Over the years, organizations have seen fit to adopt the use of agile systems development methodologies (ASDMs) because of the benefits that they offer, such as flexibility and the ability to deliver products faster, in constantly changing environments. When ASDMs are used in projects, they are made to fit or be suitable for a project‟s unique aspects, such as its size, requirements, scope and outcomes. This is known as the contingent use of ASDMs. Little is known about the contingent use of ASDMs in South African organizations. It is not known whether it is happening, its procedure and its success. It is important to know this because quality and control need to be maintained in systems produced. There is always a danger that the benefits of using a system development methodology (SDM) would be lost if ASDMs are highly adapted. This led to an investigation of three organizations in South Africa that use contingent ASDMs. With the help of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and documents, data was collected that was analysed, using the tool ATLAS.ti, and the analysis methods content and cross-case analysis. It was found that some South African organizations in the telecommunications, consulting, technological, outsourcing and agricultural sectors use ASDMs in combination with the still popular waterfall SDM. Compatibility between the SDM and the project is a factor in some organizations. Scrum was cited to be the ASDM that was used in some of the organizations interviewed due to its maturity. They make ASDMs contingent by using aspects in the methods, such as Scrum, that are useful for their unique projects. These aspects are in some cases combined with other SDMs to form hybrid methodologies. Some organizations use criteria, such as project needs, outcomes, size and complexity to make ASDMs contingent. Some organizations have measures and facilities in place to manage, monitor, control and document the process used to make ASDMs contingent. They make use of contingent ASDMs as they have experienced more success with them and they will continue to do so. / Thesis (MCom (Computer Science & Information Systems))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Over the years, organizations have seen fit to adopt the use of agile systems development methodologies (ASDMs) because of the benefits that they offer, such as flexibility and the ability to deliver products faster, in constantly changing environments. When ASDMs are used in projects, they are made to fit or be suitable for a project‟s unique aspects, such as its size, requirements, scope and outcomes. This is known as the contingent use of ASDMs. Little is known about the contingent use of ASDMs in South African organizations. It is not known whether it is happening, its procedure and its success. It is important to know this because quality and control need to be maintained in systems produced. There is always a danger that the benefits of using a system development methodology (SDM) would be lost if ASDMs are highly adapted. This led to an investigation of three organizations in South Africa that use contingent ASDMs. With the help of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and documents, data was collected that was analysed, using the tool ATLAS.ti, and the analysis methods content and cross-case analysis. It was found that some South African organizations in the telecommunications, consulting, technological, outsourcing and agricultural sectors use ASDMs in combination with the still popular waterfall SDM. Compatibility between the SDM and the project is a factor in some organizations. Scrum was cited to be the ASDM that was used in some of the organizations interviewed due to its maturity. They make ASDMs contingent by using aspects in the methods, such as Scrum, that are useful for their unique projects. These aspects are in some cases combined with other SDMs to form hybrid methodologies. Some organizations use criteria, such as project needs, outcomes, size and complexity to make ASDMs contingent. Some organizations have measures and facilities in place to manage, monitor, control and document the process used to make ASDMs contingent. They make use of contingent ASDMs as they have experienced more success with them and they will continue to do so. / Thesis (MCom (Computer Science & Information Systems))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Com o aumento recente na demanda de soluções inovadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnológica, as organizações têm enfrentado o desafio de desenvolver novos modelos de negócio em um espaço de tempo cada vez menor, necessitando de agilidade e flexibilidade na condução de seus projetos para se posicionar neste novo cenário econômico. Entretanto, nem sempre é possível a adoção do gerenciamento ágil de maneira purista devido ao ambiente organizacional e aos aspectos regulatórios específicos de alguns setores. Para introduzir essas práticas em seus ambientes, algumas organizações optam por combinar práticas das abordagens ágil e tradicional para adaptar a metodologia de gestão de projetos às necessidades de seus contextos, dando origem ao termo gerenciamento híbrido de projetos. Todavia, apesar de existirem estudos na literatura que proponham modelos mesclando práticas de ambas as abordagens para atender necessidades de contextos específicos, não são encontrados estudos que discutam o papel estratégico do gerenciamento híbrido como vetor para a prospecção de novos negócios e o desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços baseados em tecnologia. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar os principais benefícios e desafios decorrentes da aplicação do gerenciamento híbrido nas organizações para viabilizar estratégias e estabelecer novos modelos negócios em projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnológica. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre gerenciamento híbrido de projetos e cinco estudos de caso em empresas de diferentes setores econômicos, que permitiram identificar as características do gerenciamento híbrido no âmbito teórico e prático, discutir seu papel em auxiliar as organizações a adaptar seus projetos aos novos modelos de negócio presentes no mercado. Além disso, os resultados obtidos também permitiram identificar as vantagens e desvantagens do gerenciamento híbrido nesses contextos, possibilitando assim estabelecer recomendações e critérios para avaliar quando é necessária a aplicação desse tipo de abordagem em projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnologia. / With the recent increase on demand for innovative solutions in the development of technology-based products and services, organizations have faced the challenge of developing new business models in an increasingly shorter time frame. However, these organizations need agility and flexibility to conducting their projects for position themselves in these new strategic scenarios in the markets. In this context, it is not always possible to adopt a purely agile project management model because of issues related to the organizational environment and the specific regulatory aspects to some business segments, and, therefore, to introduce agile management on environments that are incompatible with the practices of this type of approach, it is necessary to customize and combine the practices of the agile and traditional approaches to construct a management methodology adapted to the reality and the needs of the context, leading to the hybrid project management approach. Although there are studies in the literature that propose hybrid project management models and discuss the need to combine project management practices in certain contexts, no studies are found that explore and discuss the strategic role of hybrid management for organizations in prospecting new business models. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the main benefits and challenges arising from the application of hybrid project management approaches in organizations to enable strategies and establish new business models in technology-based product and service development projects. For this, a systematic review of the literature on hybrid project management and five case studies were carried out in companies from different economic sectors that allowed the identification of hybridity characteristics in the theoretical and practical scope, to analyze how hybrid project management assists organizations to introduce the agility in their projects and adapt them to the new business models, as well as presenting the advantages and disadvantages in the application of hybridity and identify when it is necessary to apply this type of approach in projects that develop technology-based products and services .

Com o aumento recente na demanda de soluções inovadoras no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnológica, as organizações têm enfrentado o desafio de desenvolver novos modelos de negócio em um espaço de tempo cada vez menor, necessitando de agilidade e flexibilidade na condução de seus projetos para se posicionar neste novo cenário econômico. Entretanto, nem sempre é possível a adoção do gerenciamento ágil de maneira purista devido ao ambiente organizacional e aos aspectos regulatórios específicos de alguns setores. Para introduzir essas práticas em seus ambientes, algumas organizações optam por combinar práticas das abordagens ágil e tradicional para adaptar a metodologia de gestão de projetos às necessidades de seus contextos, dando origem ao termo gerenciamento híbrido de projetos. Todavia, apesar de existirem estudos na literatura que proponham modelos mesclando práticas de ambas as abordagens para atender necessidades de contextos específicos, não são encontrados estudos que discutam o papel estratégico do gerenciamento híbrido como vetor para a prospecção de novos negócios e o desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços baseados em tecnologia. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar os principais benefícios e desafios decorrentes da aplicação do gerenciamento híbrido nas organizações para viabilizar estratégias e estabelecer novos modelos negócios em projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnológica. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre gerenciamento híbrido de projetos e cinco estudos de caso em empresas de diferentes setores econômicos, que permitiram identificar as características do gerenciamento híbrido no âmbito teórico e prático, discutir seu papel em auxiliar as organizações a adaptar seus projetos aos novos modelos de negócio presentes no mercado. Além disso, os resultados obtidos também permitiram identificar as vantagens e desvantagens do gerenciamento híbrido nesses contextos, possibilitando assim estabelecer recomendações e critérios para avaliar quando é necessária a aplicação desse tipo de abordagem em projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços de base tecnologia. / With the recent increase on demand for innovative solutions in the development of technology-based products and services, organizations have faced the challenge of developing new business models in an increasingly shorter time frame. However, these organizations need agility and flexibility to conducting their projects for position themselves in these new strategic scenarios in the markets. In this context, it is not always possible to adopt a purely agile project management model because of issues related to the organizational environment and the specific regulatory aspects to some business segments, and, therefore, to introduce agile management on environments that are incompatible with the practices of this type of approach, it is necessary to customize and combine the practices of the agile and traditional approaches to construct a management methodology adapted to the reality and the needs of the context, leading to the hybrid project management approach. Although there are studies in the literature that propose hybrid project management models and discuss the need to combine project management practices in certain contexts, no studies are found that explore and discuss the strategic role of hybrid management for organizations in prospecting new business models. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the main benefits and challenges arising from the application of hybrid project management approaches in organizations to enable strategies and establish new business models in technology-based product and service development projects. For this, a systematic review of the literature on hybrid project management and five case studies were carried out in companies from different economic sectors that allowed the identification of hybridity characteristics in the theoretical and practical scope, to analyze how hybrid project management assists organizations to introduce the agility in their projects and adapt them to the new business models, as well as presenting the advantages and disadvantages in the application of hybridity and identify when it is necessary to apply this type of approach in projects that develop technology-based products and services .

Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation, la modélisation et l'analyse des phénomènes de «Pulling» et de «Pushing» dans les systèmes de boucles à verrouillage de phase (PLL), utilisant une approche globale où les effets de couplages électromagnétiques aux différents niveaux d'intégration (niveau puce, niveau assemblage, niveau report sur PCB) sont pris en compte de manière distribuée. L'approche de modélisation adopte une méthodologie hybride où l'analyse des couplages électromagnétiques combinée à des schémas équivalents large-bande (compatibles avec les modèles de composants actifs disponibles dans les librairies) est couplée à des représentations comportementales dynamiques. Les représentations comportementales développées permettent de capturer des effets de non-linéarités tant au niveau composant (caractéristique non-linéaire des Varicap en fonction des tensions de contrôle) qu'au niveau block de fonction (gain KVCO non uniforme de l'oscillateur contrôlé en tension (VCO) en fonction de la fréquence).Cette méthodologie hybride permet l'évaluation d'effets compétitifs résultant de phénomènes de «pulling» et de «Pushing» au niveau de la puce (influence de la PLL, effets de l'amplificateur de puissance, intégrité des alimentations ou distribution des références de masse, etc.) , et des distorsions induites par des éléments extérieurs à la puce (exemple de composants sur PCB : Filtre SAW, capacités de découplages, réseaux d'adaptation).L'approche proposée est utilisée pour l'étude et la conception de deux types de circuits développés par NXP-semi-conducteurs pour des applications liées à la sécurité automobile (PLL fonctionnant aux alentours de 1.736GHz) et à la réception satellitaire (PLL de faible consommation fonctionnant à 9.75/10.6 GHz pour les circuits LNB).Les résultats de modélisation obtenus sont validés par corrélations avec les données expérimentales et par comparaison avec les résultats obtenus de différents outils (ADS Harmonic- Balance/Transient de Agilent, Spectre de Cadence / This thesis work focuses on characterization, modeling and analysis of «Pulling» and «Pushing» phenomena in Phase Locked Loops (PLL) based on a global approach where distributed effects of electromagnetic couplings at different integration levels (chip-level, assembly-level, board or PCB-level) are taken into account. The modeling approach adopts a hybrid methodology where the analysis of electromagnetic couplings combined with broadband equivalent circuit synthesis (compatible with library models of active components) is coupled with dynamic behavioral representations. The derived behavioral representations properly capture the effects of nonlinearities both at component scale (non-linear characteristic of varicap as function of control voltages) and at function block level (non-uniform gain KVCO of VCO circuits depending on frequency).The hybrid methodology renders possible the assessment of competitive effects resulting from «Pulling» and «Pushing» phenomena at chip level (influence of the PLL, effects of the power amplifier, power integrity, or ground reference distribution, etc..), and the distortions induced by components external to the chip at package and board levels (such as components on PCB: SAW filters, decoupling capacitors, matching networks).The proposed approach is used for the study and design of two types of circuits developed by NXP- Semiconductors, for applications related to automotive security and immobilization (an RF low power transceiver Integrated Circuit (PLL running around 1.763GHz), and to satellite receiver (PLL operating at low power for LNB circuits working at 9.75/10.6 GHz).The obtained modeling results are validated by correlation with experimental data and by comparison with different time-domain and frequency-domain simulation tools results (ADS-Harmonic Balance, ADS-Shooting solutions, Cadence-Spectre)