The submitted diploma thesis is focused on finding optimal inside arrangement of multi-chamber septic tank using the conductive method. The diploma thesis brings detailed description and measuring results, including the testing of several different arrangements of the standard circular three chamber septic tank in the project TAČR with the working title "Anasep" and newly developed four-chamber septic tank with several innovative features. The results are then categorized according to own terminology for ease application in the practice. The described method may be a suitable alternative for other technically and economically less available methods. The method shows very clearly whether the inner space of the septic tank sufficient use its volume to the velocity field distribution which has a direct impact on the rate of sedimentation of suspended solids and therefore affect the life of the downstream filtration equipment. Measured data processing and graphical outputs were processed in the programme Minitab. Graphical display of all variants of septic tanks was carried out using SketchUp. Visualization of a septic tank in 2D and 3D space plane was solved in COMSOL Multiphysic with the application of CFD module. The conclusion is based on achievements discussed the applicability of the described method and it presented hydraulically efficient multi-chamber septic tank, which is currently copyrighted solution, developed by a team of solvers in the project ANASEP.

La presente tesis muestra el modelamiento hidrológico e hidráulico de la quebrada Malanche, ubicada en el distrito de Punta Hermosa, con la finalidad de obtener el mapa de amenazas para crear un ambiente de conciencia frente a este fenómeno y generar planes para evitar o mitigar el impacto de este fenómeno. Se presenta un marco teórico que aborda conceptos relacionados al estudio, la metodología de la investigación y el desarrollo del modelo. Para el modelo hidrológico, se obtuvo los parámetros principales de la quebrada, fue necesario la adquisición de los datos históricos de precipitación de 24h máxima para elaborar su hidrograma. Asimismo, se usó el software Hyfran para el análisis estadístico de dicha data. El modelo hidrológico fue realizado con el software HEC-HMS 4.4 con ArcGIS 10.5 y su extensión HEC-GeoHMS. Así, se pudo determinar los caudales máximos para periodos de retorno de 25, 50, 100, 200 años. El modelo hidráulico fue desarrollado con FLO-2D PRO, el cual simula flujo de lodos. Para ello, se necesita al hidrograma calculado, a la topografía digital del terreno, la rugosidad del canal y de la planicie de inundación, hidrogramas sólidos y parámetros reológicos. De esta manera, FL0-2D nos reporta tirantes y velocidades del flujo de lodo para cada periodo de retorno. Su calibración consistió en verificar que los tirantes del modelo sean muy similares a las marcas de flujo de lodo registradas en campo. A partir de ello, se logró elaborar mapas de amenazas. / Mud flows are natural phenomena with great destructive power, very common in Peru. Affected areas are spaces delimited by a certain break, resulting in the main impacts in the delta. The damage they cause is considerable for their great energy, destroying or razing everything in its path, even demolishing structures of armed concrete. The present thesis shows the hydrological and hydraulic modeling of the Quebrada Malanche, located in the district of Punta Hermosa, developed with the purpose of obtaining the hazard map, which will allow the creation of an environment of awareness to natural phenomena and generate plans for the construction of structures that avoid or mitigate the impact of this phenomenon. A theoretical framework is presented that addresses the basic concepts related to the study of hydrology and hydraulics, the research methodology and the development of each model. For the hydrological model, the characterization of thr Quebrada Malanche was carried out and its main parameters were obtained, as well as the acquisition of historical data on maximum 24-hour rainfall. Hyfran software was also used for statistical analysis of this data. Thus, the hydrological model was made with the HEC-HMS version 4.4 software in collaboration with ArcGIS version 10. 5 and its HEC-GeoHMS extension. Thus, it was possible to determine the maximum flows under the return periods of 25, 50, 100, 200 years. The hydraulic model was developed with FLO-2D PRO software, which simulates non-Newtonian fluid flow. To do this, the input parameters to the hygrogram calculated in the hydrological model, the digital topography of the terrain, estimated values of the roughness of the channel and the floodplain, solid hygrograms and rheological parameters such as viscosity and yieldion effort were taken as input parameters. In this way you get the simulation for each established scenario, so, the FL0-2D program reports straps and speeds of the sludge flow for each return period. The calibration of the numerical model consisted of trying to match the straps of the model with the flow marks registered in the field and by analyzing their topography. From validation and with program outputs, a threat map can be developed to help mitigate the effects of sludge flow in areas surrounding the Malanche Quebrada. / Tesis

