Submitted by Andrea Narullo (andrea.narullo@gmail.com) on 2015-04-01T21:07:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_ANDREA_NARULLO.pdf: 918513 bytes, checksum: 7bf8286368315afd80f709515ad77857 (MD5) / Rejected by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br), reason: Dear Andrea, I kindly ask you to do these changes: 1) After the abstract, you have to do the "resumo", abstract in Portuguese. 2) Regarding the knowledge field. There are only 3 field of knowledge of MPGI registered in CAPES (The Government Department responsible for the rules of Masters Programs) and they are: Economia e Finanças Internacionais, Internacionalização de Empresas e Gestão e Competitividade em Empresas Globais. Therefore I advise you to put the field of knowledge recorded in CAPES. After you modify them, please post your thesis again. Best regards, Luana de Assis Rodrigues Cursos de Pós-Graduação – Post Graduate Program (55 11) 3799-3492 SRA - Secretaria de Registros Acadêmicos on 2015-04-06T12:44:38Z (GMT) / Submitted by Andrea Narullo (andrea.narullo@gmail.com) on 2015-04-06T16:43:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_ANDREA_NARULLO.pdf: 920119 bytes, checksum: dfc25b860afd1668375a688aed3bfc8a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-04-06T19:20:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_ANDREA_NARULLO.pdf: 920119 bytes, checksum: dfc25b860afd1668375a688aed3bfc8a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-07T13:20:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_ANDREA_NARULLO.pdf: 920119 bytes, checksum: dfc25b860afd1668375a688aed3bfc8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / This study analyses the integration of environmental sustainability into corporate strategy in the context of the car industry. The implementation of sustainability strategies and the development of hybrid-electric vehicles are investigated with reference to the case of a major player in the industry. Among the applications of electric mobility, which will increase the market presence in the forthcoming years due to stringent regulations and customer preferences, the research focused on hybrid-electric vehicles. The sustainability strategies of major car manufacturers and the subsequent implications in terms of product development, with a particular attention to hybrid-electric vehicles, were analysed via secondary data. Additionally, primary data was collected about the sustainability strategy of a major player in the industry and used to perform a case study. The analysis focused on critical drivers and aspects that impact on sustainability strategies aimed at reducing the environmental footprint of the car industry and on the development of hybrid vehicles. The analysis of the data showed that Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) had a minor emphasis on electric mobility in terms of sustainability reporting. The conclusion presents an assessment of FCA’s corporate strategy in terms of environmental sustainability and a framework for HEV development with four different approaches that impact on the sustainability strategy of a carmaker. / Este estudo analisa a integração da sustentabilidade ambiental na estratégia das empresas no contexto da indústria automobilística. A implementação de estratégias de sustentabilidade e o desenvolvimento de veículos híbrido-elétricos são investigados com referência ao caso de um ator principal na indústria. Entre as aplicações de mobilidade eléctrica, que irá aumentar a presença no mercado nos próximos anos devido às regulamentações rigorosas e as preferências dos clientes, a pesquisa está focada em veículos híbrido-elétricos. As estratégias de sustentabilidade das grandes fabricantes de automóveis e as implicações subsequentes em termos de desenvolvimento de produtos, com uma atenção especial aos veículos elétricos híbridos, foram analisados através de dados secundários. Além disso, os dados primários foram coletados sobre a estratégia de sustentabilidade de um ator importante na indústria e usados para realizar um estudo de caso. A análise incidiu sobre os fatores críticos e os aspectos que têm impacto sobre as estratégias de sustentabilidade, que visam reduzir o impacto ambiental da indústria automobilística, e sobre o desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos. A análise dos dados mostrou que a Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) teve uma ênfase menor na mobilidade eléctrica em termos de relatórios de sustentabilidade. A conclusão apresenta uma avaliação da estratégia corporativa da FCA, em termos de sustentabilidade ambiental, e apresenta um quadro para o desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos com quatro abordagens diferentes que têm impacto sobre a estratégia de sustentabilidade de uma montadora.

abstract: The automotive industry is committed to moving towards sustainable modes of transportation through electrified vehicles to improve the fuel economy with a reduced carbon footprint. In this context, battery-operated hybrid, plug-in hybrid and all-electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming commercially viable throughout the world. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries with various active materials, electrolytes, and separators are currently being used for electric vehicle applications. Specifically, lithium-ion batteries with Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 - LFP) and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (Li(NiMnCo)O2 - NMC) cathodes are being studied mainly due to higher cycle life and higher energy density values, respectively. In the present work, 26650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NMC cathodes were evaluated for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) applications, using the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) to discharge the batteries with 20 A current in simulated Arizona, USA weather conditions (50 ⁰C & <10% RH). In addition, 18650 lithium-ion batteries (LFP cathode material) were evaluated under PHEV mode with 30 A current to accelerate the ageing process, and to monitor the capacity values and material degradation. To offset the high initial cost of the batteries used in electric vehicles, second-use of these retired batteries is gaining importance, and the possibility of second-life use of these tested batteries was also examined under constant current charge/discharge cycling at 50 ⁰C. The capacity degradation rate under the PHEV test protocol for batteries with NMC-based cathode (16% over 800 cycles) was twice the degradation compared to batteries with LFP-based cathode (8% over 800 cycles), reiterating the fact that batteries with LFP cathodes have a higher cycle life compared to other lithium battery chemistries. Also, the high frequency resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was found to increase significantly with cycling, leading to power fading for both the NMC- as well as LFP-based batteries. The active materials analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed no significant phase change in the materials after 800 PHEV cycles. For second-life tests, these batteries were subjected to a constant charge-discharge cycling procedure to analyze the capacity degradation and materials characteristics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2017

