The quest to decrease income inequality in South Africa relies in part, on the provision of quality education for learners so as to improve their employment opportunities and potential material outcomes. This study argues that if the drop-out rate of learners persists because of poor-quality education the potential threat to human security becomes a reality that needs to be explored. The historical legacy of poor-quality education for the majority of black learners persists in contemporary South Africa. A conceptual overview of the evolution of security, moves from a state-centric approach to a broader/deeper understanding of the human security agenda where people are the main referent for security. The focus of the study is human security and how education inequality might impact on it, particularly as the UNDP human security framework includes seven dimensions for security, but education, is not explicitly specified. People need to be secured and the ‘new’ security focus is on their protection and their empowerment. Thus, quality education is emphasised as a prerequisite for the realisation of all human security dimensions in the South African context. The study is theoretically grounded in the Welsh school of Critical Security Studies (CSS) where humanity is central to the concept of security. The aim of CSS is to improve the human condition and to eradicate injustice by radically re-conceptualising security. The methodology incorporates an exploratory design, and a literature-based study, and it draws on a snapshot of longitudinal secondary data from the South African Department of Basic Education (DBE) to describe the reasons for the chronic school drop-out rate in the country, which manifests as education inequality. It is argued that education inequality may be a cause of human insecurity. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Security Studies))--University of Pretoria 2020. / Political Sciences / MA (Security Studies) / Unrestricted

Thesis (MA (Political Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is conclusive that climate change will lead to scarcity of the basic resources that sustain life for people around the world – fresh water supplies, food production and land for habitation and cultivation. It is argued that environmental scarcity leads to migration which in turn results in conflict in the receiving area as competition over resources develops. Based on the main theories relating to resource scarcity and conflict, the purpose of this study is to examine the link between climate change and human security. The relevance of this research is the fact that the Stern Review concludes that climate change poses a serious threat to the world and that Africa will be one of the hardest hit continents. Africa is already vulnerable to climate variability and has the least capacity to respond, and this study aims to establish the impacts of resource scarcity on human security in South Africa. The theoretical approach addresses the much debated concept of ‘human security’ as it has developed since the end of the Cold War and the analysis is based on the main conflict theories that maintain that competition over access to scarce resources is one of the root causes of violent conflict. The research design for this study is of an empirical nature with the units of analysis being states, physical events and processes and the resulting human actions. It is a descriptive analysis, interpreting the impact of climate change on scarce resources and the resulting propensity for conflict. Much of the violence against migrants has been the result of varying degrees of xenophobia amongst all racial groups in South Africa. This study proposes the hypothesis that migration results in increased competition over scarce resources in receiving areas, which as a result of xenophobia leads to conflict. Based on the theoretical arguments put forward, the paper aims to determine what policy options for adaptation, mitigation and governance would be most likely to reduce the harmful impacts of climate change on vulnerable regions and groups of people in South Africa and neighbouring countries in order to contain migration and lessen the likelihood of violent conflict. Having identified xenophobia as a spark that could ignite violent inter-group conflict it would be useful to gain some theoretical insight into reducing group prejudice and attaining group cooperation through inter-group contact. It is apparent that there is no single theoretical approach that can be applied to gain a better insight into the complex link between resource scarcity and conflict. The different theories are mutually compatible and each theoretical perspective contributes a partial elaboration to and additional insights into the climate change/conflict hypothesis. There is possibly room for a new theoretical approach to gain a better understanding of the complexity and the uncertainties that are inherent in the study of a mechanism as complex as climate change. South Africa has the responsibility to use its global political influence to promote a shared understanding of responsible behaviour across all societies. Active participation will enable South Africa to guide global negotiations towards outcomes that will lessen the impact of climate change on the most vulnerable countries and populations. In conclusion, possible policies and actions are identified that could support these objectives. Without urgent, appropriate intervention climate change will undermine any efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and a crippled African continent will be a threat to world security.