Urban pluvial floods have become more and more common in Europe. These floods have resulted in high costs for society, increasing the interest in conducting hydraulic flood models. This in order to prepare and minimise the consequences of these flood events. The study looked at how changing the temporal distribution of the rain using six type events, and whether using the runoff coefficient method or infiltration method in such a model, would impact the flood extent and flood depth for a 100-year return period rain event. The model is made using MIKE+ for a catchment area in Malmö, Sweden.  The results showed that the runoff coefficient method generally overestimated both the flood extent and the maximum flood depth compared to the infiltration method. The differences were however very small between the methods, only between 6-7% over the catchment. For the six different temporal distributions for the rain event, the conclusion could be drawn that the flood extent follows a clear pattern from largest to smallest while no individual type event could be seen to give the deepest flood. Instead, this varied across the different evaluation points. / Urbana pluviala översvämningar har blivit ett allt vanligare fenomen i Europa. Dessa översvämningar medför stora kostnader för samhället. Intresset av att genomföra hydrauliska översvämningsmodeller som ett hjälpmedel till att hitta lämpliga skydd, och därmed minimera konsekvenserna av översvämningarna har ökat. Denna studie har utvärderat två olika mål. Dels hur en ändring av den temporala utbredningen av sex olika typ-regn påverkar utbredning och djup för en översvämning. Dels hur valet av infiltrationsmetoden eller avrinningskoefficient-metoden i en modell för ett 100-års regn event påverkar utbredning och djup av översvämningen. Modellen är byggd i MIKE+ och gäller för ett avrinningsområde i Malmö, Sverige.  Resultatet visade att avrinningskoefficient metoden generellt överskattar både utbredningen och djupet av översvämningen när den jämförs med infiltrationsmetoden. Skillnaderna var däremot små, mellan 6-7 % över avrinningsområdet. För de sex olika typ-regnen så visade resultatet att det fanns ett mönster där en vänsterpik var större än en högerpik när det gällde hur stor utbredningen var. Däremot så varierade djupet på översvämningen relativt stort i de olika utvärderings-punkterna beroende på typ-event.

No description available.

As crescentes exigências sobre o desempenho de sistemas de bombeamento multifásico combinadas aos aspectos relacionados com a maior disponibilidade operacional desses sistemas, bem como as futuras condições de funcionamento atingindo pressões perto de 150 bar, destacam a importância de desenvolver modelos matemáticos precisos para prever o comportamento do desempenho nestes equipamentos. Nesta tese foi aperfeiçoado o modelo termo-hidráulico de uma bomba multifásica de tipo duplo parafuso desenvolvido por Nakashima (2005) e foram incluídos os efeitos da abertura gradual da última câmara, recirculação de líquido entre a sucção e descarga, transferência de calor através do liner e expansão térmica. Uma vez fornecidos os dados geométricos da bomba e as suas condições de operação, é possível calcular os parâmetros de desempenho mais importantes, como: eficiência volumétrica, vazão de sucção e refluxo, potência consumida e distribuição de pressão e temperatura. As equações implementadas foram desenvolvidas a partir dos balanços de massa e energia nas câmaras, tendo em conta a geometria da bomba e a variação das fendas durante sua operação. As rotinas e métodos necessários para a sua solução numérica foram implementadas utilizando programação orientada a objetos (C++). Os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo aperfeiçoado foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura e uma boa concordância foi encontrada na faixa de até 95 % FVG, nos casos estudados, para bombas com e sem tecnologia de recirculação. Devido à complexidade dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos durante a operação da bomba, o impacto de cada um dos