Titel: Vad vet 13-åringar om hållbar utveckling, en intervjustudie med elever i årskurs sex. Hållbar utveckling (HUT) innefattar de sociala-, ekologiska- och ekonomiska dimensionerna, vilket har gjort att hela samhället i dag berörs av hållbarhetsfrågor. Forskningen pekar på vikten av att ge kommande generationer möjligheter att möta hållbarhetsfrågorna på ett effektivt sätt. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vad trettonåringar vet om hållbar utveckling. Vi intervjuade 22 elever i tre olika skolor varav en skola har fått utnämningen en skola för HUT. Vi delade in vårt material från våra intervjuer i tre kategorier av uppfattningar. En av kategorierna har fått rubriken att bevara jorden som den är för kommande generationer. En annan kategori har rubricerats, konkreta miljöfrågor. Den tredje kategorin har fått rubriken sociala dimensioner. Undersökningen visar att trettonåringars uppfattningar skiljer sig åt om vad de vet om HUT. En del av eleverna ser kopplingen mellan HUT och miljön. Andra tänker långsiktigt och menar att vi måste tänka på kommande generationer när det gäller våra naturtillgångar medan en annan grupp av elever tänker på hur andra människor har det i andra delar av världen. Den största påverkanseffekten på de här eleverna tycks föräldrarna ha haft. De uttrycker att skolan inte i så hög grad påverkat dem i deras förhållningssätt till HUT. Genom vår undersökning kan vi dra slutsatser om att frågorna om HUT bör få en framskjuten roll i skolan. Detta för att eleverna skall förstå vikten av de egna handlingarna och att de spelar en stor roll för kommande generationer.

N-body problems encompass a variety of fields such as electrostatics, molecularbiology and astrophysics. If there are N particles in the system, the brute force algorithmfor these problems based on particle-particle interaction takes O(N2), whichis clearly expensive for large values of N. There have been some approximation algorithmslike the Barnes-Hut Method and the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) proposedfor these problems to reduce the complexity. However, the applicability of these algorithmsare limited to operators with analytic multipole expansions or restricted tosimulations involving low accuracy. The shortcoming of N-body treecodes are moreevident for particles in motion where the movement of the particles are not consideredwhen evaluating the potential. If the displacement of the particles are small, thenupdating the multipole coefficients for all the nodes in the tree may not be requiredfor computing the potential to a reasonable accuracy. This study focuses on some ofthe limitations of the existing approximation schemes and presents new algorithmsthat can be used for N-body simulations to efficiently compute potentials and forces.In the case of electrostatics, existing algorithms use Cartesian coordinates to evaluatethe potentials of the form r−, where 1. The use of such coordinates toseparate the variables results in cumbersome expressions and does not exploit the inherent spherical symmetry found in these kernels. For such potentials, we providea new multipole expansion series and construct a method which is asymptoticallysuperior than the current treecodes. The advantage of this expansion series is furtherdemonstrated by an algorithm that can compute the forces to the desired accuracy.For particles in motion, we introduce a new method in which we retain the multipolecoefficients when performing multipole updates (to the parent nodes) at every timestep. This results in considerable savings in time while maintaining the accuracy. Wefurther illustrate the efficiency of our algorithms through numerical experiments.

N-body problems encompass a variety of fields such as electrostatics, molecularbiology and astrophysics. If there are N particles in the system, the brute force algorithmfor these problems based on particle-particle interaction takes O(N2), whichis clearly expensive for large values of N. There have been some approximation algorithmslike the Barnes-Hut Method and the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) proposedfor these problems to reduce the complexity. However, the applicability of these algorithmsare limited to operators with analytic multipole expansions or restricted tosimulations involving low accuracy. The shortcoming of N-body treecodes are moreevident for particles in motion where the movement of the particles are not consideredwhen evaluating the potential. If the displacement of the particles are small, thenupdating the multipole coefficients for all the nodes in the tree may not be requiredfor computing the potential to a reasonable accuracy. This study focuses on some ofthe limitations of the existing approximation schemes and presents new algorithmsthat can be used for N-body simulations to efficiently compute potentials and forces.In the case of electrostatics, existing algorithms use Cartesian coordinates to evaluatethe potentials of the form r−, where 1. The use of such coordinates toseparate the variables results in cumbersome expressions and does not exploit the inherent spherical symmetry found in these kernels. For such potentials, we providea new multipole expansion series and construct a method which is asymptoticallysuperior than the current treecodes. The advantage of this expansion series is furtherdemonstrated by an algorithm that can compute the forces to the desired accuracy.For particles in motion, we introduce a new method in which we retain the multipolecoefficients when performing multipole updates (to the parent nodes) at every timestep. This results in considerable savings in time while maintaining the accuracy. Wefurther illustrate the efficiency of our algorithms through numerical experiments.