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The trafficking of children, with the purpose of sexual exploitation, has attained significant attention in the international realm. At present, children‟s human rights are protected by a number of international treaties adopted by the United Nations, which are also ratified by many states. These treaties have a norm setting function which influences domestic laws in the countries that have ratified them. The „1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child‟, the „Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime‟ together with the „2002 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography‟ are important treaties with norm setting functions. These treaties influence international attitudes and policy measures concerning child trafficking. South Africa, the focus of this study, is in the process of creating a comprehensive legislative framework with the aim to protect children and combat child trafficking. Thus, this thesis examines how international treaties have impacted on South Africa‟s domestic legislation with regards to child trafficking. The influence of international treaties and norms on domestic policy and norms regarding child trafficking is illuminated in this study. This analysis builds on a model put forward by Sikkink and Finnemore (1998) of how norms are created by norm entrepreneurs. The assumption is that norms develop in phases through different platforms of organizations and states and these norms eventually become the status quo. This study provides an overview of international and domestic law pertaining to child trafficking as well as a theoretical discussion on the evolution of these norms. A theoretical framework of constructivism and to a lesser extent institutionalism is applied as an analytical tool in order to critically analyse the influence of international treaties on domestic policies in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Handel in kinders, met die doel van seksuele uitbuiting, het aansienlike aandag gekry in die internasionale arena. Op die oomblik word die menseregte van kinders beskerm deur 'n aantal internasionale ooreenkomste wat deur die Verenigde Nasies gesluit is, wat ook deur baie state bekragtig is. Hierdie verdrae het 'n standaard normstelllingsfunksie wat binnelandse wette beïnvloed in die lande wat hierdie verdrae bekragtig. Die "1989 Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind", Die Protokol ter Voorkoming, Onderdrukking en Straf van Mensehandel, veral Vroue en Kinders, ter aanvulling van die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie teen Transnasionale Georganiseerde Misdaad saam met die 2002 Opsionele Protokol tot die Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind op die Verkoop van Kinders, Kinderprostitusie en Kinderpornografie is belangrike verdrae met standaard normstellingsfunksies. Hierdie internasionale verdrae beïnvloed houdings en beleidsmaatreëls oor kinderhandel. Suid Suid-Afrika die fokus van hierdie studie, is in die proses om van 'n omvattende wetgewende raamwerk te ontwikkel wat daarop gemik is om kinders te beskerm en kinderhandel te bestry. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die impak van internasionale verdrae op die Suid-Afrika se plaaslike wetgewing met betrekking tot kinderhandel. Die invloed van internasionale verdrae en normes op binnelandse beleid en normes ten opsigte van kinderhandel word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Hierdie ontleding is gebaseer op 'n model van Sikkink en Finnemore (1998) oor hoe norme deur norm-entrepreneurs geskep word. Die aanname is dat normes in fases ontwikkel deur middel van verskillende platforms van organisasies en state en dat hierdie norme uiteindelik die status quo word. Hierdie studie gee 'n oorsig van internasionale en plaaslike wetgewing met betrekking tot kinderhandel, sowel as 'n teoretiese ontleding van die evolusie van hierdie standaarde. 'n Teoretiese raamwerk van konstruktivisme en tot 'n mindere mate institutionalisme word toegepas as 'n analitiese instrument om die invloed van internasionale verdrae op die binnelandse beleid van Suid-Afrika krities te analiseer. Sleutelterme: kinderhandel, internasionale reg, norme, konstruktivisme, beleid, Suid-Afrika.

Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human security concept challenges the traditional view of state security. The very essence of human security means to respect human rights. The Commission on Human Security did not focus on women as a special area of concern in the 1994 Human Development Report. The report does not recognise that being subject to gender hierarchies increases women’s insecurity and that women experience human security differently from men and shows that the human security concept does not include gender based violence (GBV) because there is no specific attention paid to issues that predominantly pertain to women. This study is conducted from a feminist perspective. It is reflexive research and based on standpoint theory. The data is gathered through analysis of secondary data and primary data, collected through interviews. GBV in South Africa tends to be continuous and the perpetrator is most likely to be a spouse or partner. Studies show that women are seen as being dependent on and weaker than men. Many