efeitos incorporados nos cálculos do modelo foi avaliado e discutido individualmente. Assim, foi demonstrada a grande influencia da recirculação, da abertura gradual da câmara de descarga e da expansão térmica nos cálculos dos parâmetros de operação mais importantes da bomba. Além disso, a transferência de calor pode ser considerada desprezível, já que seu valor é baixo quando comparado com a potência fornecida pela bomba e, portanto, não influencia os balanços de energia que determinam os estados termodinâmicos das câmaras. No entanto, esse efeito é necessário para calcular a distribuição de temperatura da bomba e a expansão térmica nos parafusos e no liner. / The increasing requirements about the performance of multiphase pumping systems combined with those related to a higher operational availability of such systems, as well as future operating conditions with pressure increase at about 150 bar, highlights the importance of developing accurate mathematical models to predict the performance behavior of these equipments. In this thesis it was improved the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a twin screw multiphase pump developed by Nakashima (2005), and were included the effects of the gradual opening of the last chamber, fluid recirculation between suction and discharge of the pump, heat transfer though the liner, thermal expansion and different working fluids (water-air and oil-gas). Giving pump geometry and operational conditions, it is possible to calculate the most important pump parameters performance, such as, volumetric efficiency, suction flow, back-flow, power consumption and pressure and temperature distribution. The model equations were developed based on mass and energy balances in the chambers taking into account the pump geometry and the clearance variation due to operation. Its implementation was made in C++. The results obtained by the new model were compared with experimental data of the bibliography, and a good accuracy was found in it with values till 95% GVF for the studied cases, with and without recirculation technology. Due to the physical phenomenon complexity related with the pump operation, the impact of each effect in the model calculations was evaluated and discussed separately. So, it was demonstrated the importance of the recirculation, the gradual opening of the last chamber and the thermal expansion in the calculation of the most important pump operation parameters. However, the heat transfer can be neglected, because its value is very low when compared with the pump power supply, and therefore, it does not influence the energy balances that determine thermodynamic state in the chambers. However, this effect is necessary to calculate the temperature distribution along the pump and the thermal expansion in the screws and the liner.

This study was conducted at the mountainous catchment part of Batinah Region of the Sultanate of Oman called Al-Awabi watershed which is about 260km2 in area with about 40 Km long Wadi main channel. The study paper presents a proposed modeling approach and possible scenario analysis which uses 1D - hydraulic modeling for flood routing analysis; and the main tasks of this study work are (1) Model setup for Al-Awabi watershed area, (2) Sensitivity Analysis, and (3) Scenario Analysis on impacts of rainfall characteristics and transmission losses. The model was set for the lower 24 Km long of Al-Awabi main channel (Figure 13). Channel cross-sections were the main input to the 1D-Hydraulic Model used for the analysis of flash flood routing of the Al-Awabi watershed. As field measurements of the Wadi channel cross-sections are labor intensive and expensive activities, availability of measured channel cross-sections is barely found in this study area region of Batinah, Oman; thereby making it difficult to simulate the flood water level and discharge using MIKE 11 HD. Hence, a methodology for extracting the channel cross-sections from ASTER DEM (27mX27m) and Google Earth map were used in this study area. The performance of the model setup was assessed so as to simulate the flash flood routing analysis at different cross-sections of the modeled reach. And from this study, although there were major gap and problems in data as well as in the prevailing topography, slope and other Hydro Dynamic parameters, it was concluded that the 1D-Hydraulic Modelling utilized for flood routing analysis work can be applied for the Al-Awabi watershed. And from the simulated model results, it was observed that the model was sensitive to the type of Boundary Condition chosen and taken, channel cross sections and its roughness coefficient utilized throughout the model reach.

