L’objectif principal de ce travail est de développer une stratégie de gestion optimale afin d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique des véhicules hybrides. Ces travaux comportent une partie analyse expérimentale de la mobilité, une partie modélisation numérique et une partie optimisation de la stratégie de gestion énergétique. L’étude de la mobilité a permis de mettre en avant et de quantifier la prédictibilité des trajets, dus à une forte mobilité contrainte. La modélisation dynamique du véhicule, nécessaire à l’étude de stratégie, a été réalisée par Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) qui est une bonne méthode pour ce type d’étude. La stratégie proposée est basée sur le contrôle prédictif (MPC), résolu par une méthode de Programmation Quadratique, et mis en place en s’appuyant sur la prédiction de cycle issu de l’étude expérimentale. Les perspectives d’améliorations de ces travaux se situent au niveau de la consolidation de la base de données, et du niveau de modélisation de la batterie (impact de la thermique et du vieillissement) et du moteur thermique (prise en compte des polluants). / The main objective of this work is to develop an optimal management strategy to improve energetic efficiency of hybrid electric vehicle. This work is composed by a mobility experimental analysis part, a numerical modelization part and an optimization part of the energy management strategy. The study of mobility allow to highligth and quantify the predictibility of trips, due to a constraint mobility.The dynamic modelling of the vehicle which is necesary to study perfomance of strategies, was realized by Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) which is a good methode in this case. The proposed strategy is based on the predictive control (MPC), solve by a method of Programming Quadratic, and set up resting on the cycle prediction determined from the experimental study. The perspectives of improvements of these work are consolidation of the database, and improvement of the battery modelling (imcluding thermal and ageing effects) and of the thermal engine (taken into account by some pollutants).

The purpose of the present study is to determine the thermal feasibility of an air-cooled power inverter. The inverter circuitry layout is designed in tandem with the thermal management of the devices. The cylindrical configuration of the air-cooled inverter concept accommodates a collinear axial air blower and a cylindrical capacitor with inverter cards oriented radially between them. Cooling air flows from the axial fan around the inverter cards and through the center hole of the cylindrical capacitor. The present study is a continuation of the thermal feasibility study conducted in fiscal year 2009 for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to design a power inverter with a radial inflow cylindrical configuration. Results in the present study are obtained by modeling the inverter concept in computer simulations using the finite element method. Air flow rate, ambient air temperature, voltage, and device switching frequency are studied parametrically. Inlet air temperature was 50°C for all the results reported. Transient and steady-state simulations are based on inverter current that represents the US06 supplemental federal test procedure from the US EPA. The source of heat to the system comes from the power dissipated in the form of heat from the switches and diodes and is modeled as a function of the voltage, switching frequency, current, and device temperature. Since the device temperature is a result as well as an input variable, the steady-state and transient solution are iterative on this parameter. The results demonstrate the thermal feasibility of using air to cool an axial-flow power inverter. This axial inflow configuration decreases the pressure drop through the system by 63% over the radial inflow configuration, and the ideal blower power input for an inlet air flow rate of 540 cfm is reduced from 936 W to 312 W for the whole inverter. When the model is subject to one or multiple current cycles, the maximum device temperature does not exceed 164°F (327°F) for an inlet flow rate of 270 cfm, ambient temperature of 120°C, voltage of 650 V, and switching frequency of 20 kHz. Although the maximum temperature in one cycle is most sensitive to ambient temperature, the ambient temperature affect decays after approximately half the duration of one cycle. Of the parametric variables considered in the transient simulations, the system is most sensitive to inlet air flow rate.