men view women’s rights legislation as a challenge to the legitimacy of men’s authority over women. Women who try to be more independent in their relationships are regarded as threats and violence against them becomes a way for men to show control. The criminal justice system in South Africa has made progress in protecting women from GBV but myths, stereotypes and social conventions still prevent women from receiving justice. Traditionally, the state regards what happens in the private sphere as outside its responsibility. The public/private dichotomy challenges state regulations and norms which is evident in the case of domestic violence. It is often argued that GBV has remained imperceptible because it takes place in the private sphere. However, this research indicates that due to the socio-economic situation in South Africa, the abuse is often publicly known by those in the immediate environment as people live in informal housing. This research shows that a human security framework that targets GBV has to be developed for those who bear its consequences. When women are not viewed as subjects, issues that mainly affect them remain invisible. It is necessary that analysis of human insecurity starts from the conditions of women’s lives. Many women in South Africa live highly traumatic lives. Fighting GBV requires that we know the victims of GBV and let them decide what they need to feel secure. Creating human security requires that other threats which contribute to GBV, such as poverty, gender stereotypes and prejudice are also addressed. GBV has become an epidemic in South Africa and is a permanent constraint in women’s lives and impacts society as a whole. The security of the state rest on the security of women and as long as the state fails to treat GBV as a serious crime and protect women the state is more likely to use violence on a larger scale against its citizens. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Menslike Veiligheidskonsept daag die tradisionele siening van staatsveiligheid uit: die kerbetekenis van Menslike Veiligheid is om menseregte te respekteer. Die Kommissie op Menslike Veiligheid het nie op vroue as ‘n spesiale area van kommer gefokus in die Menslike Ontwikkelingsverslag van 1994 nie. Die verslag het daarin gefaal om te erken dat die realiteit van geslags-hiërargieë vroue se insekuriteit verhoog, en dat die ervaring van menslike sekuriteit van mans en vroue verskil. Hierdie navorsing sal toon dat die menslike veiligheidsbegrip nie in staat is om geslags-gebaseerde geweld (GGG) in ag te neem nie, aangesien daar geen spesifieke aandag verleen is aan vraagstukke wat hoofsaaklik op vroue betrekking het nie. Hierdie studie is vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief gedoen. Die navorsing is reflektief en op standpunt-teorie gebaseer. Die data is deur die analise van sekondêre data, asook die gebruik van primêre data i deur middel van onderhoude ingesamel . GGG in Suid-Afrika is geneig om oor ‘n uitgerekte tydperk plaas te vind en die mees waarskynlike oortreders is ‘n eggenoot of lewensmaat. Navorsing toon dat gemeenskappe geneig is om vroue as swakker en afhanlik van mans te sien. Wetgewing op die regte van vroue word deur vele mans as ‘n uidaging van hul legitieme superioriteit, ten op sigte van vroue, gesien. Vroue wat dus onafhanklikheid in hul verhoudings probeer uitoefen, word as bedreigings gesien en geweld word gebruik om hulle “in hul plek te hou”. Die Suid-Afrikaanse kriminele regstelsel het al vordering gemaak in terme van die beskerming van vroue teen GGG, maar mites, stereotipes en sosiale konvensies belemmer steeds die volle gang van die gereg. Die staat het in die verlede die private sfeer as buite sy jurisdiksie gesien. Die openbare/private sfeer digotomie bied uitdagings vir staatsregulering en vir die implementering van regulasies , en dit word veral duidelik in die geval van huishoudelike geweld. Daar word aangevoer dat aangesien GGG in die private sfeer plaasvind, dit onsigbaar bly. Hierdie navorsing het egter bevind dat GGG in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks dikwels in die openbare gemeenskapsfeer (deur diegene in die onmiddelike omgewing) opgemerk word, omdat baie mense in Suid-Afrika informele nedersettings woon.Hierdie navorsing het verder bevind dat ‘n GGG raamwerk vir menslike veiligheid ontwikkel moet word wat diegene wat die gevolge van GGG dra insluit. Indien vroue nie spesifiek as navorsingssubjekte geag word nie, bly faktore wat hulle spesifiek beïnvloed onsigbaar. Dit is belangrik dat analise van menslike insekuriteit begin om die omstandighede van vrouens se lewens in ag te neem. Vroue in Suid-Afrika leef in hoogs traumatiese omstandighede. In die bestryding van GGG is dit belangrik dat die slagoffers van GGG in ag geneem word en dat dit hulle toelaat om dit duidelik te maak wat hulle onveilig laat voel. Die skep van menslike veiligheid vereis dat bedreigings wat bydra tot GGG, naamlik armoede, geslagstereotipes en vooroordeel , ook aangespreek word. GGG in Suid-Afrika het ‘n epidemie geword, en plaas ‘n permanente beperking op vroue se lewens. Dit het ook ‘n blywende impak op die samelewing as ‘n geheel. Die veiligheid van die staat rus op die veiligheid van vroue. Solank as wat die staat versuim om GGG te bekamp en as ‘n ernstigge misdaad te erken, en vroue nie die beskerming van die staat geniet nie, is daar ‘n hoër moontlikheid vir die gebruik van geweld deur die staat teen sy eie burgers op ‘n groter skaal.