As crescentes exigências sobre o desempenho de sistemas de bombeamento multifásico combinadas aos aspectos relacionados com a maior disponibilidade operacional desses sistemas, bem como as futuras condições de funcionamento atingindo pressões perto de 150 bar, destacam a importância de desenvolver modelos matemáticos precisos para prever o comportamento do desempenho nestes equipamentos. Nesta tese foi aperfeiçoado o modelo termo-hidráulico de uma bomba multifásica de tipo duplo parafuso desenvolvido por Nakashima (2005) e foram incluídos os efeitos da abertura gradual da última câmara, recirculação de líquido entre a sucção e descarga, transferência de calor através do liner e expansão térmica. Uma vez fornecidos os dados geométricos da bomba e as suas condições de operação, é possível calcular os parâmetros de desempenho mais importantes, como: eficiência volumétrica, vazão de sucção e refluxo, potência consumida e distribuição de pressão e temperatura. As equações implementadas foram desenvolvidas a partir dos balanços de massa e energia nas câmaras, tendo em conta a geometria da bomba e a variação das fendas durante sua operação. As rotinas e métodos necessários para a sua solução numérica foram implementadas utilizando programação orientada a objetos (C++). Os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo aperfeiçoado foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura e uma boa concordância foi encontrada na faixa de até 95 % FVG, nos casos estudados, para bombas com e sem tecnologia de recirculação. Devido à complexidade dos fenômenos físicos envolvidos durante a operação da bomba, o impacto de cada um dos efeitos incorporados nos cálculos do modelo foi avaliado e discutido individualmente. Assim, foi demonstrada a grande influencia da recirculação, da abertura gradual da câmara de descarga e da expansão térmica nos cálculos dos parâmetros de operação mais importantes da bomba. Além disso, a transferência de calor pode ser considerada desprezível, já que seu valor é baixo quando comparado com a potência fornecida pela bomba e, portanto, não influencia os balanços de energia que determinam os estados termodinâmicos das câmaras. No entanto, esse efeito é necessário para calcular a distribuição de temperatura da bomba e a expansão térmica nos parafusos e no liner. / The increasing requirements about the performance of multiphase pumping systems combined with those related to a higher operational availability of such systems, as well as future operating conditions with pressure increase at about 150 bar, highlights the importance of developing accurate mathematical models to predict the performance behavior of these equipments. In this thesis it was improved the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a twin screw multiphase pump developed by Nakashima (2005), and were included the effects of the gradual opening of the last chamber, fluid recirculation between suction and discharge of the pump, heat transfer though the liner, thermal expansion and different working fluids (water-air and oil-gas). Giving pump geometry and operational conditions, it is possible to calculate the most important pump parameters performance, such as, volumetric efficiency, suction flow, back-flow, power consumption and pressure and temperature distribution. The model equations were developed based on mass and energy balances in the chambers taking into account the pump geometry and the clearance variation due to operation. Its implementation was made in C++. The results obtained by the new model were compared with experimental data of the bibliography, and a good accuracy was found in it with values till 95% GVF for the studied cases, with and without recirculation technology. Due to the physical phenomenon complexity related with the pump operation, the impact of each effect in the model calculations was evaluated and discussed separately. So, it was demonstrated the importance of the recirculation, the gradual opening of the last chamber and the thermal expansion in the calculation of the most important pump operation parameters. However, the heat transfer can be neglected, because its value is very low when compared with the pump power supply, and therefore, it does not influence the energy balances that determine thermodynamic state in the chambers. However, this effect is necessary to calculate the temperature distribution along the pump and the thermal expansion in the screws and the liner.

Cette thèse aide à approfondir les connaissances sur les différentes sources d’incertitude dans l’évaluation économique du risque inondation. Elle explore plusieurs disciplines afin d’analyser l’impact des stratégies utilisées pour modéliser l’aléa inondation et la vulnérabilité d’un territoire, sur l’évaluation des dommages potentiels. On a mesuré la variabilité des estimations en fonction des bases de données, modèles, méthodes et échelles considérés pour : analyser la probabilité des inondations (hydrologie) ; modéliser et cartographier l’aléa inondation (hydraulique) ; caractériser la vulnérabilité des enjeux et leur susceptibilité à subir des dommages (génie civil, géographie et économie de l’environnement). Les analyses et méthodes développées devront appuyer la prise en compte d’incertitudes, la détermination de priorités et l’optimisation de la distribution des ressources entre les différents modules de l’évaluation. Afin d’explorer un degré de complexité supplémentaire d’analyse de risque, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse de la vulnérabilité systémique des réseaux d’infrastructure en lien avec leur résilience. / This thesis aims at exploring different sources of uncertainty related to the economic analysis of the flood risk. It embraces several fields of knowledge in order to determine how the selection of strategies used to model flood hazard and assess the vulnerability of a territory may affect damage potential estimations. We measured the variability of damage estimations as a function of the datasets, methods, models and scales considered to: analyse the probability of floods (hydrology); model and map flood hazard (hydraulics); assess the vulnerability and susceptibility of properties to floods (civil engineering, geography and environmental economics). The methods and analyses developed here should bring support for practitioners in the investigation of uncertainties, determination of evaluation priorities and optimisation of the distribution of resources between the different modules of the evaluation process. In order to explore a second level of complexity of flood risk evaluations, we developed a method for analysing the systemic vulnerability of infrastructure networks, in relation with their resilience.