Hans Hut has usually been considered a revolutionary chiliast who stirred up the South German peasants against the civil and religious authorities. Because he was associated with the Anabaptists the last year and a half of his life the character of Anabaptism and its relation to Protestantism have been called into question. My task has been to determine from Hut's tracts and confessions and from the testimonies of his friends and enemies what Hut taught in the general areas of church and state. In studying the origins of his teachings it was necessary to consider the influence of two men: Thomas Muentzer, a Spiritualist and leader in the Peasants' Revolt, and Hans Denok, a Humanist scholar and partner in the South German Anabaptist movement. Tracing Hut's influence on the South German Anabaptist movement from 1526 to 1531 involved a study of the writings of Ambrosius Spittelmayr, Austrian university student from Linz, Hans Schlaffer, former Catholic priest from Upper Austria, Leonhard Schiemer, student for the priesthood in Vienna and Franciscan monk for six years, Wolfgang Brandhuber, pastor at Linz; Peter Ridemann, shoemaker from Silesia, Leupold Scharnschlager, a teacher from the Tyrol, Jörg Probst Rothenfelder, a painter from Switzerland, and Pilgram Marpeck, a civil engineer from the Tyrol. Hut conceived of the church as a covenant community of disciples following after Christ, going the way of the cross and suffering, baptized on confession of faith, practicing sharing of goods, and sent to preach the Gospel to all men. Hut was convinced that Christ would soon return to establish His Kingdom and bring the world to an end; until then obedience to the authorities was expected of all Christians. Although the influence of Thomas Muentzer on Hut can be traced in common terminology and some teachings about the Christian life, he did not cause Hut to take a revolutionary position once he took up the cause of Anabaptism. Hut's view of discipleship, the covenant, and the nature of the church are quite foreign to Muentzer. Hans Denck's contribution to the Anabaptist movement lay in his struggle with, and clarification of some of the theological presuppositions of Anabaptism. Denck was concerned about the problems of man’s free will and God's sovereignty, the relationship of the ceremonies of Old and New Testament, the role of the Spirit and faith in understanding the Scriptures, and the tension between sin and righteousness, law and Gospel, love and discipleship, church and world. Hut's concern about the nature of the church and its missionary task did not contradict with Denck's teachings so the two men were able to cooperate as co-founders of the South German Anabaptist movement. When Hut's eschatology caused friction he agreed to refrain from propagating his ideas. Through his influence on Hans Schlaffer, Wolfgang Brandhuber, and Peter Ridemann, Hut contributed to the origins and the teachings of the Moravian Anabaptists, later called Hutterian Brethren. Hut's emphasis on community and sharing prepared the soil for communal living and Christian communism. His concept of the missionary apostolate was carried on more effectively by the Hutterites than any other Anabaptists of the sixteenth century. Hut's general view of discipleship and the nature of the church are also reflected in Hutterite writing and practice. Hut's influence on Leonhard Sohiemer and, through him and other apostles, on Pilgram Marpeck and Leupold Scharnschlager contributed to the origins and teachings of the South German Anabaptist movement that centered in Strassburg and Augsburg. The common position (Gemeindetheoiogie) represented by South German Anabaptist codices makes it difficult to determine who is responsible for specific Anabaptist ideas and concepts but since Hut was one of the earliest writers and leaders of the South German brotherhood it is not out of question to suggest that the items which appeared first in his writings arid reappear in later writings, constitute part of his contribution to the South German Anabaptist movement. Among these are his emphasis on the covenant, on suffering and the cross, on rebirth, the imminent return of Christ, and the need for unity in the church. Hut's teachings challenged the totalitarian character of church and state in his day and contributed, on the one hand, to the crumbling of the corpus christianum, and on the other hand, to the erection of the principles of the separation of church and state and religious freedom. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

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Tree-based methods have wide applications for solving large-scale problems in electromagnetics, astrophysics, quantum chemistry, fluid mechanics, acoustics, and many more areas. This thesis focuses on their applicability for solving large-scale problems in electromagnetics. The Barnes-Hut (BH) algorithm and the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) are introduced along with a survey of important previous work. The required theory for applying those methods to problems in electromagnetics is presented with particular emphasis on the capacitance extraction problem and broadband full-wave scattering. A novel single source approximation is introduced for approximating clusters of electrostatic sources in multi-layered media. The approximation is derived by matching the spectra of the field in the vicinity of the stationary phase point. Combined with the BH algorithm, a new algorithm is shown to be an efficient method for evaluating electrostatic fields in multilayered media. Specifically, the new BH algorithm is well suited for fast capacitance extraction. The BH algorithm is also adapted to the scalar Helmholtz kernel by using the same methodology to derive an accurate single source approximation. The result is a fast algorithm that is suitable for accelerating the solution of the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) for electrically small structures. Finally, a new version of FMM is presented that is stable and efficient from the low frequency regime to mid-range frequencies. By applying analytical derivatives to the field expansions at the observation points, the proposed method can rapidly evaluate vectorial kernels that arise in the FMM-accelerated solution of EFIE, the Magnetic Field Integral Equation (MFIE), and the Combined Field Integral Equation (CFIE).