The study aimed to investigate Human Security and Development: A Case of Diepsloot, extension 12 in Johannesburg. There are in total 30 participants who took part in the research, they were all living in this informal settlement. A case study design was used in conjunction with a qualitative research approach. Thirty (30) participants were identified using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through an interview guide on their human security and development. The interviews were also recorded. A thematic analysis was used to extract the essence from the data as it emphasises identifying, analysing and interpreting patterns of meaning within qualitative data and presenting the findings according to themes supported by quotes. The research findings demonstrate that the residents of Diepsloot, extension 12, were not provided with human security and opportunities to promote development. The South African government claims to provide service delivery to its citizens in support of the objective of the government’s National Development Plan (NDP) to eradicate poverty by 2030. Yet, the study proved that inhabitants of the Diepsloot settlement were in dire need of support and job opportunities to upgrade their living conditions. The study recommends that: Human security and development should be the government’s priority, focussing on the implementation of development policies, especially in informal settlements / Lesifundvolucwaningo sihlose kuphenya Kuvikeleka Kweluntfu Nentfutfuko: Sehlakalolucwaningo saseDiepsloot Extension 12 eJozi. Linani selilonkhe lalabangenela lolucwaningo bebangu-30; bonkhe bebahlala eDiepsloot Extension 12, lokuyindzawo lehlala bantfu lekangahleleki eJozi. Lesifundvolucwaningo lesehlakalo sisetjentiswe ngekuhlanganisa nendlela yelizingasimo. Kwakhetfwa labatawungenela lolucwaningo labangu-30 ngekusebentisa kukhetsa emasamphula ngenhloso. Kwasetjentiswa inkhombandlela yekwenta i-inthaviyu kute kubanjwe ema-inthaviyu lasakuhleleka nalabo labangenele lolucwaningo. Lama-inthaviyu bekagcile ekuvikelekeni kweluntfu nentfutfuko, futsi arekhodwa. Kwasetjentiswa luhlatiyo ngekwengcikitsi kutfola bunjalo kuleyo datha. Kwakugcilwe ekuboneni, ekuhlatiyeni nasekuhumusheni emaphethini enshokutsi kuleyo datha yelizingasimo, kanye nekwetfula loko lokutfoliwe ngekulandzela tingcikitsi letesekelwa ticashunwa. Lokutfolwe ngulolucwaningo kuveta kutsi bahlali baseDiepsloot Extension 12 bebanganikwa kuvikeleka kweluntfu kanye nematfuba langagcugcutela intfutfuko yabo. Hulumende waseNingizimu Afrika utitjela kutsi yena unika takhamuti tawo tinsita ekwesekeleni inhloso yeLisu lakhe Lavelonkhe Lentfutfuko (i-NDP) kute kucedvwe buphuya nga-2030. Nanome kunjalo, lesifundvolucwaningo siveta kutsi bahlali basendzweni lengakahleli yaseDiepsloot badzinga kakhulu kwesekelwa kanye nematfuba emisebenti kute bente ncono timo tabo tekuphila.Lesifundvolucwaningo sincoma kutsi kuvikeleka kweluntfu kanye nentfutfuko kufanele kutsi kube tintfo hulumende latibeka embili kutsi utawucala ngato atente; kanye nekutsi kugcilwe ekufezekiseni tinchubomgomo tentfutfuko, ikakhulu etindzaweni letihlala bantfu letingakahleleki / Esi sifundo sajolisa ukuphanda Ukhuseleko Nophuhliso Loluntu: Imeko yase D Diepsloot Extension 12 eRhawutini (Human Security and Development: A Case of Diepsloot Extension 12 in Johannesburg). Bangama-30 abantu abathatha inxaxheba kolu phando; bonke abehlala eDiepsloot Extension 12, indawo yokuhlala engekho sesikweni Rhawutini. Kwasetyenziswa uyilo lophando lwesifundo esingumzekelo kunye nendlela yophando ngokuphonononga izimvo (ukuzathuza). Kwachongwa ngononophelo isampulu yabathathi nxaxheba abangama-30. Kwasetyenziswa isikhokelo sodliwano ndlebe ekuqhubeni iindliwano ndlebe ezingaqingqwanga nabathathi nxaxheba. Iindliwano ndlebe zagxininisa kukhuseleko nophuhliso loluntu kwaye zashicilelwa njengengxelo. Kwasetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwemixholo ukuze kuhluzwe ingxam/undoqo womcimbi kwidatha. Kwakugxininiswe ekuchongeni, ekuhlalutyeni nasekutolikeni iipatheni zeentsingiselo kwidatha yozathuzo, nasekunikezeleni okufunyanisiweyo gokwemixholo exhaswa kokucatshuliweyo. Okufunyaniswe kuphando kwadiza ukuba abemi baseDiepsloot extension 12 abanamathuba okhuseleko anokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwabo. URhulumente woMzantsi Afrika uthi unikezela ngeenkonzo zoluntu kubemi bakhe ngeenjongo zokuxhasa iCebo Lophuhliso Likazwelonke (iNational Development Plan - NDP) ukuze uthi ufika owama-2030 kube kupheliswe tu ubuhlwempu. Noxa kunjalo, olu phando lububungqina bokuba abemi baseDiepsloot badinga ngamandla inkxaso namathuba emisebenzi ukuze baphucule iimeko zabo zentlalo. Esi sifundo siphakamisa ukuba ukhuseleko nophuhliso loluntu ibe yimiba esentloko kulungiselelo karhulumente; kwaye kufuneka kugxininiswe ekusetyenzisweni kweenkqubo zophuhliso, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezingekho sesikweni. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development studies)