This PhD study, developed at Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), aims to cover the first phase of the benchmark released by the expert group on Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling (UAM-LWR). The main contribution to the benchmark, made by the thesis' author, is the development of a MATLAB program requested by the benchmark organizers. This is used to generate neutronic libraries to distribute among the benchmark participants. The UAM benchmark pretends to determine the uncertainty introduced by coupled multi-physics and multi-scale LWR analysis codes. The benchmark is subdivided into three phases: 1. Neutronic phase: obtain collapsed and homogenized problem-dependent cross sections and criticality analyses. 2. Core phase: standalone thermohydraulic and neutronic codes. 3. System phase: coupled thermohydraulic and neutronic code. In this thesis the objectives of the first phase are covered. Specifically, a methodology is developed to propagate the uncertainty of cross sections and other neutronic parameters through a lattice physics code and core simulator. An Uncertainty and Sensitivity (U&S) analysis is performed over the cross sections contained in the ENDF/B-VII nuclear library. Their uncertainty is propagated through the lattice physics code SCALE6.2.1, including the collapse and homogenization phase, up to the generation of problem-dependent neutronic libraries. Afterward, the uncertainty contained in these libraries can be further propagated through a core simulator, in this study PARCSv3.2. The module SAMPLER -available in the latest release of SCALE- and DAKOTA 6.3 statistical tool are used for the U&S analysis. As a part of this process, a methodology to obtain neutronic libraries in NEMTAB format -to be used in a core simulator- is also developed. A code-to-code comparison with CASMO-4 is used as a verification. The whole methodology is tested using a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) reactor type. Nevertheless, there is not any concern or limitation regarding its use in any other type of nuclear reactor. The Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) stochastic methodology for uncertainty quantification is used. This methodology makes use of the high-fidelity model and nonparametric sampling to propagate the uncertainty. As a result, the number of samples (determined using the revised Wilks' formula) does not depend on the number of input parameters but only on the desired confidence and uncertainty of output parameters. Moreover, the output Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) are not subject to normality. The main disadvantage is that each input parameter must have a pre-defined PDF. If possible, input PDFs are defined using information found in the related literature. Otherwise, the uncertainty definition is based on expert judgment. A second scenario is used to propagate the uncertainty of different thermohydraulic parameters through the coupled code TRACE5.0p3/PARCSv3.0. In this case, a PWR reactor type is used and a transient control rod drop occurrence is simulated. As a new feature, the core is modeled chan-by-chan following a fully 3D discretization. No other study is found using a detailed 3D core. This U&S analysis also makes use of the GRS methodology and DAKOTA 6.3. / Este trabajo de doctorado, desarrollado en la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), tiene como objetivo cubrir la primera fase del benchmark presentado por el grupo de expertos Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling (UAM-LWR). La principal contribución al benchmark, por parte del autor de esta tesis, es el desarrollo de un programa de MATLAB solicitado por los organizadores del benchmark, el cual se usa para generar librerías neutrónicas a distribuir entre los participantes del benchmark. El benchmark del UAM pretende determinar la incertidumbre introducida por los códigos multifísicos y multiescala acoplados de análisis de reactores de agua ligera. El citado benchmark se divide en tres fases: 1. Fase neutrónica: obtener los parámetros neutrónicos y secciones eficaces del problema específico colapsados y homogenizados, además del análisis de criticidad. 2. Fase de núcleo: análisis termo-hidráulico y neutrónico por separado. 