Safety, performance and driving comforts are given high importance while developing modern day cars. All-Wheel Drive vehicles are exactly designed to fulfill such requirements. In modern times, human concern towards depleting fossil fuels and cognizance of ecological issues have led to new innovations in the field of Automotive engineering. One such outcome of the above process is the birth of electrical hybrid vehicles. The product under investigation is a combination of all wheel drive and hybrid system. A superior fuel economy can be achieved using hybrid system and optimized vehicle dynamic forces are accomplished by torque vectoring action which in turn provides All-Wheel Drive capabilities. Heat generation is inevitable whenever there is a conversion of energy from one form into another. In this master thesis investigation, a thermal simulation model for the product is built using 1D simulation tool AMESim and validation is done against the vehicle driving test data. AMESim tool was chosen for its proven track record related to vehicle thermal management. The vehicle CAN data are handled in MATLAB. In a nutshell, Simulation model accounts for heat generation sources, oil flow paths, power loss modeling and heat transfer phenomena. The final simulation model should be able to predict the transient temperature evolution in the rear drive when the speed and torque of motor is supplied as input. This simulation model can efficiently predict temperature patterns at various locations such as casing, motor inner parts as well as coolant at different places. Various driving cases were tried as input including harsh (high torque, low speed) ones. Simulation models like this helps Engineers in trying out new cooling strategies. Flow path optimization, flow rate, convection area, coolant pump controlling etc are the few variables worth mentioning in this regard.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicle (PHEV) technology has the potential to reduce operational costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and gasoline consumption in the transportation market. However, the net benefits of using a PHEV depend critically on several aspects, such as individual travel patterns, vehicle powertrain design and battery technology. To examine these effects, a multi-objective optimization model was developed integrating vehicle physics simulations through a Matlab/Simulink model, battery durability, and Canadian driving survey data. Moreover, all the drivetrains are controlled implicitly by the ADVISOR powertrain simulation and analysis tool. The simulated model identifies Pareto optimal vehicle powertrain configurations using a multi-objective Pareto front pursuing genetic algorithm by varying combinations of powertrain components and allocation of vehicles to consumers for the least operational cost, and powertrain cost under various driving assumptions. A sensitivity analysis over the foremost cost parameters is included in determining the robustness of the optimized solution of the simulated model in the presence of uncertainty. Here, a comparative study is also established between conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to PHEVs with equivalent optimized solutions, size and performance (similar to Toyota Prius) under both the urban and highway driving environments. In addition, breakeven point analysis is carried out that indicates PHEV lifecycle cost must fall within a few percent of CVs or HEVs to become both the environmentally friendly and cost-effective transportation solutions. Finally, PHEV classes (a platform with multiple powertrain architectures) are optimized taking into account consumer diversity over various classes of light-duty vehicle to investigate consumer-appropriate architectures and manufacturer opportunities for vehicle fleet development utilizing simplified techno-financial analysis. / Graduate / 0540 / 0548 / ehtesham@uvic.ca

Increasing debates over a gasoline independent future and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has led to a surge in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) being developed around the world. Due to the limited all-electric range of PHEVs, a daytime PHEV charging infrastructure will be required for most PHEVs’ daily usage. This dissertation, for the first time, presents a mixed integer mathematical programming model to solve the PHEV charging infrastructure planning (PCIP) problem. Our case study, based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) campus, produced encouraging results, indicates the viability of the modeling approach and substantiates the importance of considering both employee convenience and appropriate grid connections in the PCIP problem. Unfortunately, the classical optimization methods do not scale up well to larger practical problems. In order to effectively and efficiently attack larger PCIP problems, we develop a new MASTS based TS algorithm, PCIP-TS to solve the PCIP. The results from computational experiments for the ORNL campus problem establish the dominant supremacy of the PCIP-TS method both in terms of solution quality and computational time. Additional experiments with simulated data representative of a problem that might be faced by a small city show that PCIP-TS outperforms CPLEX based optimization. Once the charging infrastructure is in place, the immediate problem is to judiciously manage this system on a daily basis. This thesis formally develops a mixed integer linear program to solve the daily the energy management problem (DEM) faced by an organization and presented results of a case study performed for ORNL campus. The results from our case study, based on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) campus, are encouraging and substantiate the importance of controlled PHEV fleet charging and realizing V2G capabilities as opposed to uncontrolled charging methods. Although optimal solutions are obtained, the solver requires practically unacceptable computational times for larger problems. Hence, we develop a new MASTS based TS algorithm, DEM-TS, for the DEM models. Results for ORNL campus data set prove the dominant computational efficiency of the DEM-TS. For the simulated extended sized problems that resemble the complexity of a problem faced by a small city, the results prove that DEM-T not only achieves optimality, but also produces sets of multiple alternate optimal solutions. These could be very helpful in practical settings when alternate solutions are necessary because some solutions may not be deployable due to unforeseen circumstances. / text