O principal objetivo dos veículos híbridos é diminuir o consumo de combustível em relação a veículos convencionais. Para isso, existe a necessidade de realizar a integração dos diferentes sistemas do trem-de-força e coordenar o seu funcionamento através de estratégias de controle. Tais estratégias são desenvolvidas e simuladas em conjunto com um modelo computacional da planta do veículo antes de serem aplicadas em uma unidade de controle eletrônica. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o gerenciamento de energia em um veículo híbrido elétrico não-plugin do tipo série-paralelo visando à diminuição de consumo de combustível. O método de otimização global é utilizado para encontrar as variáveis de controle que resultam no mínimo consumo de combustível em um determinado ciclo de condução. Na primeira etapa, um modelo computacional da planta do veículo e da estratégia de controle não-ótima são criados. Os resultados obtidos da simulação são então comparados com dados experimentais do veículo operando em dinamômetro de chassis. A seguir, o método de otimização global é aplicado ao modelo computacional utilizando programação dinâmica e tendo como objetivo a minimização do consumo de combustível total ao final do ciclo. Os resultados mostram considerável redução do consumo de combustível utilizando otimização global e tendo como variável de controle não só a razão de distribuição de torque mas também os pontos de operação do motor de combustão. Os modelos computacionais criados nesse trabalho são disponibilizados e podem ser usados para o estudo de diferentes estratégias de controle para veículos híbridos. / The main goal of hybrid electric vehicles is to decrease engine emission and fuel consumption levels. In order to realize this, one must perform the powertrain system integration and coordinate its operation through supervisory control strategies. These control strategies are developed in a simulation environment containing the plant model of the powertrain before they can be implemented in a real-time control unit. The goal of this work is to analyze the energy management strategy which minimizes the fuel consumption in a series-parallel non-plugin hybrid electric vehicle. Global optimization is used for finding the control variables that result in the minimum fuel consumption for a specific driving cycle. In a first stage, a computational model of vehicle plant and non-optimal control strategy are created. The results from the simulation are compared against experimental data from chassis dynamometer tests. Next, a global optimization strategy is applied using dynamic programming in order to minimize total fuel consumption at the end of the driving cycle. The results from the optimization show a considerable fuel consumption reduction having as control variables not only the torque-split strategy but also the engine operating points. As contribution from this work, the computational models are made available and can be used for analyzing different control strategies for hybrid vehicles.

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The lead-acid batteries are most commonly used electrochemical power source. The lead-acid battery is the oldest type of secondary battery cells. This lead-acid batteries have a great use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which operate in different modes of vehicle operation. This is related to changes in battery temperature, caused by Joule heat taking place during discharging and chargingg the battery in a vehicle operation. The lead-acid batteries in hybrid electric vehicles work in mode PSoC.

The goal of the thesis is to study literature and to become familiar with problems of accumulators operating in the mode of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). To work up problems of a potential impact of the influence on the system of the lead accumulator. Assemble the experimental cells with discontinuous system of parallel fins and to treat them with different operating modes. Then to evaluate the results.

The ever-increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions has led to the scientific community starting to explore the viability of electrical aircraft system, with the most prominent research and product development for hybrid electric system, which forms the transition phase from combustion to fully electric aircrafts. The primary objective of this thesis is to find solutions towards thermal management of the electrical components of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system, which generate a significant amount of heat while operating at heavy load conditions required to propel an aircraft. In view of these objectives a micro channel cold plate liquid cooling system, has been dynamically modelled using a combination of lumped parameter and thermal resistance methods of heat transfer analysis. The study investigates the prospects of using Mobil Jet Oil II, typically used as an aircraft lubricant as a coolant for the thermal management system. The primary components of this model are lithium ion battery, DC-AC inverter, permanent magnet motor, cross flow finned micro channel heat exchanger, centrifugal pump and ducts. The electrical components have been dimensioned according to energy storage and load requirements considering their efficiencies and gravimetric power/energy. The system has been simulated and analyzed under different scenarios considering the coolant inlet temperature, air temperature across the heat exchanger and on two-time horizons. Analysis has been done to study the dynamic trends of the component temperature and the coolant at different stages of the system. The scope of the study includes an evaluation of the added weight of the thermal management system under different time horizons and their comparison with results from a reference study. From the simulation results it can be concluded that Mobil Jet Oil II is a promising option as a coolant and therefore its use as a common fluid for gas turbine lubrication and as coolant, will benefit the aircraft as now no extra coolant reservoir is required, allowing reduction in weight carried by the aircraft.

<p>The optimization of the electrical system voltage range of a mild hybrid electric vehicle is examined in this research study. The objective is to evaluate and propose the optimized vehicle voltage level for the mild hybrid electric vehicle from both technical and economic aspects. The approach is to evaluate the fuel economy improvement from the mild hybrid electric vehicle of various voltage level for the cost benefit study. The evaluation is conducted from the vehicle system level with discussions of components selection for system optimization. Autonomie, a simulation tool widely used by academic and automotive industry, is used for the vehicle simulation and fuel economy evaluation. The cost analysis is based on the system cost factoring in the component cost based forecasted production volume. </p> <p>The driver for this study is to propose an optimized voltage for the mild hybrid electric vehicle for the vehicle manufacturers and suppliers to standardize the implementation to meet the fuel economy and emission requirements and vehicle power demand. The standardization of the vehicle voltage level can improve design and development efficiency, reusability and reduce cost in developing non-standard voltage levels of the mild hybrid vehicle. The synergy in standardized voltage level for the mild hybrid vehicle can accelerate technology implementation toward mass production to meet regulatory emission and fuel economy requirements. </p>

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