3. Fase de sistema: análisis termo-hidráulico y neutrónico acoplados. En esta tesis se completan los principales objetivos de la primera fase. Concretamente, se desarrolla una metodología para propagar la incertidumbre de secciones eficaces y otros parámetros neutrónicos a través de un código lattice y un simulador de núcleo. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de incertidumbre y sensibilidad para las secciones eficaces contenidas en la librería neutrónica ENDF/B-VII. Su incertidumbre se propaga a través del código lattice SCALE6.2.1, incluyendo las fases de colapsación y homogenización, hasta llegar a la generación de una librería neutrónica específica del problema. Luego, la incertidumbre contenida en dicha librería puede continuar propagándose a través de un simulador de núcleo, para este estudio PARCSv3.2. Para el análisis de incertidumbre y sensibilidad se ha usado el módulo SAMPLER -disponible en la última versión de SCALE- y la herramienta estadística DAKOTA 6.3. Como parte de este proceso, también se ha desarrollado una metodología para obtener librerías neutrónicas en formato NEMTAB para ser usadas en simuladores de núcleo. Se ha realizado una comparación con el código CASMO-4 para obtener una verificación de la metodología completa. Esta se ha probado usando un reactor de agua en ebullición del tipo BWR. Sin embargo, no hay ninguna preocupación o limitación respecto a su uso con otro tipo de reactor nuclear. Para la cuantificación de la incertidumbre se usa la metodología estocástica Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS). Esta metodología hace uso del modelo de alta fidelidad y un muestreo no paramétrico para propagar la incertidumbre. Como resultado, el número de muestras (determinado con la fórmula revisada de Wilks) no depende del número de parámetros de entrada, sólo depende del nivel de confianza e incertidumbre deseados de los parámetros de salida. Además, las funciones de distribución de probabilidad no están limitadas a normalidad. El principal inconveniente es que se ha de disponer de las distribuciones de probabilidad de cada parámetro de entrada. Si es posible, las distribuciones de probabilidad de entrada se definen usando información encontrada en la literatura relacionada. En caso contrario, la incertidumbre se define en base a la opinión de un experto. Se usa un segundo escenario para propagar la incertidumbre de diferentes parámetros termo-hidráulicos a través del código acoplado TRACE5.0p3/PARCSv3.0. En este caso, se utiliza un reactor tipo PWR para simular un transitorio de una caída de barra. Como nueva característica, el núcleo se modela elemento a elemento siguiendo una discretización totalmente en 3D. No se ha encontrado ningún otro estudio que use un núcleo tan detallado en 3D. También se usa la metodología GRS y el DAKOTA 6.3 para este análisis de incertidumbre y sensibilidad. / Aquest treball de doctorat, desenvolupat a la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), té com a objectiu cobrir la primera fase del benchmark presentat pel grup d'experts Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling (UAM-LWR). La principal contribució al benchmark, per part de l'autor d'aquesta tesi, es el desenvolupament d'un programa de MATLAB sol¿licitat pels organitzadors del benchmark, el qual s'utilitza per a generar llibreries neutròniques a distribuir entre els participants del benchmark. El benchmark del UAM pretén determinar la incertesa introduïda pels codis multifísics i multiescala acoblats d'anàlisi de reactors d'aigua lleugera. El citat benchmark es divideix en tres fases: 1. Fase neutrònica: obtenir els paràmetres neutrònics i seccions eficaces del problema específic, col¿lapsats i homogeneïtzats, a més de la anàlisi de criticitat. 2. Fase de nucli: anàlisi termo-hidràulica i neutrònica per separat. 