Τα τελευταία 35 χρόνια έχει προκύψει ένα ενεργειακό πρόβλημα το οποίο μας επιβάλει να αλλάξουμε την ενεργειακή μας αντίληψη. Το πετρέλαιο αλλά και άλλα ορυκτά καύσιμα έχουν πεπερασμένα αποθέματα και η χρήση τους επιβαρύνει το περιβάλλον. Επίσης γεωπολιτικά συμφέροντα δεν επιτρέπουν την ανεμπόδιστη διανομή του. Μέσα σε αυτό το κλίμα της ενεργειακής απεξάρτησης από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα αναπτύσσονται τα τελευταία χρόνια τα υβριδικά οχήματα. Τα ηλεκτρικά υβριδικά οχήματα είναι ένα μεταβατικό στάδιο από την πετρελαιοκίνηση στην εξ’ ολοκλήρου κίνηση μέσω ηλεκτρισμού από ενεργειακές κυψέλες. Αποτελούνται από έναν συμβατικό κινητήρα εσωτερικής καύσης και μια ηλεκτρική μηχανή, η οποία τροφοδοτείται από συσσωρευτές. Τα υβριδικά οχήματα χωρίζονται σε διάφορες κατηγορίες ανάλογα με τις τεχνολογίες υβριδοποίησης που διαθέτουν και την διάταξη του ηλεκτρομηχανολογικού τους συστήματος. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας (η οποία είναι η συνέχεια δυο προηγούμενων) είναι η προσπάθεια κατασκευής ενός υβριδικού αυτοκινήτου. Για να γίνει αυτό εφικτό απαιτούνται, ένα όχημα το οποίο να μπορεί να δεχθεί εύκολα μηχανολογικές μετατροπές, ένας ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας και συσσωρευτές. Ο ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας ελέγχεται από έναν αντιστροφέα. Ο αντιστροφέας είναι μια ηλεκτρική συσκευή η οποία μετατρέπει το συνεχές ρεύμα των συσσωρευτών σε εναλλασσόμενο. Βασικό κομμάτι του αντιστροφέα είναι η λογική παλμοδότησής του. Ο αντιστροφέας που κατασκευάστηκε χρησιμοποιεί τον άμεσο έλεγχο ροπής, ο οποίος είναι ένα είδος άμεσου διανυσματικού ελέγχου που χρησιμοποιεί τον μετασχηματισμό Park. / Τα τελευταία 35 χρόνια έχει προκύψει ένα ενεργειακό πρόβλημα το οποίο μας επιβάλει να αλλάξουμε την ενεργειακή μας αντίληψη. Το πετρέλαιο αλλά και άλλα ορυκτά καύσιμα έχουν πεπερασμένα αποθέματα και η χρήση τους επιβαρύνει το περιβάλλον. Επίσης γεωπολιτικά συμφέροντα δεν επιτρέπουν την ανεμπόδιστη διανομή του. Μέσα σε αυτό το κλίμα της ενεργειακής απεξάρτησης από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα αναπτύσσονται τα τελευταία χρόνια τα υβριδικά οχήματα. Τα ηλεκτρικά υβριδικά οχήματα είναι ένα μεταβατικό στάδιο από την πετρελαιοκίνηση στην εξ’ ολοκλήρου κίνηση μέσω ηλεκτρισμού από ενεργειακές κυψέλες. Αποτελούνται από έναν συμβατικό κινητήρα εσωτερικής καύσης και μια ηλεκτρική μηχανή, η οποία τροφοδοτείται από συσσωρευτές. Τα υβριδικά οχήματα χωρίζονται σε διάφορες κατηγορίες ανάλογα με τις τεχνολογίες υβριδοποίησης που διαθέτουν και την διάταξη του ηλεκτρομηχανολογικού τους συστήματος. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας (η οποία είναι η συνέχεια δυο προηγούμενων) είναι η προσπάθεια κατασκευής ενός υβριδικού αυτοκινήτου. Για να γίνει αυτό εφικτό απαιτούνται, ένα όχημα το οποίο να μπορεί να δεχθεί εύκολα μηχανολογικές μετατροπές, ένας ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας και συσσωρευτές. Ο ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας ελέγχεται από έναν αντιστροφέα. Ο αντιστροφέας είναι μια ηλεκτρική συσκευή η οποία μετατρέπει το συνεχές ρεύμα των συσσωρευτών σε εναλλασσόμενο. Βασικό κομμάτι του αντιστροφέα είναι η λογική παλμοδότησής του. Ο αντιστροφέας που κατασκευάστηκε χρησιμοποιεί τον άμεσο έλεγχο ροπής, ο οποίος είναι ένα είδος άμεσου διανυσματικού ελέγχου που χρησιμοποιεί τον μετασχηματισμό Park.