Tree-based methods have wide applications for solving large-scale problems in electromagnetics, astrophysics, quantum chemistry, fluid mechanics, acoustics, and many more areas. This thesis focuses on their applicability for solving large-scale problems in electromagnetics. The Barnes-Hut (BH) algorithm and the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) are introduced along with a survey of important previous work. The required theory for applying those methods to problems in electromagnetics is presented with particular emphasis on the capacitance extraction problem and broadband full-wave scattering. A novel single source approximation is introduced for approximating clusters of electrostatic sources in multi-layered media. The approximation is derived by matching the spectra of the field in the vicinity of the stationary phase point. Combined with the BH algorithm, a new algorithm is shown to be an efficient method for evaluating electrostatic fields in multilayered media. Specifically, the new BH algorithm is well suited for fast capacitance extraction. The BH algorithm is also adapted to the scalar Helmholtz kernel by using the same methodology to derive an accurate single source approximation. The result is a fast algorithm that is suitable for accelerating the solution of the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) for electrically small structures. Finally, a new version of FMM is presented that is stable and efficient from the low frequency regime to mid-range frequencies. By applying analytical derivatives to the field expansions at the observation points, the proposed method can rapidly evaluate vectorial kernels that arise in the FMM-accelerated solution of EFIE, the Magnetic Field Integral Equation (MFIE), and the Combined Field Integral Equation (CFIE).

I set out to learn something basic about architecture, something foundational on which to situate the conceptual and rhetorical exercises played within the studio. In settings both academic and professional I had been encouraged to reduce my study of architecture to a cerebral and retinal game of sorts played out via ever-increasingly seductive imagery. It seemed apparent that in order to think about architecture I should have been involved in an act of architecture. My intentions, albeit naïve, were to engage architecture on its own terms, through its own medium, to return to first principles, if there ever were any, and to acquire a form of embodied architectural knowledge inseparable from its material becoming. There was no amount of hypothesizing, theorizing, no amount of digital sophistication that could supplant the basic educational experience gained from involving myself with real materials, in a real place, with a fully engaged being. With this in mind I journeyed into Ontario’s North, with little more than a hammer and saw and a desire for experience, that most brutal of teachers. I would engage in a basic act of building as a method of acquiring a deeper understanding of the subject I had been studying for several years yet whose essence I felt I knew very little about. The resultant document, informed by traditions of the primitive hut, records a journey towards architectural embodiment; it resides as an argument for the reintroduction of embodied forms of learning into the education of the architect.

The assimilation process to produce daily Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) maps is modified by using Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) snow emission model and AMSR-E passive microwave data. The characteristics of HUT emission model is analyzed in-depth and discussed with respects to the extinction coefficient function. A new extinction coefficient function for the HUT model is proposed for snow over mountainous areas. Performance of the modified model is checked against original and other modified cases against ground truth data covering 2003-2007 winter periods. A new approach to calculate grain size and density is integrated inside the developed data assimilation process. An extensive validation is successfully carried out by means of snow data measured at ground stations during 2008-2010 winter periods. Validation results were less satisfactory for SWE smaller than 75.0 mm and greater than 200.0 mm. Overestimation is especially observed for stations located below 1750.0 m elevation where SWE is less than 75.0 mm. Applied methodology is fine tuned to improve its performance for shallow snow depths observed below 1750 m elevation using a relationship that integrates 10.7 GHz channel data. But an underestimation for SWE greater than 150 mm could not beresolved due to microwave signal saturation that is expected in dense snowpack.

I set out to learn something basic about architecture, something foundational on which to situate the conceptual and rhetorical exercises played within the studio. In settings both academic and professional I had been encouraged to reduce my study of architecture to a cerebral and retinal game of sorts played out via ever-increasingly seductive imagery. It seemed apparent that in order to think about architecture I should have been involved in an act of architecture. My intentions, albeit naïve, were to engage architecture on its own terms, through its own medium, to return to first principles, if there ever were any, and to acquire a form of embodied architectural knowledge inseparable from its material becoming. There was no amount of hypothesizing, theorizing, no amount of digital sophistication that could supplant the basic educational experience gained from involving myself with real materials, in a real place, with a fully engaged being. With this in mind I journeyed into Ontario’s North, with little more than a hammer and saw and a desire for experience, that most brutal of teachers. I would engage in a basic act of building as a method of acquiring a deeper understanding of the subject I had been studying for several years yet whose essence I felt I knew very little about. The resultant document, informed by traditions of the primitive hut, records a journey towards architectural embodiment; it resides as an argument for the reintroduction of embodied forms of learning into the education of the architect.