3. Fase de sistema: anàlisi termo-hidràulica i neutrònica acoblats. En aquesta tesi es completen els principals objectius de la primera fase. Concretament, es desenvolupa una metodologia per propagar la incertesa de les seccions eficaces i altres paràmetres neutrònics a través d'un codi lattice i un simulador de nucli. Es porta a terme una anàlisi d'incertesa i sensibilitat per a les seccions eficaces contingudes en la llibreria neutrònica ENDF/B-VII. La seua incertesa es propaga a través del codi lattice SCALE6.2.1, incloent les fases per col¿lapsar i homogeneïtzar, fins aplegar a la generació d'una llibreria neutrònica específica del problema. Després, la incertesa continguda en la esmentada llibreria pot continuar propagant-se a través d'un simulador de nucli, per a aquest estudi PARCSv3.2. Per a l'anàlisi d'incertesa i sensibilitat s'ha utilitzat el mòdul SAMPLER -disponible a l'última versió de SCALE- i la ferramenta estadística DAKOTA 6.3. Com a part d'aquest procés, també es desenvolupa una metodologia per a obtenir llibreries neutròniques en format NEMTAB per ser utilitzades en simuladors de nucli. S'ha realitzat una comparació amb el codi CASMO-4 per obtenir una verificació de la metodologia completa. Aquesta s'ha provat utilitzant un reactor d'aigua en ebullició del tipus BWR. Tanmateix, no hi ha cap preocupació o limitació respecte del seu ús amb un altre tipus de reactor nuclear. Per a la quantificació de la incertesa s'utilitza la metodologia estocàstica Gesellschaft für Anlagen und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS). Aquesta metodologia fa ús del model d'alta fidelitat i un mostreig no paramètric per propagar la incertesa. Com a resultat, el nombre de mostres (determinat amb la fórmula revisada de Wilks) no depèn del nombre de paràmetres d'entrada, sols depèn del nivell de confiança i incertesa desitjats dels paràmetres d'eixida. A més, las funcions de distribució de probabilitat no estan limitades a la normalitat. El principal inconvenient és que s'ha de disposar de les distribucions de probabilitat de cada paràmetre d'entrada. Si és possible, les distribucions de probabilitat d'entrada es defineixen utilitzant informació trobada a la literatura relacionada. En cas contrari, la incertesa es defineix en base a l'opinió d'un expert. S'utilitza un segon escenari per propagar la incertesa de diferents paràmetres termo-hidràulics a través del codi acoblat TRACE5.0p3/PARCSv3.0. En aquest cas, s'utilitza un reactor tipus PWR per simular un transitori d'una caiguda de barra. Com a nova característica, cal assenyalar que el nucli es modela element a element seguint una discretizació totalment 3D. No s'ha trobat cap altre estudi que utilitze un nucli tan detallat en 3D. També s'utilitza la metodologia GRS i el DAKOTA 6.3 per a aquesta anàlisi d'incertesa i sensibilitat.¿ / Mesado Melia, C. (2017). Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis for Cross Sections and Thermohydraulic Parameters in Lattice and Core Physics Codes. Methodology for Cross Section Library Generation and Application to PWR and BWR [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86167 / TESIS

The thesis aims to determine the influence partial or complete submerge of hollow cone valve by outflow on its capacity without space restrictions, by outflow into discharge chamber and by outflow into water tunnel of circular cross section. The valve capacity is for mutual comparability purposes usually characterized by discharge coefficient. Research works have been performed on a spatial hydraulic model of the valve with inlet diameter D = 67 mm and an apex angle of a cone 90°. Values of the discharge coefficient obtained from measurements were statistically analyzed. The dependence of discharge coefficient, expressed by energy head, on submerged level was approximated by an exponential function. Exponent value of this function express the dependance rate of valve capacity on downstream water level. This procedure didn’t demonstrate signifiant dependance downstream water level on hollow cone valve capacity, only on tests at outflow to water tunel showed a low increase in the discharge coefficient partly due to the influence of kinetic energy of the stream flowing out of the tunnel on the energy head and also due to underpressure. Independence of discharge coefficient value on valve head has been prooved for head greather than 232 mm. Also was defined 3 stages of interaction outflow jet from valve and downstream water, some of them may cause on real waterworks structures unfavorable situations (may affect excessive load on valve by pressure pulsations). The presented results allow better evaluation of bottom outlets capacity at higher water levels, when the valves are flooded. Significant effect of sufficient aeration (especially in long water tunnels) on valve capacity was also confirmed. Taking into account on the specifics of hollow jet valves and cone valves, it is possible to generalize some of this resultos on them as well.