Automotive industry is facing fundamental challenges due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, energy saving and environmental concerns. The need of sustainable energy development has motivated the research of energy reduction and renewable energy sources. Efficient use of energy in vehicle manufacturing is demanded, as well as an alternative energy source to replace gasoline powered engines. In this thesis, we introduce a case study at an automotive paint shop, where the largest amount of energy consumption of an automotive assembly plant takes place. Additionally, we present a summary of recent advances in the area of hybrid and electrical vehicles battery manufacturing, review commonly used battery technologies, their manufacturing processes, and related recycling and environmental issues. Our study shows that energy consumption in paint shops can be reduced substantially by selecting the appropriate repair capacity, reducing the number of repainted jobs and consuming less material and energy. Also, it is seen that considerable effort needs to be devoted to the development of batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles in the near future, which will make this area challenging and research opportunities promising.

A series hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle that is powered by both an engine and a battery pack. An electric motor provides all of the mechanical motive power to the transmission. Engine power is decoupled from the transmission by converting engine power into electricity which powers the electric motor. The mechanical decoupling of the engine from the transmission allows the engine to be run at any operating point (including off) during vehicle operation while the battery back supplies or consumes the remaining power. Therefore, the engine can be operated at its most efficient operating point or in a high-efficiency operating region. The first objective of this research is to develop a dynamic model of a series hybrid diesel-electric powertrain for implementation in Simulink. The vehicle of interest is a John Deere M-Gator utility vehicle. This model serves primarily to test energy management strategies, but it can also be used for component sizing given known load profiles for a vehicle. The second objective of this research is to develop and implement multiple energy management strategies of varying complexity from simple thermostat control to an optimal control law derived using dynamic programming. These energy management strategies are then tested and compared over the criteria of overall fuel efficiency, power availability, battery life, and complexity of implementation. Complexity of implementation is a critical metric for control designers and project managers. The results show that simple point-based control logic can improve upon thermostat control if engine efficiency maps are known. All control method results depend on the load profile being used for a specific application.

Two studies are presented quantifying the impact of plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) on power systems. The first study quantifies this impact in terms of (a) primary fuel utilization shifts, (b) pollution shifts, and (c) total cost for consumers. The second study quantifies this impact on distribution transformers. In the first study vehicle and power system simulations are used to compute the expected power system fuels utilized to meet a projected level of power demand. The projected electric power demand includes business as usual electric load and random PHEV charging electric load. In the second study the impact on distribution transformers is quantified through a loss of life calculation. The loss of life calculation is based on distribution transformer hot-spot temperature. The hot-spot temperature is estimated using an electro-thermal distribution transformer model and is a function of the transformer currents. The transformer currents are computed using a center-tapped single phase transformer model. Random business as usual and PHEV charging electric loading is assumed.

As the world's major car-producing countries and companies are increasing research and development efforts on vehicle electrification, electric vehicles (EVs) are developing rapidly from the development and testing stage to commodity production and application stage. As the largest global vehicle manufacturer and new vehicle market, China has considered the EV as one of the key tools to solve the increasing energy security issues and environmental pollution issues in the road transport sector. However, as a new market, what the challenges and key factors are in the EV promotion process is still not clear. The main objective of this dissertation is to answer this question through evaluating the effectiveness of EV development in China on energy savings, environment protection and policy demonstration. Instead of covering all determinants, this dissertation mainly focuses on four key aspects: the current statues and issues surrounding China's EV development and promotion; the energy consumption and carbon emissions of EVs based on the power mix both at the state level and regional level; the potential diffusion trend of the EV penetration and the sensitivities of the key impact factors; and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the EV demonstration program in China. Applying a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods (such as lifecycle analysis, diffusion model and evaluation framework), this dissertation found that, in addition to the technology limitation of the EV, there are still many issues surrounding the environmental, industry, infrastructure and policy aspects, which have hindered EV development in China. To accelerate EV promotion, more comprehensive and diversified policy strategies should be developed instead only focusing on the financial subsidies. The charging infrastructures, for example, showed a more important role in EV penetration than the pricing factors, based on current market conditions. For the energy and environmental motivations, although the pure battery EV (BEV) can achieve a great reduction in fossil energy consumption, its benefits in carbon emission savings is not obvious due to China's heavy reliance on coal-fired power generation. The plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV) seems to be the right choice as a transit technology, according to its performance with emission savings in the current market situation. An evaluation framework has been developed in this dissertation to discuss the effectiveness of the EV demonstration program in China, and help to guide a more balanced development of EVs by considering comprehensive aspects, which include the EV industry, market conditions, policy support, and environmental impacts. Ultimately, this dissertation provides recommendations for the policy implementation for developing a diversified and flexible policy strategy for the EV penetration in China based on different technology choices (EV types), different situations (national and regional) and different timelines (short-term, mid-term and long-term).