus, the occurrence of a particular factor and not it\'s frequency. Among the results are: characterization of three different generations of selective dissemination of information services, in relation to technological development; identification of different possibilities and levels of mediation in services of selective dissemination of information; identification of factors related to the variables analyzed, in relation to the mediation made by means of human intervention in services of selective dissemination of information. It is found that, although the technology allows the autonomy of the user, referring to the selective dissemination of information services, it is possible to make a previous planning that recognize the possibility of acting from different levels of mediation to be adopted, since the presence of mediation can add value to the service.

Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε στον Τομέα Γενικής Θαλάσσιας Γεωλογίας και Γεωδυναμικής του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στο πλαίσιο αυτής, μελετήθηκε ο κάτω ρους του Αλφειού ποταμού και η μορφολογική του εξέλιξη, σε συνδυασμό με τις ανθρώπινες παρεμβάσεις. Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η παρουσίαση, η ανάλυση, ο σχολιασμός και η αξιολόγηση των αλλαγών στο που έχει υποστεί ο κάτω ρους του ποταμού. Η εν λόγω περιοχή παρουσιάζει αξιόλογο ενδιαφέρον λόγω των ιδιαίτερων και σύνθετων μορφοκλιματικών συνθηκών που επικρατούν, των τεχνικών έργων της περιοχής και γενικά των επιδράσεων που είναι αποτέλεσμα κυρίως της ολοένα και αυξανόμενης ανθρώπινης παρέμβασης. / This diploma thesis was conducted at the General Department of Marine Geology and Geodynamics, Department of Geology, University of Patras. As part of this work, it was studied the lower weight of the Alfeios River and the morphological evolution, combined with human intervention. The purpose of this work is the presentation, analysis, commentary and evaluation of changes on the lower watercourse of Alfeios river. This area presents considerable interest because of the special and complex morphocimate conditions,the technical projects in the area and generally the effects which are mainly the result of ever-increasing human intervention.